Training in driving jet skis and small boats, general information, pilotage. Navigation equipment for inland waterways Ice force signs for vessels

Coastal navigational marks depending on their purpose, they are divided into two groups: designations of the position of the navigation channel and information .

To shore signs indicating the position of the navigation channel These include gate, pass, way, spring, “Landmark” signs, bridge span signs and “Tracking light”.

Coastal markers consist of a support pillar and a shield of a certain shape and color mounted on it. For these signs, signal boards of five types are used: rectangular, square, trapezoidal, round and combined. The shape of the shield depends on the purpose of the coastal mark.

The dimensions of signal boards, depending on the range of the sign, are regulated by the State Standard. The height of shore signs is determined by a special calculation taking into account the relief of the shoreline.

On inland waterways, axial (linear), slot and edge gates are used.

Axial alignment(Fig. 6.1) consists of two signs - front and rear, identical in shape, located along the axis of the navigation channel.

Rice. 6.1. Layout of axial sections on the river section:

1 – axis of the navigation channel; 2 – sections on a light background; 3 – sections on a dark background

On axial alignment signs, four types of signal boards are used: square (Fig. 6.2, a), rectangular (Fig. 6.2, b), trapezoidal (Fig. 6.2, c) and combined (Fig. 6.2, d - the top board is square, located vertically, and the lower one is trapezoidal, located obliquely to the vertical).

Rice. 6.2. Axial alignments for light (left) and dark (right) terrain backgrounds

(the part of the sign area painted red is conventionally indicated by shading)

The color of signal boards is chosen depending on the background of the surrounding area. If the background is light, the shields are painted red with a white or black vertical stripe in the middle, and if the background is dark - white with a black vertical stripe, and if they are located against the sky - then black.

At night, there is a red, white or yellow signal light on the axial direction signs of the right bank, and green, white or yellow on the left bank signs. In this case, the character (mode) of the light of the front sign is constant, and that of the rear sign is flashing or constant.

IN

Rice. 6.3. Orientation along the axial alignment:

a – the vessel is in the target zone; b – the vessel left the target zone; 1 – axis of the navigation channel; 2 – rear target sign; 3 – front target sign; 4 – shore; 5 – isobath of guaranteed depth; 6 – sighting curves limiting the target area; 7 – alignment axis; 8 – imaginary vertical passing through the target lights; 9 – rear sign light; 10 – front sign light

In some cases, when there is a large concentration of extraneous lights, both on the front and rear signs, permanent lights of increased visibility are used: pulsating or extended lights of red and green colors.

Axial alignment serves to indicate the axis of the ship's passage. The principle of its operation is as follows (Fig. 6.3). Two guidance marks or lights - front and rear, located on the shore at some distance from each other, form a guidance line, the extension of which towards the water space must coincide with the position of the axis of the navigation channel. A sign that a vessel is on the leading line will be the location of the front and rear marks or lights on the same vertical (Fig. 6.3, a). Deviation of the relative position of the front and rear signs or lights from the vertical indicates that the vessel is deviating away from the axis of the navigation channel and leaving the channel area (Fig. 6.3, b). When the vessel leaves the guidance zone, the navigator must change course to return to this zone.

Slotted gate consists of three signs - two forward and one rear and serves to indicate the position of the navigation channel and its edges (Fig. 6.4).

The two front signs are installed on a line perpendicular to the axis of the target and are located at the same distance from it. The rear sign is installed on the axis of the alignment, which must coincide with the axis of the navigation channel.

Signal boards for slotted gate signs are of one type - rectangular in shape. They are painted depending on the background of the surrounding area: on a light background - red with a white or black vertical stripe in the middle (Fig. 6.4, a), on a dark background - white with a black vertical stripe (Fig. 6.4, b).

White or yellow signal lights are used on slotted signs, constant lights are used on front signs, and flashing lights are used on rear signs. If there are extraneous lights in the area where the slotted section is located, red signal lights are used on signs installed on the right bank; green lights are used on the left bank. In this case, the front lights are constant, and the rear lights are flashing.

Rice. 6.4. Layout of the slotted section on the section of the waterway: 1 – axis of the navigation channel; 2 – alignment axis; 3 – alignment signs; a – slotted door for a light background; b – slotted gate for a dark background

The principle of operation of the slot gate is shown in Fig. 6.5. When the vessel moves along the axis of the navigation channel (Fig. 6.5, a), the rear sign (light) is visible exactly in the middle of the distance between the front signs (lights). As the vessel deviates from the axis of the navigation channel, the symmetry of the location of the signs is disrupted (Fig. 6.5, b), while the clearance between the rear and front signs of the edge to which the ship is approaching is reduced.

If the ship goes beyond the boundary of the target zone (Fig. 6.5, c), the gap between the shields of the rear and one of the front signs disappears.

The navigator must not allow the vessel to leave the specified zone, since this does not ensure traffic safety.

Slotted sections are used mainly in reservoirs and estuaries of large rivers.

Rice. 6.5. Orientation along the slot opening:

a – vessel on the alignment axis; b – the vessel deviated from the alignment axis; in - the ship leftfrom the target area; 1 – axis of the navigation channel; 2 – isobath of guaranteed depth; 3 – alignment axis; 4 – rear sign; 5 – front sign; 6 – sighting curves, forming the target zone

Edge flap intended to indicate one edge of the navigation channel. The target consists of two characters - the front one and the higher back one. The alignment axis intersects the vertical edge of the rear sign facing the fenced edge of the navigation channel. The front sign is slightly shifted from this axis towards the same edge. To indicate both edges of the navigation channel, two edge alignments are installed - left and right (Fig. 6.6).

The signal board of the front edge sign has a rectangular shape, and the rear one has the shape of a rectangular trapezoid. Signs are painted white on a dark background, and red on a light background. Lights - green on the left edge, front constant, rear double-flashing; on the right edge there are red ones, the front is constant, the rear is double-flashing.

P

Rice. 6.6. Edge section:

1 – flow direction; 2 – left edge of the navigation channel; 3 – right edgenavigation; 4 – leading signs to indicate two edges of the navigation channel

When the vessel is on the axis of the navigation channel, the navigator sees signs (lights) of the right and left directions, located symmetrically. When the vessel deviates from the axis of the navigation channel, the symmetrical arrangement of signs visible to the navigator is disrupted. The gap between the vertical edges of the shields of the front and rear signs of the edge towards which the ship has veered will be less than the gap between the vertical edges of the shields fencing the other edge. The disappearance of the gap between the boards of signs of the edge towards which the vessel has deviated (touching the vertical edges of the boards), or the location of the lights on the same vertical means that the vessel has left the guidance area.

Rice. 6.7. Types of signal boards for pass signs:

a – square; b – rectangular; c – combined

Passage signs(Fig. 6.7) are coastal navigation signs to indicate the direction of a ship's passage moving (transferring) from one shore to another, as well as to indicate the beginning and end of a section with a deep (navigable) shore.

A pass sign consists of a support pillar and a signal board of a certain shape mounted on it. There are three types of shields for pass signs: square (Fig. 6.7, a), rectangular (Fig. 6.7, b) and combined (Fig. 6.7, c). Signs located on a light background of the area are painted red, and on a dark background – white.

Rice. 6.8. Running signs

Running signs(Fig. 6.8) are shore signs that indicate that the shipping channel is located along the deep shore on which they are installed. They consist of a pillar - a support and a signal board - a rhombus (Fig. 6.8, a), or a shield in the form of an elongated rhombus with sharp corners cut off (Fig. 6.8, b). To ensure visibility from all directions, shields are usually made three-dimensional. This is achieved through a cross-shaped connection of two flat shields (diamonds) or by connecting two shields (elongated rhombuses) in plan at an angle of 90.

The color of the shield and the pillar of the navigation sign, in contrast to the leading and pass signs, depends on the name of the bank on which it is installed. On the right bank the color is red, on the left bank it is white. To create a contrast with the background of the area, the supports of the running signs are painted with alternating stripes of red and white on the right bank and white and black on the left bank.

Rice. 6.9. Spring signs

The traffic signs on the right bank have red flashing lights, and the signs on the left bank have green flashing lights.

Spring signs(Fig. 6.9) are installed to indicate banks flooded during high water, islands, capes protruding into the riverbed, etc. They do not directly indicate the axis or edge of the channel and serve to determine the position of the channel together with other signs.

The spring sign is a signal figure mounted on a support pillar, consisting of two cross-shaped shields, shaped like a circle on the right bank (Fig. 6.9, a) and a trapezoid on the left bank (Fig. 6.9, b). The signal figure can also be made of three planes intersecting at an angle of 120 in plan.

The shields of spring signs on the right bank are painted red, and on the left – white. The sign supports are painted the same color as the shields.

At night, the signs on the right bank have permanent red lights, and the signs on the left bank have permanent green lights.

Sign« Reference point"(Fig. 6.10) is used on rivers and reservoirs to designate characteristic banks, capes, islands and other noticeable places on the coastline. They do not directly indicate the position of the navigation channel, but allow navigators to determine it indirectly (by the position of the vessel relative to the Landmark sign).

By design, signs are made in the form of pillars with two shields (Fig. 6.10, a) and three or tetrahedral prisms and pyramids (Fig. 6.10, b). Two types of signal boards are used: rectangular and trapezoidal.

Rice. 6.10. Landmark signs:

a – in the form of single pillars with signal boards;

b – in the form of three and tetrahedral prisms and pyramids

Signboards installed on the right bank are painted with five alternating horizontal stripes of red and white, and on the left bank - black and white, with the top stripe being red or black, respectively.

The "Landmark" signs on the right bank have red, white or yellow double-flash lights, and the signs on the left bank have green, white or yellow double-flash lights.

"Lighting Light" Signs(Fig. 6.11, a) serve to mark the banks of the shipping canal at night. The shape of signs carrying directional lights is not regulated. Structurally, the sign is a support, at the top of which there is a lantern with two lenses in the side walls. An electric lamp is placed in the lantern. Through the lenses of the side walls, signal lights shine along the bank of the canal. On the right bank there are red constant or flashing lights, on the left bank there are green constant or flashing lights.

Identification marks(Fig. 6.11, b) serve to mark the entrance to a canal, port, outport, shelter from the side of a lake or reservoir.

Rice. 6.11. Sign "Tracking light" (a) and identification marks (b)

Signs are constructed in the form of towers of various architectures and installed on the heads of dams, piers and breakwaters. They are painted in a color that provides the necessary contrast with the surrounding background of the area.

At the tops of the identification signs, permanent or flashing all-round signal lights are installed: green on the left bank signs and red on the right bank signs.

On the sides of the markings facing the shipping channel, a permanent light of the same color as on their tops may be installed.

Lighthouse(marine lighthouse) is a means of navigation equipment for the seas and large lakes, which is a day and night landmark. The lighthouse is a tower on top of which equipment for sending light signals is placed. Lighthouses serve to guide navigators using tools and instruments. The height of the beacon is chosen such that the required range of visibility is ensured. It reaches 50 meters or more. The lighthouse can be equipped with a sound alarm to give signals during fog, as well as equipment for sending radio signals. The view of the lighthouse is shown in Fig. 6.12.

Each lighthouse has its own distinctive shape, color and fire characteristics. Descriptions of lighthouses and their geographical coordinates are given in the corresponding directions and on maps.

Rice. 6.13. Navigation sign

Luminous marine navigation sign(luminous sign) - a means of navigation equipment for the seas and large lakes, which is a day and night landmark of a special construction, having a light-optical device with a white light visibility range of up to 10 miles. This is a structure of the same type as the lighthouse, but of lighter construction (Fig. 6.13). The shape of navigational signs can be different; they are constructed from stone, brick, metal, wood, etc. The sign may have distinctive shields and top figures. Radar reflectors are often installed on them.

Non-illuminated navigation sign- a structure of the same type as a luminous sign, but without a light-optical apparatus.

Marine navigation light (light)- a means of navigation equipment for seas and large lakes, which is a night landmark and is a light-optical device installed on natural objects or non-special constructions (building, rock, pillar, etc.).

Water safety signs are installed by the owners of beaches, crossings, pontoon bridges, bases (structures) for parking small vessels, legal entities carrying out dredging, construction or other work, in order to prevent accidents with people on the water.

Safety signs must be rectangular in shape with sides measuring at least 50x60 centimeters and be made of boards, thick plywood, metal sheets or other durable material.

Safety signs are installed in prominent places as prescribed by authorized state supervisory authorities and are mounted on poles (wooden, metal, reinforced concrete, etc.) with a height of at least 2.5 meters.

The inscriptions on the signs are applied in the appropriate color.

Safety signs on water and near bodies of water are not required

Safety signs on water and near bodies of water

	Meaning:
	Document:	not guested
	Designation (code):	-
	Signal Color:	Green
	Contrast Color:	White
	Download photo:	1000x1000px
The sign is in a green frame, the inscription is on top (indicating the boundaries in meters), below is a swimming man.

	Meaning:
	Document:	not guested
	Designation (code):	-
	Signal Color:	Green
	Contrast Color:	White
	Download photo:	1000x1000px
Recommendations for use (description):
Inside a green frame on a white background: at the top is the inscription “Children’s Bathing Place”, below are two children standing in the water
Placement (recommendations):
The sign is mounted on a white pole. Accommodation - near a pond
Materials for making the sign:
self-adhesive film, non-flammable plastic PVC, metal
Recommended dimensions, mm (circle diameter):
50, 80, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650

	Meaning:
	Document:	not guested
	Designation (code):	-
	Signal Color:	Green
	Contrast Color:	White
	Download photo:	1000x1000px
Recommendations for use (description):
Inside a green frame on a white background: at the top is the inscription “Animal Bathing Place”, below is a swimming dog.
Placement (recommendations):
The sign is mounted on a white pole. Accommodation - near a pond
Materials for making the sign:
self-adhesive film, non-flammable plastic PVC, metal
Recommended dimensions, mm (circle diameter):
50, 80, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650

	Meaning:
	Document:	not guested
	Designation (code):	-
	Signal Color:	Red
	Contrast Color:	White
	Download photo:	1000x1000px
Recommendations for use (description):
A sign in a red frame, crossed out with a red line diagonally from the upper left corner (indicating the boundaries in meters). Below is a picture of a man swimming.
Placement (recommendations):
Materials for making the sign:
self-adhesive film, non-flammable plastic PVC, metal
Recommended dimensions, mm (circle diameter):
50, 80, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650

	Meaning:
	Document:	not guested
	Designation (code):	-
	Signal Color:	Red
	Contrast Color:	White
	Download photo:	1000x1000px
Recommendations for use (description):
A sign in a red circle, crossed out with a red line diagonally from the top corner. Inside there is a picture of a man swimming.
Placement (recommendations):
The sign is fixed on a red pole. Accommodation - near a pond
Materials for making the sign:
self-adhesive film, non-flammable plastic PVC, metal
Recommended dimensions, mm (circle diameter):
50, 80, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650

	Meaning:
	Document:	not guested
	Designation (code):	-
	Signal Color:	Green
	Contrast Color:	White
	Download photo:	1000x1000px
Recommendations for use (description):
Inside the frame on a green background: in the middle there is the inscription “Crossing on ice is permitted.”
Placement (recommendations):
The sign is mounted on a white pole. Accommodation - near a pond
Materials for making the sign:
self-adhesive film, non-flammable plastic PVC, metal
Recommended dimensions, mm (circle diameter):
50, 80, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650

	Meaning:
	Document:	not guested
	Designation (code):	-
	Signal Color:	Red
	Contrast Color:	White
	Download photo:	1000x1000px
Recommendations for use (description):
Inside the frame on a red background: in the middle there is the inscription “Crossing on ice is prohibited.”
Placement (recommendations):
The sign is fixed on a red pole. Accommodation - near a pond
Materials for making the sign:
self-adhesive film, non-flammable plastic PVC, metal
Recommended dimensions, mm (circle diameter):
50, 80, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650

	Meaning:
	Document:	not guested
	Designation (code):	-
	Signal Color:	Red
	Contrast Color:	White
	Download photo:	1000x1000px
Recommendations for use (description):
Inside a red circle on a white background: a boat with a black outboard motor, crossed out with a red line diagonally from the upper left corner, without an inscription.
Placement (recommendations):
The sign is fixed on a red pole. Accommodation - near a pond
Materials for making the sign:
self-adhesive film, non-flammable plastic PVC, metal
Recommended dimensions, mm (circle diameter):
50, 80, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650

	Meaning:
	Document:	not guested
	Designation (code):	-
	Signal Color:	Red
	Contrast Color:	White
	Download photo:	1000x1000px
Recommendations for use (description):
Inside a red circle on a white background: A man on a black jet ski, crossed out with a red line diagonally from the upper left corner, without an inscription.
Placement (recommendations):
The sign is fixed on a red pole. Accommodation - near a pond
Materials for making the sign:
self-adhesive film, non-flammable plastic PVC, metal
Recommended dimensions, mm (circle diameter):
50, 80, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650

Helpful information:

Aids to navigation (Aids to Navigation) are installed to indicate surface or underwater hazards, ensure navigation along fairways and determine the vessel’s position in coastal areas.

Depending on the location of installation, aids to navigation can be coastal or floating.

Coastal ones include beacons, lights, signs, radar stations, as well as acoustic fog alarms.

Lighthouses are special structures from 10 to 50 meters high, equipped with powerful light-optical equipment.

The lights of the lighthouses are lit from sunset to sunrise, the visibility range is at least 10 miles.

Navigation marks– lighthouse-type structures, but of a lighter design. The visibility range of the lights is up to 10 miles.

The gate signs are constructed in the form of lattice towers, on which a wooden gate shield is mounted. The alignments formed by the alignment marks are installed to guide the vessel along the fairway, as well as to determine compass corrections. Floating aids to navigation are installed at anchors near the danger or at the danger itself: signs, buoys and milestones.

Floating warning signs warn boatmasters about the presence of danger, prohibit movement in their direction and indicate a safe route.

The system provides five types of signs

1. Lateral signs. These signs (buoys and stakes) are placed to mark the sides of fairways.

The world's oceans are divided into two regions: region A and region B, which differ in the principle of using red and green colors to mark the sides of the fairway with lateral signs.

Countries that have adopted a red color for navigation aids on the left side of the fairway belong to Region A; countries that have adopted the green color of the navigation aid on the left side of the fairway are in region B. In this case, the direction of the fairway in both regions is considered from the sea. The remaining types of signs are common to regions A and B.

Region A. On the left side (Fig. 17.20) signs are displayed, completely painted in red, the top figures look like a red cylinder, the luminous buoy has a red fire. The nature of the fire is Pr 3s (flashing, period 3s).

On the right side (of the figure) signs are placed, completely painted in green, the top figures look like a green cylinder, the luminous buoy has a green fire. Character of fire – Pr 3s.

In some cases, the direction of the fairway is specifically specified. Numbers or letters can be applied to the bodies of the buoys, and the numbering or designation of the buoys with letters is carried out from the sea.

Where fairways separate To indicate the main (preferred) fairway, modified lateral signs are used.

Main fairway on the right – the color of the signs is red with a wide green horizontal stripe, the top figure is in the shape of a red cylinder, the luminous buoy is red. The nature of the fire is Pr (2+1) 9s (complex group flashing, period 9 seconds).

Main fairway on the left– the color of the signs is green with a wide red horizontal stripe, the top figure is in the shape of a green cone, the luminous buoy is green. Character of fire – Pr (2+1) 9s.

Region B. The lateral marks displayed on the left and right sides of the fairway are illuminated with green and red lights respectively.

Region A

Left side sign

Right side sign

Region B

Left side sign

Right side sign

Sign indicating that the main fairway is on the left

Sign indicating that the main fairway is on the right

They are used to protect isolated navigational hazards, as well as sunken ships. These signs indicate the direction (on the compass) from which the ship must avoid the danger. They can be placed in one, several or all sectors from danger. For fencing, buoys and poles of black and yellow color are used in various combinations (Fig. 17.28).

The top figures are two black cones placed one above the other. The light of the luminous buoys is white.

Northern buoys and milestones are placed in the northern sector to the N of danger. The signs are black at the top and yellow at the bottom. The top figures are cones with their vertices up. The nature of the fire is F (frequent).

Eastern buoys and milestones are deployed in the eastern sector to E from danger. The signs are black with a wide yellow horizontal stripe. The top figures are cones with their bases together. The nature of the fire is H (3) 10 s (three frequent flashes in a group, period 10 s).

Southern buoys and poles are placed in the southern sector to the S of danger. The signs are yellow at the top and black at the bottom. The top figures are cones with their vertices together. The nature of the fire is H (6) DlPr 15 s (six frequent flashes in a group with a long flash, period 15 s).

Western buoys and milestones are deployed in the western sector to the W of danger.

The signs are yellow with a wide black horizontal stripe. The top figures are cones with their vertices together. The nature of the fire is H (9) 15 s (nine frequent flashes in a group, period 15 s).

Signs protecting individual minor hazards.

They are positioned above the danger and can be bypassed from any side. The signs are painted black with one or more red wide horizontal stripes (Fig. 17.29). The top pieces are two black balls placed one above the other. The luminous buoy is white. Character of fire – Pr (2) 5s.

3. Signs indicating the starting points and axis of the fairway(channel) and the middle of the passage (axial). Signs (buoys and milestones) are painted with red and white vertical stripes (Fig. 17.30). The top figure looks like a red ball. The luminous buoy has a white flame. The nature of the fire is DlPr 6s (long-flash, period 6 seconds).

They are used to mark or fence special areas or objects, for example, cable laying sites, etc.

The signs are painted yellow. The top figures are a yellow oblique cross. The luminous buoy has a yellow fire, the nature of the fire is Pr 5s.

Signs protecting certain dangers

Navigation marks and lights of Russian inland waterways
General provisions
1. Navigation marks and lights are intended to create safe conditions for navigation of ships and ensure the safety of artificial structures on inland waterways
2. Navigation lights on structures must operate from sunset to sunrise
3. With a lateral system, the types, main parameters and dimensions, color and type of coloring of navigation signs, as well as the nature, color and relative position of signal lights are determined in the prescribed manner
4. Under the cardinal system, the color and type of painting of floating signs, their top figures and the nature of the lights are determined by the current fencing system for the GDP categories “M” and “O”
Composition and purpose of navigation signs
1. Navigation marks are divided into coastal and floating. In turn, depending on the silhouette of the figure, they can be: rectangular, triangular, round, trapezoidal, combined, linear.
2. Coastal signs include fencing signs (markers) of the navigation channel and information signs
Coastal signs for indicating the position of a shipping lane include crossing crossings, navigation signs, spring "landmark" signs, indicators of the height of the underbridge clearance and the edges of the shipping lane in the navigable spans of bridges, wayfinding lights of shipping canals, as well as identification signs and beacons. Using these signs, the navigator determines the direction of the navigation.
3. Floating signs include buoys, buoys, and milestones
4. Floating navigational signs are divided into edge, rotary, stall, dividing, axial, rotary-axial and danger signs
5. On rivers, the names of the right and left edges (sides) of the navigation channel are taken in the direction of water flow
On transit passages of reservoirs, the names of the parties are taken in the direction from the backwater wedging zone to the dam
On the approaches to ports, piers, shelters, as well as on the ship channels of tributaries flowing into the reservoir, the names of the right and left edges of the ship channel are taken in the direction of the transit ship channel
On canals and lakes, the names of the parties on ship passages are adopted conditionally when designing the transport development of these waterways.
Depending on the requirements for the operation of inland waterways, signs are either equipped with navigation lights or displayed without lights. Signs equipped with lights are designed to support 24-hour vessel traffic, as are reflective signs that are visible at night when using ship floodlights.
Navigation lights are characterized by the color and character of the light - alternating flashes (flashing) and pauses (darkening).
Character of navigation lights
1. Constant

2. Flashing - periodically repeating flashes

3 . Double flash - periodically repeating groups of two flashes

4. Frequently flashing - continuously repeating frequent flashes

5. Group-frequently flashing - periodically repeating groups

6. Pulsating - continuously repeating light pulses

7. Intermittent-pulsating - periodically repeating groups

8. Eclipsed - periodically repeating glimpses and short-term eclipses

Floating navigational marks and lights to mark the boundaries of the shipping channel.
Floating navigational signs serve to fence off dangers and indicate the edges and axis of the navigation channel. These signs, depending on specific conditions, are placed on water bodies according to a certain system: lateral or cardinal.
On inland waterways, 3 types of floating signs are usually used: buoys, buoys and milestones.
On inland waterways, 3 types of floating signs are used: buoys, buoys and milestones.
Buoys. They are metal floats of conical or cylindrical shape, installed in areas with strong waves. The buoys are numbered.
The buoy is held in place by an anchor device. The length of the anchor chain is 2 - 3 times greater than the depth at the installation site.
The most important qualities of a buoy are its buoyancy and stability.
The buoy is equipped with a signal light, which is powered by electric batteries located in a special case inside the housing.
Beacons. They consist of a float part (raft) and a signal figure (superstructure) mounted on it of a trapezoidal, round or rectangular shape.
Milestones. They are a pole attached by a cable to an anchor weight. They are used as daytime floating signs on rivers with unlit navigation conditions. Milestones can be placed in addition to buoys and buoys to duplicate them. The height of the above-water part of river markers is 1 - 2 m, lake ones - should be equal to the above-water height of the buoys placed in this area.
Navigation floating signs have their own distinctive features in terms of coloring, color and character of the light, depending on their purpose and placement system.
Edge to mark the edges of the ship's passage
1. Right side red light, steady or flashing

When moving downstream along a shipping channel, the sign is left on the right, when moving upstream, on the left.
2. Left side green, yellow or white light, steady or flashing


When moving downstream along a shipping channel, the sign remains on the left, when moving upstream, on the right.
3. Separating. To indicate the division of a shipping channel.
or
or
Indicates to the skipper the need to select a navigation course corresponding to the direction of movement of the vessel.
4.Danger signs, protecting dangerous places and navigation obstacles
right bank, light - red, flashing or double flashing,

left bank, light - green, flashing or double flashing

5.Signal signs, indicating the turn of the ship's passage.
right bank, fire - red, flashing or frequently flashing,

left bank, light - white, yellow or green, flashing or frequently flashing

6.Signal signs, indicating the axis of the navigation channel and at the same time its edge to separate oncoming traffic flows
light - white or yellow double flashing

7.Signal signs, rotary-axial to indicate the rotation of the axis of the ship's pole - two black (or white) and three red horizontal stripes of equal width. progress The light is white or yellow, group-frequently flashing.

8. Dumping sign. Indicates a stall current that does not coincide with the direction of the ship's passage. It is installed on the side opposite the dump, upstream.
a) on the right edge indicates that the stall current is directed towards the right edge of the channel.

b) on the left edge indicates that the stall current is directed towards the left edge of the channel

Coastal navigational signs indicating the position of a navigation channel
1. The color of the shields of coastal direction and pass signs is chosen to create a contrast with the background of the area (light or dark) and does not depend on the coast (right or left). The color of the lights depends on the bank (right or left)
2. Axial alignment to indicate the axis of the navigation, consists of two signs, forward and backward. Sometimes this alignment is called linear. The front sign is located below the rear one.
According to their shape, axial alignment signs can be of three types: rectangular (square) panels; trapezoidal panels; combined (lower shield is trapezoidal, upper shield is square).
Lights on the right bank are red or white on the left bank - green or white on the front signs - constant on the rear - flashing
When following the axis of the navigation channel, the navigator observes combined guide strips of signs (during the day) and lights (at night), located on the same vertical. If the vessel deviates from its axis, the signs shift relative to each other or the conventional line connecting the lights tilts.

On a dark background On a light background

3. Slotted gate to indicate the position of the channel and its edges consists of three signs, two forward and one rear
The lights on the right and left banks are yellow, the front signs are permanent, and the rear signs are flashing.
If the navigator observes the rear shield (light) between the front ones, then the ship is on the channel; if the strip of one of the front shields coincides with the strip of the rear shield, then this means that the ship has reached the edge of the channel.

On a dark background On a light background

4. Edge flap to indicate the exact position of the channel and its edges
The lights are permanent or double-flashing on the right edge, red, on the left, green.
In fact, this alignment can be considered as two combined axial alignments, one of which shows the left edge of the shipping channel, and the other - the right.
As long as the navigator observes during the day the clearance between the vertical edges of the shields of the front and rear signs (at night, the conventional line connecting the lights of these signs is inclined towards the shipping lane), the vessel is in the directional zone.
Two positions of the vessel when orienting along the edge alignment:
a) the vessel is on the left edge of the channel, because the vertical edges of the front and rear signs are combined;
b) the ship is on the axis of the navigation channel.

On a dark background

On a light background

5. Passage sign serves to designate a ship's passage and is installed in places where this passage changes direction from one shore to another. Unlike cross-country crossings, pass signs are placed one at a time.
The shape of pass signs can be:
- a pillar with two square shields attached to its top, indicating two directions of the shipping lane;
- rectangular vertical boards the full height of the sign, installed so that their front sides indicate the directions of the navigation;
- the third type of pass sign is a structure of inclined trapezoidal shields tapering upward with square shields at their tops.
The number of pass signs displayed on a section of the river depends on the tortuosity of the navigation channel. At passes there are usually two signs posted - a sign on the left and right banks. Moreover, if these signs are connected by a conventional straight line, then it will coincide with the axis of the navigation channel.
The lights are constant or flashing, on the right bank they are red or white, on the left - green or white or yellow flashing on both banks

On a dark background

On a light background

6.Spring sign serves to indicate flooded shores and is displayed on flooded islands, ravines, capes to prevent the ship from running aground.
On the left bank, the sign is a structure made of a pillar, on top of which a white trapezoidal shield is fixed. On the right bank there is a round red shield of the spring sign.
The lights are constant, red on the right bank, green on the left

7. Running sign to designate a ship's passage located near the shore.
The sign consists of a pillar and a diamond-shaped shield attached to its top. To increase the visibility range, the shield can be set to the full height of the sign.
Most often this sign is located on clean (running) ravines.
The navigation signs on the left bank are equipped with green flashing lights of all-round visibility, and on the right bank the same red lights.

On the right bank On the left bank

8. Landmark sign Used to designate characteristic noticeable places (cape, island, etc.) on rivers, reservoirs and lakes.
The sign has a rectangular or trapezoidal shape. The shields (sloping) on ​​the left bank are painted with alternating stripes of horizontal black and white, and on the right bank - red and white.
Double flashing lights on the right bank are red or white, on the left - green or white or yellow flashing on both banks

On the right bank On the left bank

On the right bank	On the left coast
Or or	Or or

9. Sign "Lighting light" It is installed on the slopes of the banks of shipping canals and serves to orient navigators.
Track lights are placed on both sides of the canal in pairs (opposite each other), usually every 250 m. The sign, as a rule, is a one-meter arbitrary structure painted with ball paint.
At night, at the top of the sign, a green constant light is lit on the left bank, and a red constant light is lit on the right bank. These lights are directed along the canal. In addition, the sign may have a lower white light, which is covered by a canopy on top and illuminates the slope of the canal and the water's edge.
10. Signaling of navigable bridge spans
Signs and lights on bridges. These signs indicate the spans for the passage of ships, rafters and small watercraft under the bridges from above and below, as well as the direction of the axis of the ship's passage and the height of the under-bridge clearances. A visual appearance and characteristics of signs and lights displayed on bridges is presented
Navigable spans of bridges are indicated by the following signs and lights located on the trusses in the middle of these spans:
a) for ships coming from below - a square shield, at night - two constant red leading lights, visible from the running side of the span;
b) for ships coming from above - a diamond-shaped shield, at night - two constant red leading lights, visible from the running side of the span;
c) for raft trains - round shield, at night - two constant green directional lights;
d) for small vessels - a triangular shield, with the top down, lights are not displayed at night. On a dark background, the signs are painted white, on a light background - red.
Under-bridge height indicators are square panels (green on a light background or white on a dark background), located vertically one above the other on bridge supports. At night, a green, constant fire burns in the center of each shield.

Composition and distinctive features of floating signs with a cardinal placement system
1. Cardinal signs are designed to fence off navigational dangers. They are placed around the danger according to the principle of fencing it relative to the cardinal directions (along the four main directions of the compass). In this case, the horizon around the danger fences is conventionally divided into four sectors: northern, eastern, southern and western
Cardinal signs are displayed in one, several or all sectors at the same time to indicate the side from which the protected danger should be avoided.

Signs indicating specific hazardous areas
The buoy is black with a wide red horizontal stripe, the light is white and double flashing. A milestone with a topmark: two black balls, one above the other. The sign is placed above the danger.
It is prohibited to use lighting devices, searchlights, as well as billboards, flags and other objects if they can be mistaken for light signaling, lights and signals referred to in these Rules or if they can impair visibility or make it difficult to recognize navigation lights and signals.
Lighthouses serve to guide navigators when navigating at some estuary sections of large rivers, reservoirs, lakes, as well as the entrance to the canal.
They are towers of various designs and architectures (Fig. 168).
At the top of the lighthouse there is equipment for supplying light signals with the established characteristics and color of the fire. Some beacons are equipped with fog sound alarms, as well as radio equipment for sending radio signals at certain frequencies.
The description of the lighthouses is set out in detail in the corresponding directions, and their exact coordinates (latitude and longitude) of location are plotted on navigation maps.

Schemes for placing navigation signs. To consolidate knowledge of navigational signs and acquire primary skills in orienting by them while sailing, it is useful for a novice navigator to learn to read maps (diagrams) of sections of the route with navigational landmarks marked on them.
The simplest diagrams for placing the most common signs indicating the axis of the navigation route, which is marked with a dotted line, are shown in Fig. 169-172.
The linear alignment is the most common alignment installed on waterways and gives the exact position of the axis of the navigation channel.
Slotted and edge openings are used mainly in areas where it is necessary to ensure increased reliability of the situation, improve the orientation of navigators when passing and overtaking, as well as in places where floating signs are often knocked out of their regular places.




Passage signs(1, 2, 3. 4, 5, 6) are usually installed on the deep banks of river reaches and passes, as well as on waterways with unlit and reflective conditions.
Running signs(7.8) are installed with the expectation of ensuring the movement of vessels from sign to sign, as well as between directional and cross-over signs.
Spring signs are installed on capes and edges of floodplain banks protruding towards the shipping passage. On rice. 177 spring signs indicate dangerous flooded edges of the banks. Signs 1 and 3 - right bank. 2 and 4 left.
Appendix No. 5
to the Rules (paragraphs 125. 167, 183)
Information signs.
The information signs shown on the color tab (application) are divided into three groups:

1. Prohibition signs. The signal board of these signs has a round shape of white color, the edging and diagonal stripe are red, the symbol is black.
Light - yellow, frequently flashing.
Signs prohibit boatmasters from performing certain actions and maneuvers. Prohibition signs “Passing and overtaking of trains is prohibited!”, “Passing and overtaking is prohibited!*”, “Do not create disturbances!”, “Movement of small watercraft is prohibited!*”, “Semaphore” are installed at the beginning and end of the section to which they apply, in places most convenient for observation from ships.

2. Warning and prescriptive signs. These signs instruct boaters to exercise caution on this section of the route and comply with certain navigation safety requirements.
Light - yellow, flashing.
The sign “Crossing the navigation channel” is installed above or below the crossing, the sign “Observe the surface clearance!” - on both banks 100 m above or below (downstream) from the location of the crossing, as well as on the support or span of the bridge.
"Attention" signs and "Speed ​​limited!" are installed at the beginning and end of the area covered by their action, in places most convenient for observation from ships.

3. Directional signs. They inform navigators about the safest places for maneuvering, the location of certain objects, the width of the shipping channel, depths and provide other navigational information.

Prohibition signs
1. Prohibition of passage- the general signal sign "Semaphore" is intended to indicate areas with one-way (alternate) traffic of vessels and also to regulate traffic through the spread spans of floating bridges.
The floating bridge, when it is raised, must have the following light signaling in the dark to allow ships to pass through:
on the right downstream side of the span - two red constant lights (at the downstream and upstream corners of the span);
on the left side of the span - two green constant lights (at the lower and upper corners of the span);
on the allocated part of the bridge, at the end protruding into the river, a signal light corresponding to the edge ones is installed on the core side (red to the right bank, green to the left);
on the erected bridge, white lights are installed along its entire length every 50 m at a height of at least 2 m above the upper deck of the bridge.
Regulation of the passage of ships through the spread parts of the floating bridge is carried out using signals raised on the semaphore mast.

Name of the sign		Color and character of fire
Semaphore: The passage is closed from below and from above
The passage is closed from below
The passage is closed from above
Traffic light: The move is closed
The move is open

Sign " Traffic light" regulates the movement of ships in the areas of locks, barrier gates of cable ferry crossings and in the lifting navigable spans of bridges.

2. Sign " Passing and overtaking are prohibited" denotes a section of the navigation channel where overtaking and passing of vessels is prohibited

3. Sign " Passing and overtaking of trains is prohibited" denotes a section of the shipping lane where passing and overtaking of convoys and large vessels over 120 m in length are prohibited.

at night - eclipsing yellow light

4. Sign " Don't drop anchor" denotes an underwater passage area where it is prohibited to release anchors, lower chains and lots
At night - two constant yellow lights located vertically

5. Sign " Don't create commotion" indicates areas of the waterway where disturbance is prohibited.

6. Sign " Movement of small craft is prohibited" denotes an area where the movement of small vessels is prohibited on the shipping route (on roadsteads in approach channels, at berths, etc.).
At night - eclipsing yellow light

Notes
1. Signs are installed at a distance of 100 m above and below (downstream) from the axis of underwater crossings.
2. Signs are placed in pairs so that each pair forms a transverse section. On canals and sections of rivers in the area of ​​settlements with a channel width of up to 500 m, it is allowed to install one sign on the crossing axis on each bank
3. On waterways with a channel width of up to 500 m, a line of signs is placed on the bank on which they are better visible from ships.
4. If the width of the water putsch is more than 500 m, sign alignments are installed on both banks.
5. If the shipping channel is located along the navigation bank, the alignments of signs are installed only on this bank, regardless of the width of the waterway.
Warning and instructional signs
1. Sign " Speed ​​limited" denotes sections of the shipping route where the speed of movement of displacement vessels is limited (on canals, in outports, roadstead waters, etc.) numbers indicate the maximum permissible speed (km/h)

2. Sign " Attention" indicates areas of the shipping route where special care must be taken. Figure - exclamation mark.
At night - yellow flashing light

3. Sign " Crossing a ship's channel" to indicate places where ships and ferries cross the shipping channel
At night - yellow flashing light

4. Sign " Observe the above-water clearance" denotes a bridge and overwater crossing. The figure shows the minimum passage height of the overwater crossing, the height of the under-bridge navigable clearance of the navigable span of the bridge from the design water level (m)
At night - two yellow constant lights located horizontally.

Directional signs
1 . Sign " Place of vessel turnover" to indicate the area where it is safest to turn the vessel
At night - constant yellow light

2. Sign " Shipping inspection post" to designate the locations of shipping inspection units
Constant yellow light

3. "Stop sign"indicates the useful length of the lock chambers and the boundaries of the mooring (stopping) zone for ships in the approach channels to the locks. The sign is a (vertical) red stripe 0.2-0.4 m wide and at least 1.5 m long, applied on the parapets and (or) walls of chambers and berthing structures of locks
Illuminated by a constant red light.

4. Sign " Raid index" to indicate the border of the raid. If there are several raids, the number shows the serial number of the raid
Note: It is allowed to install additional shields, where the arrow indicates the direction of the raid, and the numbers indicate the length of the raid (m)

At night - constant lights on the left bank are green, on the right - red

Floating navigational signs.

Lateral system for placing floating navigational signs V - a system in which marks indicate the sides or axis of a navigation channel. It is used on rivers, reservoirs, canals, small lakes and on approaches to seaports.
It has been established that the right bank is the bank of the inland waterway located to the right of the observer facing the water flow, and the left bank is to the left of the observer facing the water flow.
On canals, lakes and reservoirs, the direction of the current is assumed conditionally and is reported in navigation aids and documents.
On transit ship passages of reservoirs, the names of the sides (right and left) of the edge are usually established in the direction from the pinch-out zone to the dam, on lakes - taking into account the rivers flowing into and flowing out of them.
On the approaches to ports, piers and shelters, as well as on the ship channels of rivers flowing into the reservoir, the name of the edges of the ship channel is taken in the direction of the transit ship channel.

Cardinal system for placing floating navigational signs - This is a system in which the fencing of navigational hazards is carried out relative to the cardinal points of the compass. It is used in the seas, large lakes and in the estuaries of large rivers.
Types of floating navigational signs of this system, their description, arrangement, purpose and characteristics of lights are set out in this chapter (§8)"Navigation equipment of the seas".
In the waters of the northwestern part of Europe (on large lakes and at the mouths of large rivers), an international system of navigation equipment has been adopted to protect against dangers - IALA system(Fig. 173).
With a radical arrangement of floating signs of the IALA system, the northern buoy and pole are installed north of the danger (southern - to S, eastern - to E, western - to W) and for safe passage they should be left to the south (southern - to N, eastern - to W, western - to E). The characteristics of the lights of these signs are as follows:
northern buoy - white light, frequently flashing (50-60 flashes per minute);
southern buoy - white intermittent, frequently flashing light followed by a long (at least 2 s) flash (6 frequent and 1 long flash, period 15 s);
eastern buoy- white intermittent, frequently flashing light (3 frequent flashes and a pause, period 10s);
western buoy - white intermittent, frequently flashing light (9 frequent flashes and a pause, period 15s).
The tops of these buoys and milestones are equipped with top figures in the form of black triangles (holics), the location of which relative to each other on each sign is different and is indicated on Figure 173.
Small hazards can be protected by a single buoy with a pole (Fig. 174) without displaying other cardinal signs.

These signs are placed directly above the protected hazard.

Axial system for placing floating navigational marks in sea areas - used to mark the starting points and axes of fairways (channels), as well as the middle of passages in areas dangerous for navigation (Fig. 175).

Lateral system for placing floating signs in sea areas - used for fencing the sides of fairways (channels) and passages (Fig. 176).

Special purpose signs - used to mark anchor and quarantine sites (Fig. 177).

Floating navigational marks of the lateral system

Floating navigational signs according to their purpose are divided into edge, rotary, danger, stall, dividing, axial and rotary-axial signs.
Edge signs (milestones, buoys, buoys) are used to mark the edges of the shipping channel.

All signs on the right bank are painted only in red. The right-bank landmarks have a top figure at the top - a black ball or golik (a broom made of twigs). When the vessel moves downstream, these signs are left on the right, against the current - on the left.

On the left bank, the poles and buoys are painted white; on lake-river sections of reservoirs, the buoys can be black, and the buoys are always black. Both the buoys and the left edge buoys are only conical in shape. When the vessel moves downstream, these signs are left on the left, when moving upstream, on the right.

Turning signs - indicate turns in straight sections of a shipping channel that have a significant length, as well as sharp turns in a shipping channel in sections of a waterway with limited visibility or a rocky bottom.

Turning marks are, in principle, ordinary edge marks - buoys or buoys - of a triangular or rectangular silhouette (red, white or black) with a horizontal contrasting (black or white) stripe in the middle. As a rule, they stand near a convex shore. The turning sign of the left edge shows the turn of the ship's passage to the left relative to the current; when passing through it, the vessel must turn to the left, leaving a sign to the left bank.
The turning sign on the right edge shows the turn of the ship's passage to the right relative to the current; when passing through it, the vessel must turn to the right, leaving the sign towards the right bank.
Danger signs - indicate particularly dangerous and underwater obstacles at the edges of the shipping channel (submerged structures, sunken ships, sandbanks, underwater rocks, etc.).

These signs are installed directly at the protected danger on the river side (from the current side). Where these signs are located, the boatmaster must take special precautions to prevent the vessel from approaching this sign.
The danger signs on the left edge are buoys, buoys of a triangular silhouette, white, with one black horizontal stripe in the middle and one vertical stripe.
Right edge hazard signs are buoys, buoys, rectangular silhouette red, with one black or white horizontal stripe in the middle and one black or white vertical stripe.
The main difference between danger signs by color is that the stripes on
buoys and buoys form a clearly visible cross - a danger sign.
Slipping marks indicate places where the direction of the current does not coincide with the direction of the navigation.

Dumping marks are installed near the edge marks on the edge of the shipping channel opposite the current flow, so that the line where the signs are installed shows the direction of the dumping current.
The left edge marks are a buoy or buoy of a triangular silhouette, their lower half is black, the upper half is white.
The right edge markings are a buoy or buoy of a rectangular silhouette in red, the lower half of which is black or white.
Dividing signs indicate places of division (branching) of the shipping channel.

The signs have a triangular silhouette.
They are painted with alternating vertical stripes of red and black (or white).
Instead of a dividing sign, it is allowed to use two edge (paired) signs - the left and right edges of the navigation channel.
Axle marks are installed along the axis of the navigation channel (if its width is at least 300 m), dividing it into two navigation lanes - for ships going upstream and for ships going downstream. Orientation using axle marks is carried out according to the principle - " follow from sign to sign, leaving it on the left." To indicate the axis of the navigation channel, axial buoys and milestones are used, and to indicate the turn of the navigation channel, rotary-axial buoys and milestones are used.

Axial buoys and poles have a triangular or linear silhouette, painted with two black and three white, equal in width, horizontal alternating stripes. The milestone has a round (spherical) top figure of black color at the top.
Rotary-axial buoys have the same shape as axial ones (triangular or linear). Its superstructure is painted with two black or white and three red, equal in width, horizontal alternating stripes.
The pivot pole is painted with two black or white and three red, horizontal alternating stripes. The top figure of the milestone is a black ball.