Tatiana and Eugene in chapter viii of the novel. Moral problems of the novel "Eugene Onegin

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin's work on Eugene Onegin took place in a difficult period for Russia. The novel took eight years to write. During this time, one ruler of the state was replaced by another, the society was in the process of rethinking the key values \u200b\u200bin life, the worldview of the author himself was changing. Hence, it follows that many important moral issues are raised in the work.

First, Pushkin touched on the topic of finding the meaning of human existence. In the novel, we can observe the life of the characters in dynamics, the path of their spiritual development. Some heroes managed to find the truth, to recognize the correct ideals, having gone through trials. Others have followed the wrong path, setting their priorities erroneously, but never realizing it.

The secular society of those times had its own laws. Young people did not seek to make existence meaningful. They were busy with a senseless waste of parental money, an idle lifestyle, balls and entertainment, gradually degrading, corrupting, becoming similar to each other. To deserve recognition among others, it was enough to follow fashion trends, dance well, speak French, be able to communicate gallantly. And that's all.

Secondly, the theme of the relationship to marriage is traced in the work. At first, young people, including Onenin, are burdened by serious relationships, they consider family life boring, unattractive, unpromising. So Eugene neglected the feelings of young Tatiana, choosing freedom, and not the love of a modest provincial.

Only after a lapse of time, a stable relationship became desirable for the main character. He wanted, longed for peace, comfort, warmth, quiet family happiness, home life. However, the opportunities for this were irretrievably lost through his own fault. If Onegin “matured” in time, he could not only become happy himself, but also make romantic Tatiana happy.

Third, there is a theme of friendship in the novel. Secular young people are absolutely incapable of loyal and true friendships. All of them are just friends, maintain communication "from nothing to do." But it makes no sense to expect help in a difficult situation, support, understanding from them. So Lensky and Onegin seemed to be good friends, but because of some stupidity, one killed the other.

Fourth, Pushkin mentions the issue of duty and honor. This topic is fully disclosed by Tatiana Larina. She was, like Eugene, of noble origin, received a superficial education at home. However, the mores of the world did not affect her pure and innocent soul. She is madly in love with Onegin, but puts her duty to her husband, albeit unloved, above all else. Even the hero's passionate tirade did not persuade her to change her decision.

A society mired in lies, hypocrisy, erroneous guidelines cannot find the true meaning of life, and therefore does not value it. Eugene put secular honor above moral duty by killing a romantic friend. Such a shift in ideals looks absurd, but, alas, such is the harsh reality.

Problems and heroes of the novel "Eugene Onegin"

Before talking about the problems and the main characters of the novel in the poem "Eugene Onegin", it is necessary to clearly understand the features of the genre of this work. The genre of Eugene Onegin is lyric-epic. Consequently, the novel is based on the inextricable interaction of two plots: the epic (the main characters of which are Onegin and Tatiana) and the lyrical (where the main character is the narrator, on whose behalf the narration is being conducted). The lyrical plot is not just equal in the novel - it dominates, because all the events of real life and the novel's life of the heroes are presented to the reader through the prism of the author's perception, the author's assessment.

The key, central problem in the novel is the problem of the goal and meaning of life, because at the turning points in history, which became for Russia the era after the Decembrist uprising, a radical reassessment of values \u200b\u200btakes place in the minds of people. And at such a time it is the artist's highest moral duty to point society to eternal values, to give firm moral guidelines. The best people of the Pushkin - Decembrist - generation seem to be "out of the game": they are either disappointed in the old ideals, or they do not have the opportunity to fight for them in new conditions, to bring them to life. The next generation - the one that Lermontov calls "the gloomy crowd and soon forgotten" - was initially "brought to its knees." Due to the peculiarities of the genre, the novel, which literary criticism rightly interprets as a kind of "lyric diary" of the author, reflects the very process of re-evaluating the entire system of moral values. Time in the novel flows in such a way that we see the characters in dynamics, we trace their spiritual path. Before our eyes, all the main characters are going through a period of formation, painfully searching for the truth, determining their place in the world, the purpose of their existence.

The central image of the novel is that of the author. For all the autobiographical character of this character, he in no way can be identified with Pushkin, if only because the world of the novel is an ideal, fictional world. Therefore, when we talk about the image of the author, we do not mean personally Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, but the lyric hero of the novel "Eugene Onegin".

So, before us is the author's lyric diary; frank conversation with the reader, where confessional moments are interspersed with light chatter. The author is sometimes serious, sometimes frivolous, sometimes evilly ironic, sometimes just cheerful, sometimes sad and always sharp. And most importantly - always absolutely sincere with the reader. Lyrical digressions reflect the changes in the author's feelings, his ability to both light flirting (characteristic of "windy youth") and deep admiration for his beloved (compare stanzas XXXII and XXXIII of the first chapter of the novel).

... we, the enemies of Hymen,

In home life we \u200b\u200bsee one

A series of tedious pictures ...

The spouse is perceived as an object of ridicule:

... a stately cuckold,

Always happy with myself

With my lunch and my wife.

But let us pay attention to the opposition of these verses and the lines of “Excerpts

from Onegin's journey ":

My ideal now is the mistress

My desires are peace

Yes, a soup pot, but a big one.

What in his youth seemed a sign of limitation, spiritual and mental scarcity, in his mature years turns out to be the only correct, moral way. And in no case should the author be suspected of hypocrisy: we are talking about the spiritual maturation of a person, about a normal change in value criteria:

Blessed is he who was young from his youth,

Blessed is he who matured in time.

The tragedy of the protagonist in many respects stems from Onegin's inability to "mature in time", from the "premature old age of the soul." What happened in the author's life harmoniously, although not painlessly, became the cause of the tragedy in the fate of his hero.

The search for the meaning of life takes place in different planes of existence. The plot of the novel is based on the love of the main characters. Therefore, the manifestation of a person's essence in the choice of a beloved, in the nature of feelings is the most important feature of the image, which determines his entire attitude to life. Love for the author and for his heroine Tatiana is a huge, intense spiritual work. For Lensky, this is a necessary romantic attribute, which is why he chooses Olga, devoid of individuality, in which all the typical features of the heroines of sentimental novels have merged:

Her portrait, he is very nice,

I used to love him myself,

But he bothered me immensely.

For Onegin, love is "the science of tender passion." He knows the true feeling by the end of the novel, when the experience of suffering comes.

“Eugene Onegin” is a realistic work, and realism, unlike other artistic methods, does not imply any final and only correct solution to the main problem. On the contrary, it requires an ambiguous interpretation of this problem:

This is how nature created us,

It is inclined to contradiction.

The ability to reflect the "tendency" of human nature to "contradict", the complexity and variability of the personality's self-awareness in the world are the hallmarks of Pushkin's realism. The duality of the image of the author himself lies in the fact that he assesses his generation in its integrity, without ceasing to feel himself a representative of a generation endowed with common advantages and disadvantages. Pushkin emphasizes this duality of self-awareness of the lyric hero of the novel: "We all learned a little ...", "We honor everyone with zeros ...", "We all look at Napoleons", "So people, I first repent, // There is nothing to do friends..."

A person's consciousness, the system of his life values \u200b\u200bare largely shaped by the moral laws adopted in society. The author himself assesses the influence of the high society ambiguously. The first chapter gives a sharply satirical depiction of the light and pastime of the secular youth. The tragic 6th chapter, where the young poet dies, ends with a lyrical digression: the author's reflections on the age limit, which he is preparing to step over: "Can I really be thirty soon?" And he calls on the "young inspiration" to save the "poet's soul" from death, not to let "... turn to stone // In the deadening ecstasy of light, // In this pool, where I am with you // Swimming, dear friends!" So, a whirlpool that deadens the soul. But here's the 8th chapter:

And now I am a muse for the first time

I bring you to a social event.

She likes the order slim

Oligarchic conversations

And the coldness of calm pride,

And this mixture of ranks and years.

Very correctly explains this contradiction Yu.M. Lotman: “The image of light received double illumination: on the one hand, the world is soulless and mechanistic, it remained an object of condemnation, on the other, as a sphere in which Russian culture develops, life is inspired by the play of intellectual and spiritual forces, poetry, pride, like the world of Karamzin and the Decembrists, Zhukovsky and the author of Eugene Onegin himself, he retains unconditional value. Society is not homogeneous. It depends on the person himself whether he accepts the moral laws of the faint-hearted majority or the best representatives of the world "(Lotman YM Roman A. Pushkin" Eugene Onegin ": Commentary. SPb., 1995).

“The faint-hearted majority,” “friends,” surrounding a person in a “deadening” “pool of light,” appear in the novel for a reason. Just as "the science of tender passion" became a caricature of true love, so a caricature of true friendship - secular friendship. "Friends have nothing to do" - this is the author's verdict to the friendship between Onegin and Lensky. Friendship without a deep spiritual community is just a temporary empty union. And this caricature of secular friendships enrages the author: "... save us from friends, God!" Compare the caustic lines about the "friends" slander in the fourth chapter of the novel with the heartfelt verses about the nanny (stanza XXXV):

But I am the fruit of my dreams

And harmonious undertakings

I only read to the old nanny,

To the friend of my youth ...

A full-fledged life is impossible without disinterested dedication in friendship - that is why these secular "friendships" are so terrible for the author. For in true friendship, betrayal is the most terrible sin, which cannot be justified by anything, in a secular parody of friendship, betrayal is in the order of things, normal. For the author, the inability to be friends is a terrible sign of the moral degradation of modern society.

But there is no friendship between us.

Destroying all prejudices,

We honor everyone with zeros

And in units - yourself.

We all look at Napoleons

Millions of two-legged creatures

For us, the tool is one;

We feel wild and funny.

Let's pay attention to these verses, they are one of the most important, central in Russian literature of the XIX century. Pushkin's formula will form the basis of "Crime and Punishment", "War and Peace". The Napoleonic theme was first recognized and formulated by Pushkin as a problem of the goal of human life. Napoleon appears here not as a romantic image, but as a symbol of a psychological attitude, according to which a person, for the sake of his desires, is ready to suppress and destroy any obstacle: after all, the people around him are only “two-legged creatures”!

The author himself sees the meaning of life in fulfilling his destiny. The entire novel is full of deep reflections on art, the image of the author in this sense is unambiguous: he is, first of all, a poet, his life is unthinkable outside of creativity, outside of intense spiritual work.

In this, Eugene is directly opposite to him. And not at all because he does not plow and sow before our eyes. He has no need for work, in the search for his destiny. And the education of Onegin, and his attempts to immerse himself in reading, and his efforts to write ("yawning, took up the pen") the author perceives ironically: "He was sick of hard work." This is one of the biggest moments in understanding the novel. Although the action of the novel ends before the uprising on Senate Square, in Eugene, traits of a man of the Nikolaev era are often guessed. A heavy cross for this generation will be the inability to find their vocation, to unravel their destiny. This motive is central in Lermontov's work, and Turgenev also comprehends this problem in the image of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov.

The problem of duty and happiness is especially important in Eugene Onegin. In fact, Tatiana Larina is not a love heroine, she is a heroine of conscience. Appearing on the pages of the novel as a seventeen-year-old provincial girl dreaming of happiness with her lover, she grows before our eyes into a surprisingly integral heroine, for whom the concepts of honor and duty are above all. Olga, the bride of Lensky, soon forgot the deceased young man: "the young ulan captured her." For Tatiana, Lensky's death is a disaster. She curses herself for continuing to love Onegin: "She must hate in him // the murderer of her brother." A heightened sense of duty is the dominant feature of Tatiana's image. Happiness with Onegin is impossible for her: there is no happiness built on dishonor, on the misfortune of another person. Tatiana's choice is a deeply moral choice, the meaning of life for her is in accordance with the highest moral criteria. F.M. Dostoevsky in the essay "Pushkin": "... Tatiana is a solid type, standing firmly on her own ground. She is deeper than Onegin and, of course, smarter than him. She already has a noble instinct with her own presentiment where and in what the truth is, which was expressed in the finale Perhaps Pushkin would have done even better if he had named his poem after Tatyana and not Onegin, for she is undoubtedly the main heroine of the poem. This is a positive type, not a negative one, this is a type of positive beauty, this is the apotheosis of a Russian woman, and she the poet intended to express the idea of \u200b\u200bthe poem in the famous scene of Tatyana's last meeting with Onegin. One might even say that such a beauty, a positive type of Russian woman has almost never been repeated in our fiction - except perhaps the image of Lisa in Turgenev's "Noble Nest". But the manner of looking down did what Onegin did not even recognize Tatiana when he met her for the first time, in the wilderness, in a modest

the image of a pure, innocent girl who was so timid before him from the first time. He was unable to distinguish between completeness and perfection in the poor girl, and really, perhaps, took her for a "moral embryo." This is she, the embryo, this is after the letter to Onegin! If there is any moral embryo in the poem, it is, of course, himself, Onegin, and this is indisputable. And he could not at all recognize her: does he know the human soul? This is an abstract person, this is a restless dreamer for his whole life. He also did not recognize her later, in St. Petersburg, in the form of a noble lady, when, in his own words, in a letter to Tatyana, "he comprehended all her perfections with his soul." But these are only words: she passed by him in his life, not recognized and not appreciated by him; that's the tragedy of their romance<…>.

By the way, who said that secular, court life perniciously touched her soul and that it was the dignity of a secular lady and new secular concepts that were partly the reason for her refusal to Onegin? No, it wasn't like that. No, this is the same Tanya, the same old village Tanya! She is not spoiled, on the contrary, she is depressed by this magnificent Petersburg life, broken and suffering, she hates her dignity as a socialite, and whoever judges her otherwise does not at all understand what Pushkin wanted to say. And so she firmly says to Onegin:

But I'm given to another

And I will be faithful to him forever.

She said this precisely as a Russian woman, this is her apotheosis. She expresses the truth of the poem. Oh, I will not say a word about her religious beliefs, about her view of the sacrament of marriage - no, I will not touch on this. But what: is it because she refused to follow him, despite the fact that she herself told him: “I love you”, is it because she, “like a Russian woman” (and not some southern or French) , unable to take a bold step, unable to break their bonds, unable to sacrifice the charm of honor, wealth, secular significance, the conditions of virtue? No, the Russian woman dared. A Russian woman will boldly follow what she believes in, and she has proven it. But she "was given to another and will be faithful to him for ages"<…>... Yes, she is loyal to this general, her husband, an honest man, who loves her, who respects her and who is proud of her. Let her "begged her mother," but she, and not anyone else, gave her consent, she, after all, she herself swore to him to be his honest wife. She may have married him out of despair, but now he is her husband, and her betrayal will cover him with shame, shame and kill him. And how can a person base his happiness on the unhappiness of another? Happiness is not only in the pleasures of love, but also in the highest harmony of the spirit. How to calm the spirit if there is a dishonest, ruthless, inhuman act behind? Should she flee just because it's my happiness? But what kind of happiness can there be if it is based on someone else's misfortune? Let me imagine that you yourself are erecting the building of human destiny in order to make people happy in the final, to give them peace and quiet at last. And now imagine, too, that for this it is necessary and inevitably necessary to torture only one human being, moreover - even a not so worthy, even at a different glance, funny creature, not some Shakespeare, but just an honest old man, a young husband his wife, in whose love he blindly believes, although he does not know her heart at all, respects her, is proud of her, happy and at peace with her. And only he must be disgraced, dishonored and tortured, and with the tears of this dishonored old man to erect your building! Would you agree to be the architect of such a building on this condition? Here's the question. And can you admit, even for a moment, the idea that the people for whom you built this building would agree to accept such happiness from you, if suffering is in its foundation?<…>... Tell me, could Tatyana have decided otherwise, with her high soul, with her heart, which suffered so much? No<…>... Tatiana sends Onegin<…>... It has no soil, it is a blade of grass carried by the wind. She is not like that at all: in her, both in despair and in the suffering consciousness that her life has perished, there is still something solid and unshakable on which her soul rests. These are her childhood memories, memories of her homeland, rural wilderness, in which her humble, pure life began - this is "the cross and the shadow of the branches over the grave of her poor nanny." Oh, these memories and former images are now most precious to her, these images are the only ones left to her, but it is they who save her soul from final despair. And this is a lot, no, there is already a lot, because there is a whole foundation, here is something unshakable and indestructible. There is contact with the homeland, with the native people, with its shrine<…>."

The climax of the plot is the sixth chapter, the duel of Onegin and Lensky. The value of life is tested by death. Onegin makes a tragic mistake. At this moment, the opposition of his understanding of honor and duty to the meaning that Tatyana puts into these words is especially vivid. For Onegin, the concept of "secular honor" turns out to be more significant than a moral duty - and he pays a terrible price for the admitted displacement of moral criteria: he has the blood of his murdered friend forever on him.

The author compares Lensky's two possible paths: the sublime (“for the good of the world, or even for glory was born”) and down-to-earth (“ordinary destiny”). And for him it is not important which fate is more real - it is important that there will be none, Lensky is killed. For a light that does not know the true meaning of life, human life itself has no value. For the author, it is the greatest, ontological value. Therefore, the author's sympathies and antipathies are so clearly visible in the novel "Eugene Onegin".

The attitude of the author to the heroes of the novel is always definite and unambiguous. Let us note once again the unwillingness of Pushkin to be identified with Eugene Onegin: "I am always glad to notice the difference // Between Onegin and me." Let us recall the ambiguity of the author's assessment of Eugene: as the novel is written, his attitude towards the hero changes: the years go by, the author himself changes, and Onegin also changes. The hero at the beginning and at the end of the novel is two different people: in the finale Onegin is "a tragic face." For the author, Onegin's main tragedy lies in the gap between his true human capabilities and the role he plays: this is one of the central problems of the Onegin generation. Sincerely loving his hero, Pushkin cannot but condemn him for his fear of violating secular conventions.

Tatiana is Pushkin's favorite heroine, the image closest to the author. The poet will call her "sweet ideal." The spiritual closeness of the author and Tatiana is based on the similarity of basic life principles: disinterested attitude to the world, closeness to nature, national consciousness.

The author's attitude to Lensky is amorous and ironic. Lensky's romantic outlook is largely artificial (recall the scene of Lensky at the grave of Dmitry Larin). Lensky's tragedy for the author is that Vladimir sacrifices his life for the right to play the role of a romantic hero: the sacrifice is absurd and senseless. The tragedy of a failed personality is also a sign of the times.

A special conversation is the author's attitude towards secondary and episodic characters. He largely reveals in them not individual, but typical features. This creates the author's attitude towards society as a whole. The secular society in the novel is heterogeneous. This is the "secular rabble", which made the pursuit of fashion the main principle of life - in beliefs, in behavior, in reading, etc. And at the same time, the circle of people admitted to Tatiana's St. Petersburg salon is a true intelligentsia. Provincial society appears in the novel as a caricature of the high society. One appearance at Tatyana's birthday of the Skotinins (they are also the heroes of Fonvizin's comedy "The Minor") shows that in the fifty years that separate the province of Pushkin from the province described by Fonvizin, nothing has changed. But at the same time, it is in the Russian province that Tatiana may appear.

Summing up, it should be said that the destinies of the heroes of the novel primarily depend on the truth (or falsity) of the values \u200b\u200bthey have adopted as basic life principles.

List of references

Monakhova O. P., Malkhazova M. V. Russian literature of the 19th century. Part 1. - M.-1994.

Lotman Yu.M. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin": Commentary. SPb. - 1995

Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin" is a masterpiece of Russian literature. Pushkin in his work reveals many moral issues concerning not only the youth of that time, but also our life now.

The most pronounced problem of the work is the "golden youth". Eugene himself, the protagonist of the novel, is its prominent representative. These people are obsessed with balls, social events and games. Without a high goal, they waste their lives.

Eugene Onegin is depressed, he does not accept the ideals of a society in which he is bored to be, but like all of its representatives, Eugene lacks a high goal. This expresses the problem of finding one's place in life.

Pushkin raises the question of the lack of education of the population.

Arriving in the village, Eugene could not find a person with whom he could talk. Because of their narrow-mindedness, the villagers took Eugene for a fool:

“Our neighbor is ignorant; crazy;

He's a freemason; he drinks one

A glass of red wine;

He does not fit ladies to the handle;

All yes yes no; won't say yes

Or no, sir. ”The author also raises questions about love and duty. Tatiana loved Eugene all her life, as she swore to him in love. This reflects Tatiana's decency and devotion, while Eugene, unlike her, did not know how to love or be loved.

Friendship for Eugene is also not something important and necessary. They could not remain friends with Lensky through the fault of Eugene himself.

But is it possible to become happy without knowing how to love, be friends, and also not having a high goal? Obviously not. This is a question about happiness and what it depends on.

All these moral questions make you think and re-evaluate your ideals, as well as understand for yourself what is really important and what is the cause of the degradation of society.

Updated: 2017-12-04

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Useful material on the topic

History of creation

Pushkin began writing the novel "Eugene Onegin" in 1823 year in Chisinau, during the period of southern exile. The work on the work was mainly completed in 1830 in Boldino. IN 1831 year, the novel included a letter from Onegin to Tatiana. In subsequent years, some changes and additions were made to the text of Eugene Onegin.

Initially, Pushkin did not have a clear plan for the novel. In 1830, preparing the publication of the full text of the work, Pushkin sketched a general plan for the publication. Nine chapters were supposed to be published. However, the eighth chapter, which told about Onegin's wanderings, was significantly shortened and was not included in the final text of the novel (excerpts from it were published separately, in the author's notes to the novel). As a result, the ninth chapter was in place of the eighth. In this way, the final text of the novel has eight chapters.

In addition, there is hypothesiswhat Pushkin wrote tenth chapter, where he spoke about the secret societies of the Decembrists. The poet burned the manuscript of the tenth chapter in 1830 in Boldino. Some of its fragments have come down to us. Until now, scientists argue about whether the tenth chapter existed as such. It is possible that we are dealing with scattered fragments of the draft text of the work that did not constitute a separate chapter.

Time of action

Pushkin wrote: "In our novel the time is calculated according to the calendar." According to Yu.M. Lotman's assumption, start of events(Onegin goes to the village to see his sick uncle) falls on summer 1820.The first chapter describes the St. Petersburg winter 1819-1820.Many researchers believe that the novel ends in the spring of 1825.However, there is a hypothesis that the last chapter tells about the post-December era.

Subject

The main theme of Eugene Onegin is life of the Russian nobilityin the early 1820s.

In addition, Pushkin recreated in his work the most diverse aspects of the life of Russia at that time. So, he reflected a lifenot only the nobility, but also other estates, primarily the peasantry.

The novel is widely represented russian and Western European literature and culture.

In addition, in his work, Pushkin showed natureRussia, pictures of Russian life... That's why V.G.Belinskynamed "Eugene Onegin" "Encyclopedia of Russian life."

Problematic

The novel's central problem is time hero problem... This problem is raised mainly in connection with the image of Onegin, but also in connection with the images of Lensky and the author himself.

The problem of the hero of time correlates with another problem of the work - with the problem personality and society. What is the reason for Onegin's loneliness in society? What is the reason for the spiritual emptiness of Pushkin's hero: in the imperfection of the surrounding society or in itself?

As the most important in the novel we will call the problem of the Russian national character.This problem is comprehended by the author primarily in connection with the image of Tatiana (a vivid example of the Russian national character), but also in connection with the images of Onegin and Lensky (heroes cut off from national roots).

The novel puts a number of moral and philosophical problems.it meaning of life, freedom and happiness, honor and duty. The most important philosophical problem of the work is human and nature.

In addition, the poet puts in his work and aesthetic problems: life and poetry, author and hero, creative freedom and literary traditions.

Ideological orientation

Eugene Onegin reflects spiritual evolution of Pushkin: crisis of educational ideas (period of southern exile); awareness of the values \u200b\u200bof folk life (the period of exile in Mikhailovskoe); doubts and mental anguish, the struggle between faith and unbelief (the period of wanderings).

Wherein humanistic ideals - personal freedom, “the inner beauty of man” (Belinsky), rejection of cruelty and selfishness - remain the main for the poet in all periods of the creation of the novel.

At the same time, the poet states spiritual values \u200b\u200bassociated with national roots.it closeness of man to nature, adherence to folk traditionsas well as such Christian virtues as selflessness, fidelity to marital duty. These values \u200b\u200bare revealed primarily in the character of Tatiana.

Pushkin the poet states in his novel creative attitude to life.

At the same time, Pushkin's novel was noted and satirical pathos: the poet denounces the conservative noble society, the feudal foundations reigning in it, vulgarity, and spiritual emptiness.

"Eugene Onegin" as a realistic work

"Eugene Onegin" - the first realistic novel in Russian literature.

Pushkin's work distinguishes historicism: here we find a reflection of the era of the first half of the 1820s, the most important trends in the life of the Russian nobility of that time.

In his work, Pushkin showed bright typical characters. In the image of Onegin, Pushkin recreated the type of an educated nobleman, who later received the name "an extra person." In the image of Lensky, the poet captured the type of romantic dreamer, also characteristic of that era.

In the person of Tatiana, we have a type of Russian noblewoman. Olga is a type of an ordinary provincial young lady. In the images of secondary and episodic characters (Tatyana's mother, Larins 'guests, Zaretsky, Tatyana's nanny, Larins' Moscow relatives, Tatyana's husband and others), Pushkin also presented the reader with vivid types of Russian life.

Unlike romantic poems, Eugene Onegin the author is separated from the heroes, he portrays them objectively, from the side. At the same time, the image of the author, for all its importance in the novel, does not have a self-contained meaning.

In Eugene Onegin we find realistic paintings of nature, numerous details of Russian life, which also testifies to the realism of the novel.

Exactly real life (and not abstract romantic ideals) becomes for Pushkin a source of creative inspiration and a subject of poetic reflection. Belinsky wrote: "What was low for the former poets was noble for Pushkin, that for them there was prose, then for him it was poetry."

The novel is written lively spoken language. Pushkin often uses words and expressions of the "low" style in his work, thereby bringing the verbal fabric of the novel closer to the everyday language of his time.

Genre originality

As is known, novel- this is an epic work in which the narrative focuses on the fate of an individual in the process of its formation and development. (In the epic, in contrast to the novel, the fate of an entire people is in the foreground.)

The peculiarity of the genre "Eugene Onegin" is that it is not just a novel, but a novel in verse. The genre definition of the work was given by Pushkin himself in a letter to Prince P.A. Vyazemsky dated November 4, 1823: "I am not writing a novel, but a novel in verse - a devilish difference."

Belinsky was one of the first to characterize the peculiarities of the genre of Pushkin's novel. First, the critic noted the creation of a novel in verse as Pushkin's greatest achievement at a time when there were no significant novels in prose in Russian literature.

Secondly, Belinsky compares Pushkin's novel with Byron's poems, revealing both the related features of the works of the two authors and Pushkin's fundamental innovation.

Belinsky names some byron's traditions in "Eugene Onegin". it poetic form, easy manner of storytelling, "a mixture of prose and poetry", that is, a combination of everyday, prosaic phenomena and lofty objects, digressions, "the presence of the poet's face in the work he created."

At the same time, Belinsky notes innovation Pushkin, which the critic sees in the following. First is national identitypushkin's work. Byron, according to Belinsky, "wrote about Europe for Europe ... Pushkin wrote about Russia for Russia." Secondly, this "Fidelity to reality" Pushkin, a realist poet, as opposed to the "subjective spirit" of Byron, a romantic poet.

Finally, Pushkin's novel features free form... About this feature of his work, Pushkin speaks in a dedication to PA Pletnev: “Take the collection of colorful chapters ...” At the end of Eugene Onegin, the poet mentions “the distance of a free novel”. This form is given to the novel by the unique voice of the author, whose inner world finds free, direct expression in the work. The author's digressions, written in a light, relaxed manner, are combined with strict symmetry in the arrangement of the central characters and the "mirroring" of the plot structure.

Composition: general structure of the piece

As already noted, the final text of the novel consists of eight chapters.

The plot of “Eugene Onegin” is distinguished by “ specularity"Character system - symmetry.

The first and second chapters can be considered as expositionto the main action of the work. In the first chapter, Pushkin introduces the reader to the main character Eugene Onegin, talks about his upbringing, about his life in Petersburg.In the second chapter, the narrative is transferred to the village... This is where the reader is introduced to Lensky, Olga and Tatiana.

The third chapter contains a love affair: Tatiana falls in love with Onegin and writes him a letter. Tatiana's letterto Onegin - compositional center of the third chapter.Fourth chapter, starting rebuffOnegin, contains a story about Tatyana's suffering from unrequited love and about Lensky's idyllic relationship with Olga. The fifth chapter tells about christmas divination, about tatiana's dream,about her name days, about quarrelOnegin with Lensky.

The sixth chapter contains climaxin the development of the plot - a story about duelsOnegin and Lensky. Among the most important events the seventh chapternote tatiana's arrival in Moscow.The eighth chapter contains plot denouement... Here the heroes, in accordance with the principle “ specularity"," Change places ": now Onegin falls in love with Tatiana, writes to her letterand also receives rebuff, after which the author leaves his hero "in a minute that is evil for him."

An important compositional role in Eugene Onegin is played by scenery... Descriptions of nature help the author organize the artistic time of the novel, “calculate” it according to the calendar.

In the composition "Eugene Onegin" a special place is occupied by copyright deviations... Thanks to them, in the reader's perception, a holistic the image of the author.

Pushkin's novel is written the Onegin stanza,which also gives the work harmony, completeness, integrity.

Characters. general review

The main charactersnovel should be called Oneginand Tatiana.

Lensky and Olgaare not among the main characters, but this is also central personsin the work. The fact is that these characters, along with Onegin and Tatiana, perform plot-formingfunction.

An important role in Eugene Onegin is played by authorspeaking sometimes as a characterown work.

TO minor characterslet us include those persons who, while not plot-forming, still play any significant role in the development of the action. it tatiana's mother, Tatiana's nanny, Zaretsky, Tatiana's husband.

We will also call episodic charactersthat appear in separate scenes, episodes, or are only mentioned (for example, guests at the Larins 'birthday, Onegin's servant Guillot, the Frenchman, Olga's ulan, the Larins' fiancé, Moscow relatives of the Larins, representatives of the Petersburg world).

It is difficult to draw a clear line between minor, episodic characters and the persons mentioned.

Onegin

Eugene Onegin–main characterpushkin's novel. In his image, Pushkin strove to recreate the character and spiritual image of his contemporary- a representative of the educated part of the nobility.

Onegin is a young aristocrat who was born and raised in St. Petersburg, a secular dandy.

He is a liberal man, as evidenced by some of the details noted by the author. So, he did not serve anywhere, which was at that time a sign of freethinking; was fond of the theory of Adam Smith; read Byron and other contemporary authors. He made life easier for the peasants on his estate, replacing the "yarom ... old corvee" with a light quitrent. Onegin is the face of Pushkin's circle: he dines with Pushkin's acquaintance Kaverin, compares with Chaadaev, becomes a "good friend" of the author himself, although he does not share his poetic view of the world.

Talking about his hero, Pushkin focuses the reader's attention on some significant contradictions in his worldview and life principles.

Onegin - educated person, well-read, knowing the works of ancient and contemporary authors. However, it onegin's education is divorced from national origins, spiritual traditions. Hence - skepticismhero, his indifference to questions of faith, ultimately - the deepest pessimism, loss of meaning in life.

Pushkin's hero - subtle nature, outstanding... He is distinguished, according to the poet, "inimitable strangeness", "sharp, chilled mind, the ability to understand people. However, the hero drained soul in secular hobbiesand was unable to respond to Tatiana's deep and sincere feeling.

Onegin, in the words of Pushkin, “ good guy ": an honest, decent, noble person.Meanwhile, it is distinguished by extreme egoism, egocentrism,which manifested itself most clearly in the collision with Lensky.

Hero indifferent to secular society, is burdened by being in a secular crowd. However, the hero turns out a slave to public opinionwhich prevents him from avoiding a duel and killing a friend.

All these contradictions in the character and worldview of the hero are revealed during the course of the novel. Onegin passes tests of love and friendship.He can't stand any of them. Lensky dies tragically. At the end of the novel, Tatyana rejects Onegin. She kept in her heart a feeling for the hero, but refused to share his passion.

Consider some artisticmeans of creating the image of Onegin.

Appearance descriptionOnegin does not play any significant role in creating the image of the hero; it only emphasizes his belonging to the fashionable secular youth:

Cut in the latest fashion

Like a dandy of London, dressed ...

A more important role in revealing Onegin's character is played by interior,in particular descriptions of the hero's cabinets in the first and seventh chapters. First descriptioncharacterizes Onegin as secular dandy.Here are some substantive details:

Amber on the tubes of Constantinople,

Porcelain and bronze on the table

And, the feelings of pampered joy,

Perfume in faceted crystal ...

Looks different onegin's country officedescribed in the seventh chapter:

And Lord Byron's portrait

And a column with a cast-iron doll,

Under a hat, with a cloudy brow,

With hands clenched in a cross.

The details of the second description characterize the intellectual and spiritual life of the hero:"A pile of books", "a portrait of Lord Byron", "a column with a cast-iron doll" - a statuette depicting Napoleon. This last detail is extremely important; she recalls such a personality trait of Onegin as individualism.

Descriptions of nature, unlike the interior, are not so important for revealing the character of the hero. Onegin is surrounded by books, things. He is far from nature, does not feel its beauty.

Only in the eighth chapter, the one in love with Tatyana Onegin is able to feel the awakening power of spring, but this is only a moment in the hero's mental life:

Spring lives him: for the first time

Their chambers are locked

Where he hibernated like a marmot,

Double windows, camel

He leaves on a clear morning

Rushing along the Neva in a sleigh.

On blue crushed ice

The sun plays; melts dirty

The streets are covered with snow.

So, in Onegin, typical features of a secular person and uncommon nature are combined.

Onegin is a hero who failed to find the meaning of life and happiness, doomed to an aimless existence. He opens gallery of "extra people"in Russian literature: this is a hero,

Lensky

Vladimir Lensky - one of the central characters novel. It's young a poet-freethinker of a romantic nature. Note that among the opposition-minded noble youth of the first half of the 1820s, there were both cold skeptics, like Onegin, and ardent romantics, like Lensky.

On the one hand, the image of Lensky sets off the image of the main character of the work. On the other hand, it has an independent meaning in the novel.

We learn that Lensky studied at the University of Göttingen, one of the most liberal universities in Europe. The young poet was fond of the ideas of Kant, who was perceived in Russia as a philosopher and freethinker. Lensky's “freedom-loving dreams” are evidenced by his and his love for Schiller's work. The hero received a good education for those times, but it, like Onegin's education, was divorced from national origins.

Lensky is an honest, sincere, noble person, full of good intentions, but extremely emotional and completely incapable of living in the real world.

RomanticLenskyopposed skepticOnegin... The main character of the novel really looks at things, judges them soberly. Lensky is in the clouds. Onegin, according to Belinsky, is "a real character," Lensky is divorced from reality.

It is interesting to compare the characters of Lensky and Tatiana... Heroes are brought together poetrynatures. At the same time, the personality of Tatiana is nourished, according to Pushkin's plan, deep national, folk roots. Lensky, with his German idealism, is alien to Russian reality; his romanticism is not connected with national soil.

Lensky's choice of Olga as an object of worship is not accidental. Outwardly attractive, in reality Olga turns out to be very ordinary. Romantic Lensky idealizes his bride, attributing to her spiritual qualities that are absent in reality.

Lensky's fate- important a link not only in the love affair, but also in the plot of the work as a whole.Lensky's love story for Olga, which ended in a tragic denouement, testifies to the hero's inability to behave soberly and calmly in critical situations. A very insignificant reason pushes Lensky to a duel, to a tragic death. The death of Lensky in the sixth chapter has symbolic meaning.Pushkin shows here the inconsistency of romantic illusions, the lifelessness of ideas divorced from reality. At the same time, Pushkin cherishes the poet's lofty ideals, his service to "glory and freedom."

Creating the image of Lensky, Pushkin uses and portrait details("Curls are black to the shoulders"), and images of nature, moreover romantic:

He fell in love with thick groves,

Solitude, silence,

And the night, and the stars, and the moon ...

An important means of creating the image of Lensky is becoming poems of the hero,deliberately stylized "under romanticism":

Where, where have you gone,

Are my golden days of spring?

So, Pushkin recreated in the image of Lensky the type of an educated nobleman, no less characteristic of the Pushkin era than the type of Onegin's "superfluous person". This is a romantic poet.

Tatyana

Tatiana Larina - main characternovel.

In her image, the poet realistically recreated a wonderful type of noblewoman.The author endowed the heroine with striking features of the Russian national character, showed her in the broad context of the life of Russia in the 1820s. Belinsky saw the "feat of the poet" in the fact that "he was the first to poetically reproduce a Russian woman in the person of Tatiana."

Tatiana combines the typical features characteristic of noble women of the Pushkin era with the features of an outstanding personality. Pushkin notes in Tatyana the features of a gifted nature that distinguish the main character of the novel from her environment. Tatiana is characterized by a lively mind, depth of feelings, poetry of nature. According to the author's remark, Tatiana

... gifted from heaven

With a rebellious imagination,

Alive with mind and will,

And a wayward head

And with a fiery and tender heart.

Like many noble girls, Tatiana was brought up, apparently, by French governesses, hence the knowledge of the French language, passion for novels by Western European authors, which the heroine read in French.

At the same time, life in the countryside, in the bosom of nature, communication with ordinary peasants, especially with a nanny, introduced Tatyana to Russian folk culture. Unlike Onegin, the heroine was not divorced from national origins.

Hence the moral values \u200b\u200bthat were characteristic of Tatiana. it living faith in God(Tatiana "delighted with prayer / Longing for a worried soul"), mercy("Helped the poor"), sincerity,chastity,no doubt about the sanctity of marriage. Moreover, this love for Russian nature, live connection with the people,knowledge of folk customs(“Tatiana believed in the legends of the common people of antiquity”); indifference to social life:"The hateful life of tinsel" does not attract the heroine.

Consider Tatiana's place in the character system of the novel.

In contrastTatiana Olgathe principle of symmetry in the arrangement of the central characters of the work is clearly outlined. Olga's outer beauty hides her ordinary and superficial nature and at the same time sets off Tatiana's inner, spiritual beauty.

Tatyana opposednot only sister Olga, but also mother - Praskovya Larina,an ordinary landowner.

It is also interesting to compare the characters Tatiana and Lensky... The heroes are brought together by the poetry of natures. At the same time, the personality of Tatiana is nourished, according to Pushkin's plan, deep national, folk roots. Lensky, with his German idealism, is alien to Russian reality; his romanticism is not connected with national soil.

It is important for Pushkin to emphasize such a personality trait of Tatyana as national identity.In this regard, a special significance in the character system acquires nanny Tatiana,shading the image of the main character.

Tatiana's personality is most clearly revealed in her correlation with Onegin's personality.The protagonist and the main character of Pushkin's novel are in some ways close to each other, in some ways completely opposite.

Tatiana, like Onegin, is an outstanding personality. The heroes are brought together by the mind, depth and subtlety of the worldview. At the same time, Onegin is cold to the world around him, does not feel its beauty. Tatiana, unlike Onegin, has a love for nature, the ability to feel the beauty of the world around her.

The main thing that distinguishes Tatiana from Onegin is the national roots of her personality, dedication, deep faith in God. Christian spiritual values \u200b\u200bare alien to Onegin. He does not understand Tatiana's views on marriage, family, marital fidelity.

Love story of Tatyana and Oneginis the main storyline of the novel.Final piece - rebuff from Tatyana Onegin- allows the reader to clearly understand the spiritual foundations of the heroine's personality. Tatyana retains in her soul a feeling for Onegin, but loyalty to marital duty is above all for her.

A special role in creating the image of Tatiana is played by pictures of nature: they accompany her throughout the entire action of the work.

Minor and episodic characters. Mentioned persons

As already noted, "Eugene Onegin", according to Belinsky, is "Encyclopedia of Russian life"... Hence the importance of not only the main, but also secondary, as well as episodic characters. They allow the author of "Eugene Onegin" to reflect the most diverse aspects of Russian reality, to show the variety of characters and types of Russian life. In addition, these characters set off the main characters of the novel, allow deeper and more versatile reveal of their characters.

Some minor characters in Eugene Onegin are covered in detail. They are vivid types of Russian life.

For example, Tatiana's mother Praskovya Larina- a typical serf lady. In her youth, she was a sentimental young lady, read novels, was in love with a "glorious dandy." However, having married and retiring to the village, she became an ordinary landowner:

She went to work

Salted mushrooms for the winter,

I spent expenses, shaved my foreheads,

I went to the bathhouse on Saturdays,

I beat the maids with anger -

All this without asking her husband ...

With images of Praskovya Larina and her late husband Dmitry, only mentioned in the work, is associated with the image of the patriarchal foundations of the provincial nobility:

They kept a peaceful life

The habits of cute old times;

They have fatty carnival

There were Russian pancakes ...

In addition, the images of Tatiana's parents make it possible to better understand the character of the main character. Tatiana, against the background of her parents, Olga's sister, and the entire provincial nobility, looks like an extraordinary person.

Tatiana's nannyis a type of a simple Russian peasant woman. Her image is inspired by the poet's memories of his own nanny Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva, a wonderful Russian woman, a talented storyteller.

In the mouth of the nanny, the poet puts a story about the plight of a peasant woman: about early marriage, about a difficult life in a strange family:

“And that's enough, Tanya! These summers

We haven't heard of love

Otherwise I would have driven away from the light

My deceased mother-in-law. " -

"But how did you get married, nanny?" -

“So, apparently, God ordered. My Vanya

I was younger, my light,

And I was thirteen years old.

The matchmaker went for two weeks

To my relatives, and finally

My father blessed me.

I cried bitterly with fear;

They unraveled my braid with a cry

Yes, they took me to church with singing ... "

“Tatiana's conversation with the nanny is a miracle of artistic perfection,” wrote Belinsky.

The image of the nanny sets off the image of Tatiana, emphasizes the national identity of the main character, her connection with folk life.

Plays an important plot role in the work Zaretsky... The surname of this character also evokes a very definite literary association: the reader recalls Griboyedovsky Zagoretsky.

Pushkin characterizes his hero sharply negatively, in sarcastic tones:

Zaretsky, once a brawler,

Ataman of the card gang,

Head rake, tavern tribune,

Now kind and simple

The father of the family is single,

Reliable friend, peaceful landowner

And even an honest man:

This is how our century is being corrected!

From Pushkin's description of Zaretsky, it becomes clear to the reader that this character is the embodiment of dishonesty and meanness. However, it is people like Zaretsky who rule public opinion. Onegin is most afraid of his gossip. In this case, Zaretsky personifies those false ideas about honor, which Onegin ultimately turns out to be hostage to.

At the end of the seventh chapter, for the first time, "some important general" is mentioned - the future tatiana's husband... In the eighth chapter he is named by the author as Prince N. Pushkin does not give any detailed description of the heroine's husband. However, it is clear from her words that this is a deserved person; he is probably even a hero of the war of 1812. It is no coincidence that Tatiana informs Onegin that her husband is “mutilated in battles,” that is, he was seriously wounded in battle.

The antithesis "Tatiana's husband - Onegin" is present in the novel primarily in order to emphasize Tatiana's fidelity to conjugal duty, to the ideals of Christian marriage.

Some persons are mentioned only once in the novel. For example, Pushkin gives the reader some information about onegin's educators:

Evgeny's fate kept:

First Madame followed him

Then Monsieur replaced her ...

The mention of "Madame" and of "Monsieur l'Abbé" testifies to the fact that young aristocratic men were raised in the French manner; their education was cut off from the national soil.

In the first chapter, the poet describes the morning of laboring Petersburg:

What is my Onegin? Half asleep,

He goes to bed from the ball,

And Petersburg is restless

Already awakened by the drum.

A merchant gets up, a peddler walks,

A cabman stretches to the exchange,

Okhtinka is in a hurry with a jug,

Under it, the morning snow crunches.

A pleasant noise woke up in the morning,

Shutters open, chimney smoke

The pillar rises blue

And the baker, neat German,

In a paper cap, more than once

I already opened my vasisdas.

The persons named here ( merchant, peddler, cabman, okhtinka, German baker) are contrasted with idle aristocrats who spend their lives in secular entertainment.

In his work, Pushkin describes the pictures of life peasantry... On the pages of the novel, images of representatives of the people, details of folk life flicker:

Updates the path on the logs;

His horse, smelling the snow,

Weaving at a trot somehow;

Exploding fluffy reins,

The daring wagon flies;

The coachman sits on the beam

In a sheepskin coat, in a red sash.

Here is a yard boy running,

Putting a bug in the sled,

Transforming yourself into a horse;

The mischievous finger has already frozen;

It hurts and it's funny

And his mother threatens him through the window ...

Describing guests at Tatyana's birthday, Pushkin creates, according to Yu.M. Lotman, a special type literary background.It includes well-known heroes of Russian literature:

With his burly wife

Fat Trifles arrived;

Gvozdin, excellent master,

Owner of beggar men;

Skotinins, a gray-haired couple,

With children of all ages, counting

Thirty to two years old;

County frantik Petushkov,

My cousin brother, Buyanov,

In fluff, in a cap with a visor

(As you, of course, know him),

And a retired adviser Flyanov,

Heavy gossip, old rogue

Glutton, bribe-taker and jester.

Really, Gvozdin, "The owner of beggar men," reminds us of Captain Gvozdilov from "Brigadier" Fonvizin. Skotininsrecall the characters of another comedy Fonvizin - "The Minor". Buyanov- the hero of the poem "Dangerous neighbor" by V.L. Pushkin.

One of the characters in the fifth chapter - monsieur Triquet.The surname "Triquet" means "beaten with a stick" in French, that is, a swindler or a small sharper.

The introduction of such a literary background helps Pushkin create a vivid satirical picture of the life of the Russian province.

In the sixth chapter, along with Zaretsky, Onegin's hired servant is mentioned - a French monsieur Guillot.

In the seventh chapter of the novel, Pushkin draws vivid satirical images of representatives moscow nobility... Here are obvious traditions of A.S. Griboyedov.So, the poet tells about the life of relatives and friends of the Larins:

But there is no change in them

Everything in them is on the old sample:

Aunt Princess Helena

The same tulle cap

Everything is whitewashed Lukerya Lvovna,

All the same, Lyubov Petrovna lies,

Ivan Petrovich is just as stupid

Semyon Petrovich is also stingy,

At Pelageya Nikolavna

Still the same friend Monsieur Finmush,

And the same spitz, and the same husband,

And he, all of the club is a member of service,

Still humble, just deaf

And he also eats and drinks for two.

In the eighth chapter of the novel, Pushkin draws a satirical picture of the life of high society.So, he shows a social event:

There was, however, the color of the capital,

And know, and fashion samples,

Faces you meet everywhere

Necessary fools ...

Here's another example:

There was Prolasov, who deserved

Famous for the baseness of the soul

Blunt on all albums

St.-Priest, your pencils ...

On the pages of the novel, many real faces.These are Pushkin's friends Kaverinand Chaadaev... Their mention introduces Onegin into the social circle of Pushkin himself.

On the pages of Eugene Onegin, we meet names of authorsthe most diverse eras - from antiquity to the 1820s.

We are especially interested in references to figures of Russian culture. In the first chapter, in one of the author's digressions, Pushkin tells about the history of Russian theater:

Magic land! There in the old years

Satyrs are the brave lord

Shone Fonvizin, friend of freedom,

And the perceptive Prince;

There Ozerov unwitting tributes

People's tears, applause

I shared with young Semyonova;

There our Katenin resurrected

Corneille is a stately genius;

There he brought out the prickly Shakhovskoy

A noisy swarm of comedies,

There, Didlo was crowned with glory,

There, there, under the canopy of the wings,

My youthful days rushed by.

As you can see, playwrights are named here D.I.Fonvizin, Ya.B. Knyazhnin, V.A.Ozerov, P.A.Katenin, A.A. Shakhovskoy,tragic actress Ekaterina Semenova, choreographer S. Didlo; a little later the ballerina mentions Avdotya Istomina.

On the pages of "Eugene Onegin" there are names of famous Russian poets. Pushkin recalls G.R. Derzhavin:

Old man Derzhavin noticed us

And, going down into the coffin, he blessed.

The fifth chapter, which tells about Tatyana's dream, is preceded by an epigraph from V.A. Zhukovsky:

Oh, do not know these terrible dreams

You, my Svetlana!

Repeatedly mentioned E.A. Boratynsky- "singer of feasts and languid sadness", "singer of a young Finnish woman." Pushkin addresses the author of wonderful elegies N.M. Yazykov: "So you, Inspired Yazykov ..."

A friend of Pushkin's prince P.A. Vyazemskyhe appears in the novel both as the author of the epigraph to the first chapter (“In a hurry to live, and in a hurry to feel”), and as a character who met Tatyana in the seventh chapter.

The novel also mentions antique authors(eg, Homer, Theocritus, Juvenal, Ovid). Pushkin calls western European writers and poets, politicians... So, Schillerand Goethementioned in connection with the characteristics of Lensky, his "German" education. Richardsonand Russo namedas the authors of novels, which Tatyana was fond of. Byronand Napoleonreflect Onegin's predilections (in his country office there was a portrait of Byron and a statuette of Napoleon).

The pages of the novel are called and fictional persons, among them literary heroesand mythological characters... Many literary characters are mentioned in Eugene Onegin. it Ludmilaand Ruslan, the characters of Pushkin himself. These are the heroes of other authors ( Child Harold, Gyaur, Juan- heroes of Byron, Grandison- the hero of Richardson, Julia- Rousseau's heroine, Griboyedovsky Chatsky,SvetlanaZhukovsky).

Pushkin also names mythological characters. it Venus, Apollo, Terpsichore, Melpomene.

In Tatiana's wonderful dream appear characters of Russian folklore, confirming the fact that "Tatiana believed the legends / Common folk antiquity ..."

All these characters and the real and fictional persons mentioned on the pages of the novel push the spatial and temporal boundaries of the work.

Analysis of individual chapters, episodes and other elements of the composition of the work

First chaptercontains exposition of Onegin's image;here the reader also gets acquainted with the authornovel, all of which takes place in the background paintings of the life of St. Petersburg.

Epigraphthe first chapter is a quote from the poem by P.A. Vyazemsky "The First Snow": "And in a hurry to live, and in a hurry to feel." The epigraph sets the narrative with a cheerful, life-affirming tone.

In the first chapter, Pushkin tells about upbringing, education, reading circle of the protagonist, his interests, lifestyle.Using the example of teaching Onegin, Pushkin shows the peculiarities of the upbringing of secular youth. Educationyoung nobles were at that time mostly home... It was carried out by the governors-frenchand it was divorced from the values \u200b\u200bof Russian national culture.Pushkin writes about Onegin:

Evgeny's fate kept:

First Madame followed him

Then Monsieur replaced her.

The superficial nature of Onegin's education can be judged by those qualities that he needed in secular life... Pushkin ironically writes about his hero:

He is in French perfectly

I could express myself and write,

Easy mazurka danced

And bowed at ease.

What is more to you? The light decided

That he is smart and very nice.

In the first chapter, Pushkin also describes day of the secular young man.First, the author talks about late awakeningOnegin:

He used to be still in bed

They carry notes to him.

What? Invitations? Indeed,

While in the morning dress,

Wearing a wide bolivar

Onegin goes to the boulevard

And there he walks in the open,

Until the awake Breget

Dinner won't ring him.

After the walk Onegin dines at Talon's, the owner of a trendy restaurant:

To Talon rushed: he is sure

That there is already waiting for him Kaverin.

After lunch follows theater visit... Pushkin here also notes with irony:

The theater is an evil legislator

Fickle adorer

Charming actresses

Honorary Citizen of the wings,

Onegin flew to the theater.

Onegin ends his day at the ball:

Has entered. The hall is full of people;

The music is tired of thundering;

The crowd is busy with the mazurka;

All around and noise, and tightness ...

Onegin returns home in the morningwhen laborious Petersburg is already getting up to get to work:

What is my Onegin? Half asleep,

He goes to bed from the ball,

And Petersburg is restless

Already awakened by the drum ...

Talking about Onegin, the poet emphasizes emptiness and monotony of high life... Pushkin writes about his hero:

Wakes up at noon, and again

His life is ready until morning,

Monotonous and variegated.

And tomorrow is the same as yesterday.

Last topicnarratives in the first chapter–onegin's acquaintance and friendship with the author.The poet gives a wonderful psychological characterization of the hero, comparing his personality traits and peculiarities of his world outlook with his own view of the world:

The conditions of light overthrowing the burden,

As he, behind the vanity,

I made friends with him at that time.

I liked his features

Unwitting devotion to dreams

Inimitable oddity

And a sharp, chilled mind.

I was embittered, he is gloomy;

We both knew the passion of the game:

The life of both of us was tormented

In both hearts, the heat died away;

Anger awaited both of them

Blind Fortune and People

In the very morning of our days.

In this psychological portrait of Onegin one can see features of Pushkin himself, who was going through a severe mental crisis at the time of writing the first chapter (end of 1823). Meanwhile, the author does not forget to emphasize and “ difference”Between himself and the hero: despite his disillusionment with previous ideals, the author did not lose his poetic outlook on the world, did not change his love for nature, did not abandon his dear poetry. The crisis of 1823-1824 was only a stage in Pushkin's spiritual evolution, and unlike skepticOnegin, the author of the novel, in the deep foundations of his own personality, remains optimist.

In the second chapterthe narration is carried over to the village.Double epigraph - "O rus!" ("O village!")from Horace and "O Rus!" - links the topic village lifewith theme national identity of Russia, reveals the problem of the Russian national characteras one of the leading in the work.

The second chapter introduces the reader to Lensky, Olga and Tatiana.

The sixth stanza gives exposition of the image of Lensky:

To my village at the same time

The new landowner galloped

And the same strict analysis

In the neighborhood gave a reason,

Named Vladimir Lensky,

With a soul straight from Göttingen,

Handsome, in full bloom of years,

Kant's admirer and poet.

He's from foggy Germany

Brought fruits of scholarship:

Freedom dreams

The spirit is fiery and rather strange

Always a rave speech

And black curls up to the shoulders.

Lensky, like Onegin, aroused a feeling of mistrust among the landlord neighbors with his liberal sentiments... The hero's "freedom-loving dreams" were clearly alien to them.

Here, in the second chapter, it is outlined lensky - Olga line, the artistic role of which is to reveal the characters of these heroes and, most importantly, to set off the love story of Tatyana and Onegin.

Finally, the second chapter gives image exposureTatiana... The author draws attention to name« Tatyana", Which at the time of Pushkin, many considered common people. The poet deliberately calls his heroine so:

For the first time with such a name

Tender pages of the novel

We willfully sanctify.

Talking about Tatyana, Pushkin compares his heroine with her sister Olga:

Not her sister's beauty,

Nor the freshness of her ruddy

She would not have attracted the eyes.

In contrast to Tatyana Olga, one can clearly see symmetry principlein the arrangement of the central characters of the work. Olga's outer beauty hides her ordinary and superficial nature and at the same time sets off Tatiana's inner, spiritual beauty.

Here, in the second chapter, Pushkin outlines such character traits of the heroine as dreaminess,love of nature,a penchant for reading novels.

So, Pushkin talks about his heroine:

Thoughtfulness, her friend

From the most lullaby days

Rural leisure flow

Decorated her with dreams.

The poet emphasizes Tatiana's closeness to nature:

She loved on the balcony

She liked novels early;

They replaced everything for her.

She fell in love with deceptions

And Richardson and Russo.

As already noted, the plot of the work is built on the principle "Specularity".Tatiana falls in love with Onegin, writes to him letterand as a result gets rebuff... At the end of the work, the heroes "change places": now Onegin falls in love with Tatiana,writes to her letterand also receives rebuke.

Chapter Threethe novel contains the beginning of a love story.Not by chance epigraphto the third chapter taken from a French author ("Elle était fille, elle était amoureuse" 1, Malfilâtre). Pushkin reminds the reader about the upbringing of the heroine in the French manner, about her reading novels, about the fact that Tatyana's very thoughts about Onegin are inspired by her romantic ideas about literary heroes.

Onegin in the imagination of Tatiana in love appears the hero of the books she read:

Lover of Julia Volmar,

Malek-Adel and de Linard,

And Werther, rebellious martyr,

And the incomparable Grandison,

Which brings us to sleep -

Everything for the gentle dreamer

Put on a single image,

In one Onegin merged.

Tatiana also thinks of herself the heroine of the novel:

Imagining a heroine

Your beloved creators,

Clarice, Julia, Dolphin,

Tatiana in the silence of the woods

Alone with a dangerous book wanders ...

Tatiana's letter–compositional center of the third chapter... According to researchers, for example Yu.M. Lotman, the letter of the heroine is distinguished by a genuine sincerity,sincerity... It is from this letter that we learn about the innermost secrets of Tatyana's soul - abouther sincere faith in God, about the joy of prayer, about compassion for the poor, about lonelinessamong the people around her.

However, the letter contains verbal phrases, gleaned by Pushkin's heroine from readher books... Tatiana, like many of her noble girls of the same age, had little command of written speech in her native language, and chose French to declare her love.

As already noted, tatiana's national identityhighlighted by its nannies... From this point of view, for understanding the character of the main character, such an element of the composition as tatiana's conversation with the nanny,performed, according to Belinsky, a true nationality.

An important episode fourth chapter–onegin's rebuke.Ironicthe author's attitude to this monologue of the hero is already set epigraph: "Lamoraleestdanslanaturedeschoses" 1 (Necker). The meaning of rebukemuch deeper than Onegin's formal explanation of the reasons for refusing to respond to Tatiana's feelings. As we know, Onegin announced to the heroine that he was not worthy of her love, and most importantly, that he was “not created for bliss,” that is, not ready for family life. In part Onegin was sincere: in fact, his soul was shallow, withered in secular intrigues, and an excellent mastery of the "science of tender passion" turned into spiritual emptiness for him. There was, however, another, main reason, which Onegin will recall later, in his own letter to Tatiana: "I did not want to lose my hateful freedom." Selfishness, thinking only about his own freedom kept the hero from taking a decisive step.

Against the background of the spiritual sorrows of the rejected Tatyana, they draw idyllic paintingslensky's courtship of his bride. It seems that nothing portends trouble.

The fifth chapter tells about Christmas fortune-telling, about tatiana's dream,about her name days, about onegin's quarrel with Lensky.

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He fell in love with thick groves,

Solitude, silence,

And the night, and the stars, and the moon ...

She loved on the balcony

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Old man Derzhavin noticed us

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She likes the order slim

Oligarchic conversations

And the coldness of calm pride,

And this mixture of ranks and years.

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But I am the fruit of my dreams

And harmonious undertakings

I only read to the old nanny,

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