What are the balance sheet items made up of? Simplified balance sheet: example of filling

Balance sheet (form No. 1). Instructions, rules and filling procedure

Balance sheet- this is a way of generalizing and grouping the assets of the economy and the sources of their formation - liabilities - at a certain date in monetary value. Balance sheet indicators characterize the financial position of the organization as of the reporting date.

The main task balance sheet– show the owner what he owns or what capital is under his control. The balance sheet allows you to get an idea of ​​material assets, the amount of reserves, the state of payments, and investments. Balance sheet data is widely used for subsequent analysis by the organization's management, tax authorities, banks, suppliers and other creditors.

Consists of 2 main parts - asset And passive. The asset represents the organization's resources, and the liability represents the sources of their formation. A distinctive feature of the balance sheet is the equality of the totals of assets and liabilities. This is due to the double entry principle used in accounting.

Assets The balance sheet contains 2 sections:

• I. Non-current assets;
• II. Current assets.

Passive The balance sheet consists of 3 sections:

• III. Capital and reserves;
• IV. Long term duties;
• V. Short-term liabilities.

Each asset and liability element of the balance sheet is called balance sheet item. Asset items reveal the nature of resources, their use and magnitude. Liability items characterize the sources of resource formation, namely: from what source this part of the assets was created, for what purpose they are intended and their value.

When preparing a balance sheet, keep the following in mind:

• the balance sheet data at the beginning of the year must correspond to the data at the end of last year (taking into account the reorganization);
• offset between items of assets and liabilities, items of profit and loss is not allowed, except in cases where such offset is provided for by the relevant Accounting Regulations;
• the corresponding balance sheet items must be confirmed by inventory data of property, liabilities and settlements.

The standard form of the balance sheet is regulated by the Ministry of Finance (). However, organizations can independently develop a balance sheet form, using the standard one as a template. In this case, the general requirements for accounting reporting must be observed.

When developing and adopting the balance sheet form (Form No. 1), it is recommended to use the total line codes and line codes of sections and groups of items given in the sample balance sheet form. If a transcript is provided for any indicator in a balance sheet developed by an organization independently, then the articles in this transcript are coded by the organization itself.

The balance sheet contains the following required details:

• the reporting date as of which the balance sheet is presented;
• full name of the organization in accordance with the constituent documents;
• taxpayer identification number (TIN);
• the main type of activity of the enterprise with the OKVED code;
• organizational and legal form/form of ownership (according to the OKOPF and OKFS classifiers);
• unit of measurement - thousand rubles. (OKEY code 384) or million rubles. (OKEY code 385);
• location (address);
• date of approval (indicates the established date for the annual financial statements);
• date of sending/acceptance (the specific date of postal, electronic and other sending of financial statements or the date of their actual transfer according to ownership is indicated).

Total figures for balance sheet items are given in thousands of rubles without decimal places. Organizations with significant sales turnover, liabilities, etc. can provide data in millions of rubles (without decimal places).

Indicators about certain types of assets, liabilities, income, expenses and business transactions can be presented in the balance sheet in a total amount with disclosure in , if each of these indicators individually is not significant for the assessment by interested users of the financial position of the organization or the financial results of its activities.

Let's consider procedure for filling out Form 1 "Balance Sheet".

• accounted for in off-balance sheet accounts

In the column " At the beginning of the reporting year" shows data at the beginning of the year (opening balance sheet), which must correspond to the data in the column "At the end of the reporting period" of the previous year (closing balance sheet), taking into account the reorganization carried out at the beginning of the reporting year, as well as changes in the assessment of financial reporting indicators associated with the application of the Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation and the Accounting Regulations “Accounting Policy of the Organization” PBU 1/98.

In the column " At the end of the reporting period" shows data on the value of assets, capital, reserves and liabilities at the end of the reporting period (month, quarter, year).

The company's balance sheet is one of five forms of financial statements (form No. 1). It is compiled as of a specific reporting date and contains information about the amount of assets and liabilities of the organization, expressed in monetary terms. Many enterprises fill out balance sheet terms in thousands of rubles without decimal places. Large companies display information in millions of rubles without decimal places.

The balance sheet is of interest not only to tax authorities and government statistics departments, but also to the company itself, in particular to management and employees of the analytical department. Based on the data contained in it (the amount of reserves, reserves, capital, financial investments, debt, etc.), short-term and long-term financial and economic planning is carried out.

The balance sheet has two main sections: assets and liabilities.

The balance sheet asset contains information about the resources available to the organization. These resources are divided into two groups, representing two parts of the asset:

• non-current assets (first section);
• current assets (second section).

The balance sheet liability allows you to get an idea of ​​the sources of the company's resources. The liability includes three sections:

• capital and reserves (third section);
• long-term liabilities (fourth section);
• short-term liabilities (fifth section).

Basic rules for drafting

The standard form of the balance sheet was approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 66n, issued on July 2, 2010. Revision No. 124n dated 10/05/2011 was issued for this order. This form has been used since the submission of annual reports for 2011.

The legislation gives companies the right to independently develop a form of balance sheet that is convenient for them, retaining all sections that allow the most complete disclosure of information about the financial condition of the enterprise. In this case, the line codes for groups of articles, all sections, as well as total lines must match the codes provided for in the standard balance sheet form.

In the process of preparing a balance sheet, an accountant must adhere to strict rules. Including:

• the totals of assets and liabilities must be equal;
• the data at the beginning of the calendar year reflected in the balance sheet must fully correspond to the data at the end of the previous year;
• accounting data must be reflected in expanded form; offsetting between any asset and liability items is not allowed;
• information reflected in the balance sheet items must be confirmed in the form of appropriate documentation (for example, inventory sheets, acts of reconciliation of settlements with debtors and creditors, documents on the formation of reserves).

In order for the company to avoid fines in the future and be able to make an up-to-date and truthful forecast, it is necessary that the balance sheet be drawn up as accurately as possible, without errors or violations. Let's consider the procedure for filling out this reporting.

Rules and procedure for filling out the balance sheet

The balance sheet has several meanings for an enterprise:

• this is mandatory reporting that must be submitted to the Federal Tax Service office at the place of registration of the enterprise;
• this is a source of information that is necessary for conducting analytical research in order to make a forecast about the further development of the enterprise.

The reporting form, which is valid today, was approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 2, 2010 No. 66n. The law provides for two forms of balance:

• complete - provides for the exclusion of individual lines for which there is no data to fill and the inclusion of additional positions, which makes it possible to increase the reliability of the report being compiled:

• simplified - used by enterprises that do not have large turnover and a large staff.

The basic rules for filling out reports are prescribed in PBU 4/99, which was approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 6, 1999 No. 43n, and read as follows:

• the source for filling out the balance sheet is the company’s accounting data;
• information must be compiled in accordance with the rules of accounting regulations and in accordance with the current accounting policies of the company;
• information must be complete and reliable.

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Line-item filling of the balance sheet with explanation

You should start filling out the balance sheet by drawing up a balance sheet for all accounts for the past year. The basis for filling out the balance will be the balances of these accounts. If any of the balance sheet indicators is missing in the balance sheet, then it is necessary to put a dash.

Let's look at how the most important balance lines are filled out:

• Line 1110 “Intangible assets” is filled out using the formula:

• The following data is entered into line 1150 “Fixed assets” using the following calculation procedure:

• line 1170 “Financial investments” indicates investments for a period of up to 12 months. These include stocks, bills, bonds. The following formula is used to fill in:

• line 1210 “Inventories” is formed from the balance of accounts: 10, 15, 20, 21, 23, 29, 41, 43, 44, 45, 97 minus the balance of accounts 14 and 42;
• line 1230 “Accounts receivable” is calculated based on the account balances: 60, 62, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 75, 76. The exception is account 63;
• line 1240 “Financial investments” are calculated using the formula:

• line 1250 “Cash” is determined using the formula:

line 1370 – “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” is filled in based on the account indicator 84.

After all significant lines of the balance sheet are filled in, the results are summed up and the report is checked. The balance sheet must be completed while maintaining the principle of equality. The results obtained in the asset must be equal to the results generated in the liability. If equality is not observed, then an error was made in drawing up the balance sheet.

Formation of a balance sheet is a responsible and important event, since the report is the main source of information for further analytical research at the enterprise. Only if the report is filled out correctly and accurately can the indicators calculated in the future be considered reliable.

The balance sheet is a table in which the accounting accounts used are located. Moreover, the accounts are arranged in ascending order of numbers.

The Turnover Balance Sheet reflects balances at the beginning of the period, turnover and balance at the end of the period, that is, the statement is formed for a certain period (for example, month, quarter, year).

We will not have an opening balance, since the conduct of activities is considered from scratch, immediately from the moment of formation of the authorized capital.

We will sequentially transfer the turnover and balance for each accounting account. We will also calculate the total turnover and the final balance of all accounts for Debit and Credit.

From this table it can be seen that the total turnover for the Debit and Credit accounts is the same. This means that business transactions are reflected correctly, and accounting entries

formed correctly.

Let's create a Balance Sheet based on the Turnover Balance Sheet in 1C 8.3 Accounting. The balance sheet will be presented in a simplified form, and here are only those indicators that were associated with solving the problem under consideration. For example, there are no non-current assets and this section will not be deciphered.

We will fill out the balance sheet step by step, starting with the first item, Inventories. This article displays materials, goods, finished products, work in progress.

Let's turn to the Turnover Balance Sheet and see what is available in the balances. The amount of materials and work in progress is RUB 20,000.00. (amount for 10 and 20 accounts).

Next article - Accounts receivable.

This is the total amount for the debit of accounts 60, 71 and 75, which is RUB 53,000.00. Next item – Cash and cash equivalents. Funds are displayed in 50 and 51 accounts. The total balance on these accounts is RUB 32,000.00. Let's calculate the balance sheet currency - 105,000.00 rubles. These data coincide with the data of the Turnover Balance Sheet.

Now let’s fill in the data on the Liability Balance Sheet. Authorized capital – RUB 100,000.00. Let's calculate accounts payable. Let's turn to settlement accounts - 60, 71 and 75. The total credit balance of these accounts is RUB 5,000.00. (amount for account 60).

Balance currency 105,000.00 rub. Please note that the balance sheet currency is the same in both the Asset and the Liability, that is, the total of the Asset is equal to the total of the Liability. This means that the balance sheet in 1C accounting is formed correctly.

Let's, based on the data on the accounting accounts, create a balance sheet in our 1C program, and draw up a Balance Sheet.

Accounting problems with solutions

In this section you will find solved accounting problems (a small part of them). Pay attention to the years mentioned in the solutions to the problems; accounting legislation is changing rapidly and some calculations in the solutions may be out of date at the moment.

If you need help with tasks, coursework, tests, we will be happy to help: Custom accounting. Other examples in the section: Ready-made accounting tests.

Catalog of tasks

Task 1. Determine the turnover and balances of the current account (final balance):
a) the cash balance at the beginning of the month was 3,000,000 rubles.
b) during the billing month the following business transactions were carried out
1) 10/XX received from the current account and money entered into the cash register - 1,000,000 rubles.
2) On 15/XX, the debt to suppliers was repaid in the amount of 800,000 rubles.
3) 15/XX transferred taxes to the budget of 600,000 rubles.
4) 20/XX funds were transferred to the location of the accountable person 8,400 rubles.
5) On 21/XX, money in the amount of 200,000 rubles was transferred from the current account and entered into the cash register.
6) during the billing period, proceeds from sales of 1,200,000 rubles were credited to the current account.

solving the problem of revolutions and remainders

Task 2. Based on business transactions, open synthetic accounting accounts and record the amounts of initial balances in them. After recording each transaction in the journal, record it in the accounts.
Calculate the actual cost of manufactured products, financial results from the sale of products, other operations, income tax, and net profit of the enterprise. Display ending account balances.
Based on the accounts, prepare a turnover sheet, a balance sheet at the beginning and end of the reporting period, a financial performance statement, and a cash flow statement for the reporting period.

solving cross-cutting accounting problem 2 (15 pages)

Task 3. 1. Make accounting entries for all business transactions for 2012. with the necessary calculations.
2. Open the necessary accounts, calculate the turnover for the month and display the balance at the end of the period.
3. Calculate the actual cost of goods sold for March 2012.
4. Draw up a turnover sheet highlighting the necessary subaccounts as of April 1, 2012.
5.

solving accounting problem 3

Task 4. Based on the data to complete the task:
1. Prepare and fill out a log of business transactions.
2. Open charts of accounts and reflect business transactions in them.
3. Calculate the turnover for the month and display the balances at the end of the month.
4. Determine and write off the result from product sales.
5. Draw up a turnover sheet for synthetic accounts.
6. Compile the balance sheet of Kedr LLC as of May 1, 2013.

Accounting problem with solution 4

Task 5. 1.Open synthetic accounts and record balances at the beginning of the month on them
2. Compile a journal of business transactions for the month. Make the necessary calculations for transactions.
3. Record transactions for the month on the accounts and calculate the results of debit and credit turnover. Display balances at the beginning of the next month.
4. Draw up a turnover sheet for synthetic accounts.
5. Draw up a balance sheet at the beginning of the next month based on the turnover sheet data.

solution to end-to-end accounting problem 5 (23 pages)

Task 6. Money received for services provided amounted to 54,870 rubles. The material was credited to the warehouse in the amount of 5,648 rubles. The main employees received wages in the amount of 45,793 rubles. Wages were paid to employees in the amount of 5,267 rubles. Paid for stationery 12,500 rubles. UST was transferred in the amount of 25,000 rubles and personal income tax in the amount of 45,600 rubles. Materials written off for production amounted to 45,870 rubles. Invoices to a transport company in the amount of 63,287 rubles were accepted. finished products were transferred to the warehouse for 45,839 rubles. Draw up a journal of business transactions (contents document debit credit amount) make posting (airplanes)

Accounting airplanes example

Task 7. The company's balance sheet includes property, the residual value is:
As of 01/01/2013 – RUB 2,345,000.
As of 02/01/2013 – RUB 2,294,700.
As of 03/01/2013 – RUB 2,175,300.
As of 04/01/2013 – RUB 3,187,600.
Determine the average annual value of the property. Calculate the advance payment and transfer it to the budget. (Make a plane and postings)

Solving the property problem

Task 8. Prepare accounting entries and determine the type of business transaction that affects changes in the balance sheet

Preparation of transactions

Free solutions to various economic problems

In this article I was going to show how to make a balance sheet from SALT. However, having figured out how I would do this, I realized that I would start using accounting rules and terms. And I’m not sure that you and I will have the same understanding of them. So, I came up with this.

I am not interested in writing a purely theoretical article. I want to engage you so that together we can go from “reviewing SALT” to filling out the balance sheet.

For this I have my own approach: when giving new knowledge, I strive to ensure that there is a repetition of the previous ones. In other words, we repeat the knowledge that serves us as a support for new ones.

I would like to note that in this series of articles about filling out a balance sheet, I will talk about general ideas, basic rules, and show how it is done. Together with me, you will go all the way to creating a balance sheet based on the OCB of a real enterprise.

So, let's go...

Here is the OCB of a working enterprise. In the previous article we prepared it for creating a balance sheet.

Here's what we should do now:

• download the balance sheet and open it
• In the “name” column, write the name of the account. No need to look at the chart of accounts. There is no need to achieve some exact match between the name of the account and what it is called in the chart of accounts. Just remember and write. It is enough that your name reflects the essence of the account. For example. I will call the 50th account “Cashier”. And in the chart of accounts it can be called “Enterprise Cash Office”.
• in the “AP” column for each account, indicate what it is, “A - active account”, “P - passive account” or “AP - active-passive account”. Clue: Active accounts- these are those that store information about what the enterprise has and this is “what” helps the enterprise work and earn money. Usually “it” can be touched. Active accounts always have a debit balance or zero. Passive accounts- these are the debts/obligations of our company. This is simply information about the amounts owed. Passive accounts always have a credit balance or zero.

Of course, putting down “A, P and AP” is not an easy task. This requires knowledge and some reflection. I agree that there are invoices where you can issue them right away, and somewhere you can use a hint and enter the required characteristics. In any case, put it where you can do it. And fill in the remaining empty cells according to the chart of accounts. Download the chart of accounts.

Once you solve the problem, compare it with what I did.

Some General Rules and Observations

I assume, reader, that you remember that accounting accounts collect and store information about the activities of a business. All information is separated according to certain criteria. So, account code and name serves as a criterion for separation. As a result, OSV shows everyone involved accounting accounts at our company. From the OSV we see what information has been collected.

However, balance sheet collects enterprise information differently.

Firstly, the balance sheet divides information into ASSETS and LIABILITIES.

Secondly, within ASSET and LIABILITY, information is divided into certain groups. Each such group is an economic indicator.

Ultimately, SALT is simply regrouped on the balance sheet.

• All debit balances, and these are accounts with characteristic A, go to the “ASSET balance” section
• All credit balances, and these are accounts with characteristic P, go to the “LIABILITY” section of the balance sheet.
• Accounts with the AP characteristic are transferred to the balance sheet as follows: if there is a debit balance, it goes to an ASSET, if there is a credit balance, it goes to a LIABILITY.

The amount received in ASSET or LIABILITY is entered into the specific name of the economic indicator. The basis for including the amount in the economic indicator will be the name of the accounting account, or, when it is not clear, we will use the law on filling out the balance sheet. Well, we will start filling out the balance very soon.

Fixed assets and intangible assets when filling out the balance sheet

Fixed assets are inextricably linked with such a concept as depreciation (accounted for in account 02). Depreciation is a gradual decrease in the initial cost of an asset associated with the operation of the asset. The depreciation process for fixed assets occurs over a certain period of time, but more than a year. As a result, everything will come to the point that the amount of depreciation will be equal to the original cost of the operating system.

Look at SALT. Account 01 records the amounts of all fixed assets at their original costs. Account 02 takes into account the depreciation amounts of these fixed assets. Now you are asking yourself, what does this have to do with the balance sheet?

It would seem that according to the rules for posting amounts from SALT to the balance sheet, we must send the amounts from the 01st account to the ASSET, and send the amounts from the 02nd account to the LIABILITY of the balance sheet. However, there is an exception for Fixed Assets.

Its essence is that before sending the amount to the balance sheet, we take the amounts from 01, subtract the amounts from 02 and send the resulting amount to where????

IN THE ASSET balance. Because depreciation can never be more than the original cost of the asset, and therefore the difference between 01-02 will always be a debit. 01 account (A) > 02 account (P). Well, in extreme cases, it will be 0.

Exactly the same situation with accounts 04 and 05. This takes into account the assets of an enterprise that do not have a physical object, like a machine or a machine. Account 04 takes into account such assets of the enterprise as licenses, the exclusive right to a patent, the exclusive right to software, etc. Their period of use is also more than 12 months and they are not intended for resale. Everything is the same as with the OS. Depreciation of Intangible Assets (IMA) is accounted for on account 05.

CONCLUSION

To finish this article, I propose to do a practical task. We'll work a little with the numbers from the OS. The task is:

• divide your sheet in a notebook or notepad into two columns: “Asset” and “Passive”
• from SALT we will work with the column “Balance at the beginning of the period”
• according to all the rules studied in this article - write out accounting accounts and amounts, what can be classified as an “Asset” and what can be classified as a “Liability”
• In each column, calculate the total of all amounts
• compare the total amount of “Asset” and the total amount of “Liability”

To complete the task, you already have previously downloaded OSV. If you haven't downloaded it yet, download it here.

Perhaps now we are ready to fill out the balance sheet. We will do this in the next article. I invite you.

P.S.

I can't get this article out of my head.

There is some feeling of incompleteness, or something. The goal is clear - to lead you, the reader, to filling out the balance. Make sure you are as prepared as possible for this action. And, although I have to try to make the explanation understandable, there is still something missing in this article.

I understand that there will still be questions, but I want to keep them to a minimum. I think that I will answer some of these questions in advance. Before we get started filling out the balance sheet form, I suggest working with SALT a little more.

This is what we need to do.

• we continue to work with the first column of SALT - “opening balance”
• write down the invoices that you believe collect information about our company's debts. You can immediately start writing out those bills that you know are in SALT. You can go the opposite way - cross out those accounts that are responsible for the company’s property, for what you can touch. The remaining bills are what you need.
• Issued invoices have amounts in “Debit” or “Credit”, or even both. Write out an invoice, each amount, and write what kind of debt it is - “Do our company owe” or “Our company owes”
• Remember how in accounting they are called “Debt to our company” and “Our company owes”.

  In parentheses for these names, write accounting terms for each amount. For tips, read this article.

Once you do it, compare it with what I got.

Financial analysis of an enterprise in MS Excel

A selection of financial analysis in excel tables of an enterprise from various authors.

Excel tables Popova A.A. will allow you to conduct a financial analysis: calculate business activity, solvency, profitability, financial stability, aggregated balance sheet, analyze the structure of balance sheet assets, ratio and dynamic analysis based on Forms 1 and 2 of the enterprise’s financial statements.
Download financial analysis in excel from Popov

Excel tables of financial analysis of the enterprise by Zaikovsky V.E. (Directors for Economics and Finance of JSC Tomsk Measuring Equipment Plant) allow, on the basis of forms 1 and 2 of external accounting reports, to calculate the bankruptcy of an enterprise according to the Altman, Taffler and Lis model, to assess the financial condition of the enterprise in terms of liquidity, financial stability, and the state of fixed assets , asset turnover, profitability. In addition, a connection is found between the insolvency of an enterprise and the state’s debt to it. There are graphs of changes in the assets and liabilities of the enterprise over time.
Download financial analysis in excel from Zaikovsky

Excel tables for financial analysis from Malakhov V.I. allow you to calculate the balance in percentage form, assess management efficiency, assess financial (market) stability, assess liquidity and solvency, assess profitability, business activity, the company’s position on the market market, the Altman model. Diagrams of balance sheet assets, revenue dynamics, gross and net profit dynamics, and debt dynamics are constructed.
Download financial analysis in excel from Malakhov

Excel spreadsheets for financial analysis Repina V.V. calculate cash flows, profit-loss, changes in debt, changes in inventories, dynamics of changes in balance sheet items, financial indicators in GAAP format. Allows you to conduct a ratio financial analysis of the enterprise.
Download financial analysis in excel from Repin

Excel tables Salova A.N., Maslova V.G. will allow you to conduct a spectrum of scoring analysis of your financial condition. The spectrum scoring method is the most reliable method of financial and economic analysis. Its essence lies in conducting an analysis of financial ratios by comparing the obtained values ​​with standard values, using a system of “spreading” these values ​​into zones of distance from the optimal level. The analysis of financial ratios is carried out by comparing the obtained values ​​with the recommended standard values, which play the role of threshold standards. The further the value of the coefficients is from the standard level, the lower the degree of financial well-being and the higher the risk of falling into the category of insolvent enterprises.
Download financial analysis in excel from Maslov

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Accounting courses. Step6. Learning to make a balance

If you want to become a chief accountant, then you should definitely learn how to make a balance sheet. It is the direct responsibility of the chief accountant to make a balance sheet at the end of each quarter. So, you want to learn how to balance a balance? Take an accounting course and you'll learn how to do a balance sheet and how to prepare your tax returns. You will definitely get a higher paying job! It’s cheaper to learn everything from a professional than to relearn everything later! all information on the Accounting Courses page.

To receive a free step of the course “How to become a chief accountant”,

write me an email [email protected] “Please send me the first step of the course.”

6.1 What is included in the “Balance” of the organization.

Accounting courses it is impossible to build without detailed information about the construction of the balance. So, let's learn how to balance the balance. For some reason, in the numerous literature on accounting, the process of preparing a balance sheet is not described anywhere. There are many articles on how to fill out a balance, what to reflect in certain lines of balance sheets, but nowhere is it described in understandable human language how to do it. Therefore, when I was a novice chief accountant, I had to turn to more experienced colleagues for help.

If you have someone to turn to when preparing your first balance sheet, that's great! My task is to tell you the most necessary things about how to prepare a balance sheet, and you can get the details of what to include in the balance sheet lines yourself from the literature.
The balance is submitted to the tax office four times a year: for the 1st quarter, for 6 months, for 9 months and for the year.

The figurative word “Balance” includes:

— Balance sheet(Form No. 1);
— Report about profits and losses (form No. 2);
— Report on changes in capital (Form No. 3);
— Report on cash flow (form No. 4);
— Application to the balance sheet (Form No. 5);
- explanatory note.

However, small businesses do not submit Form 3, Form 4 and Form 5. Therefore, we will not consider them as part of our training.
The balance is submitted to the tax office by the 30th day of the month following the last month of the quarter. Those. for the first quarter - until April 30, for the 2nd quarter - until July 30, for the 3rd quarter - until September 30, and annual reports must be submitted to the tax office before March 30 of the next year.

Balance sheet forms change frequently, so if you do not have a consulting program on your computer from which you can get the latest versions of the forms, you can buy a complete package of balance sheet forms with all the latest changes from your tax office. When you make a balance for the first time, it is better to do so so that you do not have to look in the program, but get a ready-made balance package.

Before you start preparing your balance sheet, you must audit all your accounts. For a better understanding, we will assume that our organization is engaged in wholesale trade. It will be more clear this way.

You need to start with cash accounts - accounts 51 “Current Account” and 50 “Cash”.

In our discussion, I will keep in mind that you use a computer in your work, and use one of the accounting programs (we will talk about this in more detail later). I can’t imagine anyone doing accounting manually.

The advantage of using accounting programs is that you only need to enter transactions for all primary documents, and the program generates all account reports (statements, account cards, etc.) itself.

So, you post all bank statements, thereby forming account 51. At the same time, you reconcile the balance of account 51 (closing balance) that you have obtained with the bank statement. To look at the ending balance for some account, you just need to create a statement for this account for the month. An account statement is a report that shows all account transactions for the month. In our training we learned how an account is formed using the structure of an account. So this account structure is the account statement.

Next, we post all the cash documents, thereby forming account 50. At the same time, you check the balance of account 50 (closing balance) that you have obtained with the balance of money in the cash register. At the same time, we check whether the cash documents are drawn up correctly and whether all signatures are on the receipt and expenditure orders.

So, we dealt with cash accounts.

The next stage is checking the accounts of goods and fixed assets. To do this, you check whether all documents from suppliers have been posted (invoices). For example, according to receipt documents, you received goods worth 200,000 rubles. excluding VAT and VAT 200,000*18%=36,000 rub. You must check that the turnover in the debit of account 41 “Goods” is equal to 200,000 rubles.

In this case, you sold the goods and the cost of the goods sold is 50,000. This means that the credit of account 41 should be equal to 50,000.

Further, some balance remains on the 41st account. This is the value of goods remaining at the end of the period. When you post incoming and outgoing documents into the accounting program, the program itself calculates the number of goods that arrived at the warehouse, which left the warehouse, and the amount of goods that remained in the warehouse. You should compare this data with the storekeepers' reports every month. If the data matches, great! If not, you need to do an emergency inventory of the warehouse to understand the situation.

After you have dealt with the accounts of material assets, check account 60 “Settlements with suppliers”. With each supplier at the end of the month you need to have a reconciliation report signed by both parties. You must check whether the balance for suppliers, which was obtained on the 60th account for each supplier, matches the reconciliation report. If not, it means that an error has crept in somewhere. Perhaps not all documents for the supply of goods are reflected, or the payment accidentally went to another supplier.

62/90 reflected the buyer's debt.
90/68 charged VAT.
90/41 wrote off the cost of goods sold.
90/44 wrote off expenses that fell during the reporting period.
90/99 reflects the financial result.

I have now written postings without subaccounts for the 90th account to remind once again the general scheme, and with subaccounts these postings were described in detail when we were talking about sales (sales).

After this, you check the accuracy of payments to customers. With each buyer you also need to have a reconciliation report, the amount of which must match the balance for the buyer in account 62 “Settlements with buyers”

You see that your profit was made on the 99th account.

After all these steps, you print out the “Return - Balance Sheet”. The turnover balance sheet is a report that indicates the amounts of balances at the beginning of the period for all accounts, the turnover for the month by debit and credit, and the balance at the end.

This is your balance (form 1)! Debit balances (closing balances) on accounts are an asset on your balance sheet, and credit balances on accounts are a liability on your balance sheet.

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In a market economy, reporting is considered an important component of the informative concept and acts as a means of external communication, which is the basis for assessing the economic and business potential of an enterprise, the effectiveness of the use of financial resources and the effectiveness of its work, and performing various analytical studies for subsequent planning and modeling.

In this article, for complete understanding, an enterprise balance sheet will be given as an example of the activities of a real enterprise. This information will probably be of interest to many.

Relevance of enterprise reporting

The creation of documents about the results of the work of a separate organization is the final stage of the accounting process. The concept of economic accounting involves the systematization, accumulation and generalization of data acquired during the initial observation of the work of an economic entity. The information presented must be provided in a convenient form, understandable for viewing and perception by all interested parties.

In other words, reporting is defined as “supporting papers that contain a report on the work and production costs of the enterprise.” The company's reporting is a system of interdependent and interrelated characteristics that reflect the conditions and results of the company's economic activities for the reporting period of time. It is shown in separate tables in which the characteristics are formed on the basis of economic accounting information (accounting, statistical and operational) and are separated in a special order and the necessary sequence. The document, integrating information from all types of accounting, covers all spheres of life of an economic entity and consists of aggregate information about the results of its production, economic and economic functioning as a whole.

By the way, an interesting fact can be noted that today, according to statistical data, it is women who are engaged in accounting, although the founder of this science was a man named Luca Pacioli.

Annual reporting is approved by the order of the Ministry of Finance “On the forms of financial statements of organizations.” In order to submit reports electronically, in addition, electronic forms of information necessary for submitting annual reports have also been approved.

Accounting methods

The financial statements form includes the following necessary information:

• Balance sheet;
• Estimate of financial results of activities;
• About changes in cash flows;
• On the movement of funds;
• About the intended purpose of the funds.

Small, including micro, enterprises should not collect the entire portfolio of securities. Enterprises in the simplified tax system and UTII are small. It is permissible for such organizations to provide reporting in a simplified mode, namely, only a balance sheet and a report on profits and losses of small businesses.

The use of more simplified methods makes it possible to prepare reports in a simpler version:

• The solution to the problem of including in the estimate information on modifications of capital and a report on the movement of funds is determined by the need for information in appendices to the balance sheet, a report on financial results, a report on the targeted use of funds, the most significant information, without specific knowledge of which it is simply impossible to assess the financial well-being of the organization or economic the results of its work;
• An enterprise that uses simpler methods independently organizes its accounting reporting forms.

Simplified options for accounting, including a simplified version of reporting, can be used, unless otherwise determined in any way by this article, by the following financial entities (clause 4 of article 6):

• Small businesses. If a small enterprise requires a mandatory audit, then such an enterprise has no right to use simplified accounting methods;
• Non-profit companies (with certain exceptions);
• Companies that have received the position of participants in the project for maintaining
• Research, as well as their commercialization of results.

Main points of accounting

The basic and urgent rules that should be taken into account when maintaining accounting records set out in the Russian Federation are considered to be:

1. Using the double entry concept. This means that each account has 2 points - debit and credit. Any financial and economic procedure is reflected in accounting as a debit to the 1st account and a credit to another;
2. Accounting establishes a general plan for maintaining accounts;
3. In accounting, active and passive accounts are available and used. The essence of dividing accounts into active and passive is to objectively reflect the features of financial and economic actions.

Accounts that have a zero or debit balance are called active. Accounts with a debit balance are included in the asset side of the immediate balance sheet. The increase in these accounts occurs according to debit, and the expenditure part - according to credit.

Passive accounts are those that have either a zero or a credit balance. They are presented as a mirror image of active accounts. The balance on the liability account is in the balance sheet liability.

Balance sheet form No. 1 is an important document that determines the unified state of the company’s assets and liabilities for a specific period in monetary terms. The balance sheet provides general information about the financial condition of the company.

Balance sheet data notifies the owner of the enterprise about material assets, the amount of reserves, investments and capital that he has. The balance sheet is an important document for management and employees of the analytical department. With the help of statements about the activities of a particular organization, it is possible to create a plan for the short-term, and in some cases, the long-term.

The balance sheet of the enterprise consists of 2 sections

1. Balance sheet assets, consisting of data on the institution’s resources. This item consists of a couple of components: non-current assets and current assets.

1. The balance sheet liability will reveal the essence of the source of creation of enterprise resources. Liabilities include the following items: capital and reserves; long-term and short-term liabilities.

The final values ​​of calculations of assets and liabilities of the balance sheet must be the same value. Filling out the balance correctly is not that difficult. When creating a turnover sheet, you should fill in the date of compilation, the name of the company, its details and types of activities, unit of measurement, location of the company, and reporting date. When filling out balance sheet items, you should take into account the fact that all of them must be actually confirmed, recalculation between assets and liabilities is strictly not allowed, and the calculated balance sheet information at the beginning of the reporting stage must correspond to the data at the end of the previous period. The balance sheet demonstrates the results of the company’s work at the reporting stage (income, losses, or “according to zeros”).

Organizations simply have to calculate the indicators for certain lines of liabilities and assets on the balance sheet themselves. This is stated in paragraph 3 of Order No. 66n. Businesses must show details of individual assets. Companies can provide data on separate assets, liabilities, the total amount identified in the explanations to the balance sheet, if each of these characteristics separately is insignificant for the purpose of assessing the economic situation of the institution or the financial results of its work by interested users.

The balance is drawn up, as well as the principle, due to the elapsed calendar time, the transitional balance due to the period. There is also an initial balance in the presence of the formation of a new lawyer and a liquidator balance in the presence of the liquidation of the company.

The balance sheet is submitted to the tax authorities for the purpose of control within the time limits determined by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Responsibilities for the authenticity of the information provided and ensuring the submission of reports within certain deadlines rest with the management of the companies.
An example of a balance sheet is presented below:

Heads of organizations and other individuals responsible for the company and accounting department, in case of deviation from the norms of maintaining accounting estimates in the manner established by the current legislation of the Russian Federation and, directly, the regulations of the bodies executing the regulation of accounting, deliberate falsification of financial statements and failure to meet deadlines its submissions and publications are subject to criminal or administrative liability in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. Therefore, you need to be extremely careful and adhere to the letter of the law in a strictly established manner.