Modern synthetic materials. Increased production of synthetic materials with desired properties

The outstanding Russian chemist A.M.Butlerov, exploring the invisible world of molecular structure, substantiated the possibility of creating new materials with predetermined properties. According to the theory of the structure of matter put forward by him, changing the ratio and conditions of interaction of a few initial products, it is possible to obtain hundreds and thousands of polymeric substances with different properties.

Until the beginning of the XX century. technical progress was based primarily on the use of natural materials. In the past 40 years, many new materials have emerged that consist of high polymer molecules. Polymer molecules are made up of a huge number of atoms linked together in long chains. The peculiarity of high-molecular compounds is that they have the properties of gases (elasticity), liquids (thermal expansion, contraction and fluidity) and solids (resistance to shape change). The process of combining small molecules into large ones - it is called the polymerization process - is carried out either at high pressures and temperatures, or through the use of chemical intermediaries - catalysts.

Natural organic materials - plant fibers, natural rubber, leather, wood, cotton, wool, silk, etc. - are also polymers, but their range is limited. In nature, for example, there is no transparent rubber, wool, which is not afraid of fire, and many other materials needed by modern technology: strong as steel and transparent as glass, processed as easily as wood, do not burn in fire and do not rusting in the air.

Chemistry has opened up inexhaustible possibilities for the synthesis of polymer molecules and the creation of substances with desired properties from them. A wide variety of synthetic fibers, rubbers, plastics, artificial furs, etc. have appeared. The pace of development and production volumes polymeric materials and products in our time serve as one of the important indicators of the country's scientific and technological progress. Until 1939, the world production of synthetic polymers was estimated at tens of thousands of tons. At present, the world annual production of polymeric materials has reached about 60 million tons. No other industry has ever known such a rate of development.

Several large families can be distinguished among synthetic polymeric substances. This is due to the fact that molecular chains in polymers have different mobility. In cases where chains of atoms are easily stretched and are able to move relative to each other, we are talking about synthetic rubbers. Their elastic properties depend on the contraction and elongation of molecular chains. All polymers that retain elastic properties within a wide temperature range (up to 150 ° and above) are called rubber. Rubbers freeze at very low temperatures. True, frost-resistant varieties of rubbers have been created not so long ago.

Plastics are polymers that soften only at high temperatures. In a wide temperature range, they are solids with high strength and relatively low, but sufficient elasticity. Synthetic fibers make up a large group of plastics. These include polymers with a high softening point (at least 180-200 °) and the ability to stretch at high temperatures into strong oriented threads.

Finally, varnishes and paints are polymers. They are characterized by special qualities - not only elasticity, but also the ability to firmly bond with metal, wood, glass, high resistance to abrasion, temperature, atmospheric and mechanical influences.

Science and industry are faced with a huge variety of polymers. Of great importance for them are not only organic, but also inorganic polymers, which have a number of advantages over the former - thermal stability, electrical insulating properties, resistance to many chemical influences, etc. For example, fiberglass and fiberglass, foam glass, glass ceramics, porous silicates, synthetic micas, asbestos and similar materials are widely used in construction, mechanical engineering, aviation. Many inorganic polymers, as well as compositions of inorganic polymers with organic ones, will be used to improve the soil structure, in the production of new types of fertilizers and for other purposes,

Synthetic rubber, plastics, man-made fibers

IN State Museum Revolution stores a sample of the world's first synthetic rubber invented in the USSR and obtained in 1930 at a pilot plant from ethyl alcohol according to the method of Academician S. V. Lebedev. Nowadays, dozens of varieties of artificial rubbers of various properties are produced in our country.

Until recently, many looked at artificial rubber as a substitute for natural rubber. Now it has acquired a completely independent meaning. Some synthetic rubbers in a number of properties are superior to natural ones or have properties that are not at all inherent in natural ones. So, rubbers from natural rubber swell in gasoline and oils, cannot work at temperatures above 120 °, and rubbers from synthetic rubbers are oil-resistant, some of them work when heated to 300 °. Soviet chemists have invented abrasion-resistant synthetic rubbers. Some of the tires are 3-4 times more durable than conventional tires. From synthetic rubbers, attempts are made to create elastic materials suitable for operation in wide temperature ranges.

The "Main directions of development of the national economy of the USSR for 1976-1980" emphasizes the need to expand production and improve the quality of rubber products, as well as expand research in the field of synthesis of chemical compounds to obtain substances and materials with new properties.

One of the important problems of modern chemistry is the creation of synthetic latexes. Employees of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Synthetic Rubber named after Academician S. V. Lebedev in Leningrad are successfully working on its solution. Synthetic latex is microscopically small particles of synthetic rubber suspended in water. Sponge rubber is obtained from this material by foaming it with air and subsequent vulcanization, which is widely used in the automotive industry and in other sectors of the national economy. It is lightweight, elastic, strong, and has low porosity. Latex paints were also obtained. These paints dry quickly and are resistant to moisture. Their production is very profitable. It does not require vegetable oils at all, which are oil paints more than 130 kg per ton are spent.

Latexes are gaining great importance in connection with the development of artificial leather production. They are irreplaceable as impregnating materials in many industries. Synthetic latexes will be used on a large scale in the electrical, paper, construction and other industries.

The first plastic, celluloid, was invented in 1869 in the United States by mixing nitrocellulose with camphor. In a very short time, celluloid products were universally recognized. At the beginning of the XX century. a very strong plastic mass of bakelite appeared from organic substances of phenol and formaldehyde.

Domestic production of plastics was born at the Karbolit Orekhovo-Zuevsky plant. Shortly before the October Revolution in Orekhovo-Zuevo, chemist G.S. Petrov worked in the laboratory of a small chemical production. His search ended with a major discovery, on the basis of which, in 1912, a mixture of petroleum sulfonic acids was first obtained in Russia, called the Petrov contact. Applying his contact in the condensation of phenols and aldehydes, the researcher obtained high-molecular substances - synthetic resins. The discovery became known far beyond the borders of Russia. It was used in European countries and in the USA.

The product of coal processing obtained by the inventor was named "carbolite". A plant with the same name appeared in Orekhovo-Zuevo. Before the revolution, it was rather a small workshop in which several dozen workers worked. They handcrafted the simplest plastic products. During the years of Soviet power "Karbolit" became a large plant equipped with powerful equipment.

GS Petrov was one of the first organizers and founders of the plastics industry in the USSR. He received 200 copyright certificates for inventions, he wrote 13 books. For many years he was a professor at the D.I.Mendeleev Moscow Institute of Chemical Technology and headed scientific research Institute of Plastics.

Most modern plastics are a mixture of several substances, which can be divided into three main groups: binders, fillers, and plasticizers.

Binders are the basis of plastics. Such substances are natural and mainly artificial resins - high molecular weight organic polymers, which soften when heated and turn into a plastic state. Fillers fill the space between the particles of the binder, strengthen their mutual bond and thereby create the strength of the plastic mass. In addition, they can reduce the consumption of bonding materials and reduce the cost of plastic. Wood flour, paper, cloth, asbestos, fiberglass, etc. are used as fillers. Plasticizers increase the degree of plasticity when heated, which improves the process of making products of the desired shape. In addition, plasticizers provide elasticity to finished products.

Plastic products are durable, lightweight and cheap. It is known that steel, for example, is almost 8 times heavier than water, and plastics - only 1.5-2 times. Often they are stronger than steel, copper, etc. Thus, textolite is about 6 times lighter than copper, and is not inferior in strength to cast iron. Textolite liners work perfectly in rolling mills, hydraulic turbines, cranes and other machines and mechanisms. Textolite liners for rolling mills are 5-10 times cheaper than bronze ones, and they serve 3 times longer.

Plastics are easy to work with, they can be turned and cut, drilled and glued, polished, sanded, rolled and passed through the smallest holes. Manufacturing plastic parts is much easier and cheaper than any other material.

Among plastics, foam plastics are very famous. These are heat and sound insulating materials impermeable to water and gases. Due to their porosity, they are extremely lightweight. With equal volumes, foams are almost 800 times lighter than steel, 100 times lighter than water, and 25 times lighter than cork. Even a child can carry a foam boat. Filled to the brim with water, it does not sink.

There are foams that are resistant to solvents and cannot burn. They have high heat, sound and electrical insulating properties, do not rot and are almost infinitely durable. Almost all of them are well processed with ordinary carpentry tools, they adhere perfectly to metals, plywood, wood, glass and other materials. Now, foam products are widely used in industrial fishing, in the production of rescue and training equipment, prostheses, thermal and sound insulation materials, packaging, light furniture, etc.

Not so long ago, the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Synthetic Resins created Isolan-1 foam plastic. It does not allow electricity to pass through, easily absorbs sound, does not burn. Its service life at a temperature of 150 ° is about 20 years.

Plexiglass plastic is widely known. It is often called shatterproof glass. It is transparent, like glass, and at the same time very durable. Plexiglass is used to make glass for the cockpit, portholes for ship cabins, lenses for cameras, microscopes and binoculars. They are produced by casting and pressing methods.

A great achievement is the creation of reinforced plastics, that is, reinforced with glass cloth or glass fibers, - the so-called fiberglass. Fiberglass plastics are more than 1.5 times lighter than duralumin, 4.5 times lighter than steel and are not inferior in strength to non-ferrous metals and alloys. Unlike metals, they do not corrode, are resistant to aggressive media, and have high electrical insulating properties. Fiberglass impregnated with polyester resins is used to make car bodies, hulls of boats and motor boats, cabins of tractors, trucks and excavators, tanks and other large-sized items.

Corrosion eats up almost a third of the world's metal smelting every year. Nickel and chromium, greases, varnishes and paints do not save from rust. Yet rust has a strong opponent. This is a metal-plastic - a material that combines the properties of steel with the corrosion resistance of plastic. A metal covered with a metal-plastic film is practically eternal, it is not afraid of solutions of the most caustic acids. The film serves as a reliable insulator, "withstanding thousands of volts.

Magnetodielectrics, or magnetic plastics, are obtained by pressing iron powder and binding resins (polystyrene, epoxy resin, etc.). Magnetodielectrics are used in mass electrical devices and electrical machines.

Director of the Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Academician N.A.Nesmeyanov noted:

"The main result of the activity of our team can be considered the establishment of organoelement chemistry as an independent field of science, bordering between organic and inorganic chemistry. Being the first scientific institution of this profile in the world, the institute has essentially re-developed whole sections of this science - the chemistry of organic derivatives of transition metals. major sections of the chemistry of phosphorus, boron, silicon, fluorine, chlorine and other elements. The work of the institute has become world famous. They are of practical interest for the creation of fundamentally new chemical processes and substances with valuable properties. "

The Lenin Prize of 1972 recognized the outstanding works of Academician I. L. Knunyants on the chemistry of fluorine, one of the most interesting elements of the periodic table.

All branches of technology persistently require materials with increased heat resistance and retaining their performance at high temperatures. Researchers are trying to make polymers that meet these requirements, in particular by changing chemical composition polymer molecule, introducing into it groups that impart properties of increased thermal stability to the product.

From this point of view, the so-called organoelement compounds, the chains of molecules of which contain atoms of different elements, turned out to be very important. Organic compounds of silicon, fluorine, and some other elements have become especially important for high-temperature technology.

Back in the 30s. Soviet scientist K.A. Andrianov developed a method for producing the first artificial organosilicon resins, laying the foundation for their industrial production. Liquid organosilicon substances do not freeze even at -60-70 °. On the basis of organosilicon, a family of varnishes and enamels has been created, which are used to protect metals and alloys from corrosion. The enamel, which, in addition to silicon-organic resin, contains metallic dyes, can withstand temperatures up to 550 °. Organosilicon varnishes are stable at 1700-1800 °, when even steel melts. Thin organosilicon films have been able to protect a variety of materials from atmospheric moisture for years.

The "Main directions of development of the national economy of the USSR for 1976-1980" says: "To provide for an increase in the production of synthetic resins and plastics by 1.9-2.1 times, to improve the quality and service life of plastics. To increase the production of new types of polymer materials, before all structural purpose "( Materials of the XXV Congress of the CPSU, p. 182). Scientific and technical cooperation with the socialist countries contributes to the solution of this most important task. So, for last years Together with specialists from the GDR, the Polymir installation was created, which was awarded the State Prize in 1976. In this regard, the Minister of the Chemical Industry L. A. Kostandov noted:

"As a result of the hard work of workers, scientists and engineers in many sectors of the national economy of the USSR and the GDR, in a record short time (4 years), the first installation" Polymir-50 "for the production of high-pressure polyethylene with a capacity of 50 thousand tons per year. It is planned to build similar installations in Tomsk, Angarsk, Sumgait and in the cities of a number of CMEA countries. The new installation of Soviet and German specialists was appreciated abroad. The license for "Polimir-50" was purchased by the "Salzgitter" company ( Germany) ".

A group of inventors under the leadership of Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of the Novocherkassk Polytechnic Institute A. A. Kutkov has created a material widely known as "oil". According to physical and mechanical data, oil is close to metals, and antifriction makes it akin to polymers. At the same time, it is not metal or plastic that oil, but a composition of metals and high polymers.

Oils are primarily self-lubricating material - the lubricant is organically included in its composition. It has a very high wear resistance, much higher than that of bronze or babbitt, and is absolutely not afraid of corrosion. Maslyanite is used in the chemical industry in mechanical engineering, auto and shipbuilding, hydraulic engineering, and power engineering. It is used to manufacture bearing shells, gears, parts operating in aggressive environments, bearings for submersible electric pumps, etc.

Maslyanit-D opened up unprecedented opportunities for hydraulic builders. So, sliding guides of hydraulic locks have been made of lignofol or PCB so far. The friction coefficient of the PCB is 0.25. In Maslyanite-D, it is only 0.07, that is, 3 times less. This means that 3 times less electricity is now used to lift the shutter. Repair of the shutter with oil-based sliding guides has been postponed for many years. Projects of high-pressure hydraulic locks made of maslyanite have been developed for the Ust-Ilimsk, Zeya, Sayano-Shushenskaya, Andijan HPPs, etc.

Effective use of maslyanite in vacuum is expected. The fact is that in a vacuum, metals cannot be in pairs (bronze - steel, etc.) - the lubricant instantly evaporates, and the metals are welded. If one of the metals is replaced with a self-lubricating material, for example, a gear is made of polymer, and a gear wheel is made of metal, vacuum is no longer terrible.

Modern plastics, in particular polyamides, are widely used in the manufacture of car parts. This makes it possible not only to reduce the cost of the latter, but also to reduce their weight by about 20-30%. In the near future, the use of plastics in the automotive industry is expected to save about 15 million rubles. in year.

Polymeric substances with special properties, including semiconductor ones, have already been invented and will increasingly be used. Made in the form of films, fabrics, parts, they will help to solve many problems of radio electronics, instrument making, space exploration.

A large amount of wood is used in the construction and furniture industry. In the future, it is planned to use it in a chemically treated form. Wood impregnated with synthetic resins becomes non-combustible and resists decay. To obtain high-quality wood plastics, wood waste - shavings, sawdust - will be used more and more widely.

The All-Union Research Institute of New Building Materials, the head research center of the polymer building materials industry, in collaboration with Moscow enterprises, has created a number of new building polymer materials and household products. The director of this institute, candidate of chemical sciences A.F. Poluyanov says:

"The developments of our scientists are widely implemented at factories and plants of the country, and in particular at Moscow enterprises. For example, at the Mytishchi plant" Stroyplastmass "the technology for the production of rolled carpets has been introduced different colors and patterns, film wallpaper - durable and easy to clean. VNIINSM specialists helped the plant to master the production of heat and sound insulation linoleum on a felt backing and wear-resistant polyvinyl chloride linoleum, floor tiles and laminated plastic, an excellent waterproof coating for walls and furniture.

At the Dmitrovsky House-Building Plant, the production of floor panels for houses with elastic sound-insulating gaskets has been launched. With the use of products made of perlitoplast concrete developed by VNIINSM, which is distinguished by high thermal insulation qualities, a number of buildings have been erected, including the building of the All-Union Institute of Light Alloys.

Polymer materials and products manufactured by enterprises of the industry according to the developments of VNIINSM are used at many construction sites in Moscow. Only through construction trusts and house-building factories of Glavmosstroy, about a hundred names of new construction plastics have been introduced at the facilities of the capital. "

Polymers have organically entered agricultural production. Temporary warehouses, storage facilities for grain and vegetables, greenhouses are made of polymer films. Polymers will be used to retain moisture, protect crops from pests and cold. They will help improve the structure of soils, play an important role in the creation of new forms of fertilizers and chemicals that provide a complex action and, regulation of the residence time of the drug in the soil.

Modern medicine is unthinkable without polymers. They are used in the form of threads, adhesives, synthetic blood substitutes, and prostheses are made of them. Several types of polymeric compounds have physiological activity. Medicines from them will help fight many diseases. The polymers will help regulate the residence time of the drug in the body.

High-molecular-weight ion-exchange resins - ion exchangers - open up broad prospects for technology. They have the ability to extract ions from solutions. Ion exchangers are widely used in those technological processes in which it is required to extract valuable rare and radioactive elements from highly diluted solutions. They are also used in fine water treatment. Ionites can solve the problem of fresh water on a ship. Instead of a cistern of water taken in the supply, navigators take with them a column with ionite powder, reminiscent of semolina. Sea water, passed through this column, becomes fresh.

Ion exchangers have a remarkable property to concentrate around themselves the impurities contained in liquids. The blood intended for conservation is purified with ion exchangers, gold is taken out of the water when processing gold-bearing ores, and the water is filtered. In the food industry, ion-exchange resins should be widely used to extract valuable products from production waste.

The most important in our century is the industry of chemical fibers. The strongest ropes and thin stockings from the products of coal processing, the lightest fabric from petroleum gases ... Relatively recently, all this seemed like a fantasy. Now the production of synthetic fibers is one of the fastest growing branches of the chemical industry. If the history of fabrics made of wool, cotton, flax, jute and other natural materials goes back thousands of years, then the history of viscose, obtained from cellulose, is only half a century old. And a very young industry is the production of synthetic fibers with desired properties. The use of cellulose as a starting material for the production of chemical fibers first led to the emergence of the nitrate method for the production of artificial nitrosilk. But the first man-made fiber was combustible. Soon, two new methods of producing chemical fibers from natural cellulose were invented - viscose and acetate.

The viscose method is currently the most common. Silk, staple and cord are made from rayon fiber. In the acetate method, natural cellulose is treated with acetic acid and the fiber is formed in a slightly different way. In this case, the resulting fiber no longer consists of pure cellulose, but of its strong chemical compound with the remains of acetic acid. The acetate method has also proven to be very effective. Using this method, a fiber is obtained, from which high-quality acetate silk is produced, which can successfully replace natural silk in knitted and crepe fabrics.

Both of these methods owe their wide development to very cheap raw materials in the form of cellulose from spruce and deciduous wood, comparative simplicity of the technological process and inexpensive chemicalsgoing to the production of fibers. Modern chemistry and physics have not only mastered the secrets of nature to create giant molecules, but also developed methods for the synthesis of such polymers, which have no analogues in nature. Polymers called polyamides are obtained from the coking products of coal. They learned how to make fibers of nylon, anida (nylon), etc. From polymers obtained on the basis of petroleum gases, fibers of nitron, chlorine and many others are made. Whereas in 4940 only three or four types of synthetic fibers were manufactured under experimental production conditions, nowadays dozens of their different types are known.

Our country has a sufficient raw material base for the polymer industry. The initial raw materials for it are oil and products of its processing, gases, peat, oil shale, coking and wood processing products and all kinds of plant residues. Powerful plants process these raw materials into semi-finished products, from which polymers are obtained. So, products for the production of polyamide fibers such as nylon and nylon are obtained from phenol and benzene. From a ton of phenol, nylon fibers are obtained in an amount that ensures the production of 25 thousand pairs of nylon stockings.

Synthetic lavsan fiber mixed with wool gives wrinkle-free fabrics. Lavsan is very resistant to high temperatures and various chemicals, does not conduct electric current. Monofilament lavsan thread "Zhilka" successfully replaces expensive bronze in nets for paper machines, allows you to abandon natural bristles in the manufacture of brushes for mills and elevators.

At VDNKh, in the Chemical Industry pavilion, in the Chemical Fibers section, the attention is drawn to the synthetic fiber nitron. It is distinguished by many valuable qualities that bring it closer to fine natural wool. Fluffy blankets, artificial tsigeyka and astrakhan fur, curtains, overalls, and thermal insulation materials are made from nitron. It should be noted that nitron is 6 times cheaper than natural wool.

In the same pavilion, another new type of synthetic fiber, polypropylene, is being demonstrated. It is used to make carpets that are not inferior in beauty to carpets made of natural wool, but are much lighter. Fishermen highly appreciated the propylene ropes. Such ropes do not swell in water and do not rot. The pavilion's exposition also includes medical products made from letilan fiber, in particular, prostheses of blood vessels and esophagus.

The All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Artificial Fiber has created a synthetic fiber called enant, which resembles nylon. True, the technology for its production is much simpler. Enant is used both for technical purposes and for the production of textiles.

The Moscow textile workers produce fabrics impregnated with the organosilicon preparation GKZH-94. They repel water, but they are excellent air permeability. The cloth treated with organosilicon does not get wet, even if kept in the rain for about a day, while the untreated cloth becomes wet through and through after 10 minutes.

A fiber lighter than water was created in the USSR. The fabric from it does not sink, and the clothes help a person stay on the water. Synthetic fabrics that dissolve in water are also interesting. A complex lace pattern is embroidered on such fabrics, then the fabric is dipped into hot water. The base disappears and the lace remains. In a similar way, lightweight wool fabric... The threads of the soluble fabric are woven together with the wool. The material is immersed in water. The result is a very light and fluffy fabric.

Doctor of Chemistry EP Fokin (Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences) in 1966 invented a method for obtaining a new monomer, and then synthesized a new heat-resistant polymer, on the basis of which a soft thin fireproof fabric "Aola" was created. "The Soviet side handed over to the American side a sample of Aola fireproof fabric, from which it is supposed to sew outerwear astronauts, - wrote in the USSR from Houston - the training center for American astronauts. - The American side tested this material: the tissue dies out if it is set on fire in an environment of pure oxygen at a pressure of 320 mm Hg. Art .... Both sides agreed that the material can be recommended for the manufacture of flight suits for cosmonauts, which will be "used in a joint flight under the Soyuz-Apollo program ..."

The Minister of the Chemical Industry of the USSR L.A. Kostandov says:

“We have to not only increase the production of chemical fibers, expand their assortment, but also seriously work on improving the quality, to ensure that our products are not inferior to the best foreign samples. Much is planned to be done to increase the hygroscopicity of the fibers so that they, like cotton, absorb moisture. It is necessary to ensure that their color is strong, bright, all colors of the rainbow. "

The team of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Artificial Fiber is engaged not only in the development of new fibers, but also in the improvement of the production technology of fibers already mastered by the industry, Thus, the improvement of the nitron production technology proposed by scientists makes it possible to obtain from the same. production area and with the same number of workers one and a half times more synthetic fiber - an excellent substitute for wool and furs.

One of the main directions in the development of chemical science, which opens the way to intensification of production, is the synthesis of heat-resistant, heat-resistant, and limited combustible fibers.

"In materials of a fibrous structure," wrote Academician KA Andrianov, "hidden defects are much less common. It is known that the strength of a solid depends on the strength of a weak point in its structure. For example, glass in a block, in comparison with fiberglass, is destroyed under load in tens of times less. In terms of strength, some brands of organosilicon, boron, graphite fibers are not inferior to steel. This feature of fibers and try to use when creating new materials. "

By means of synthesis, materials are endowed with heat resistance, elasticity, chemical inertness, high electrical insulating properties, and strength. Thus, from polyepoxy polymers and boron fibers it was possible to obtain new laminated plastics with extremely high properties. Their specific strength is more than 2 times higher than the specific strength of metals used in aviation. Unlike metals, they are not subject to plastic deformation upon failure. Based on polymers and fibers with a graphite-like structure, materials have been created that will enable designers to reduce the weight of machines and assemblies, and builders - to erect buildings at lower costs.

At one time, a light bulb with a carbon filament made a sensation. But soon it was overshadowed by a light bulb with a tungsten filament.

“It is not for nothing that they say that the new is often well forgotten old,” says the head of the laboratory of the Leningrad branch of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Artificial Fiber, Candidate of Technical Sciences R. M. Levit. , the method of obtaining this thread, or, as we now say, carbon fiber, has radically changed. special kind carbon fiber made from organic polymers - is born in a furnace flame.

Carbon fiber turned out to be a carrier of special electrophysical properties, thanks to which a wide variety of applications opened up before it. Just a few minutes - and it gets hot in a room where there are no heaters. The walls of such a room are lined with panels, which include electrically conductive carbon paper. The panels were created by specialists from the All-Russian Research Institute of Artificial Fiber and the Laminated Plastics Plant. On the Kola Peninsula, several houses were built for reindeer herders with plastic panels with a layer of carbon paper. In a short time, coal heaters will replace bulky heating systems that are difficult to operate. "Hot" panels can do a good job when heating city and rural trade kiosks, construction machines, cars. "

The most delicate fiber can be obtained from basalt. The diameter of the finest silk thread is 10-15 microns, and the diameter of the basalt thread is 1-0.5 microns. Basalt fibers are very durable. Having passed the appropriate processing, the basalt plastic becomes several times stronger than steel. Its tensile strength is 11 t / cm 2. Its modulus of elasticity is higher than that of steel. In addition, basalt fiber is a dielectric. It is resistant to acidic and other aggressive environments. The temperature range of its application is wide - from -269 ° to 700-900 °, while the range of application of fiberglass is 400-500 °. The qualities of the basalt fiber also interested instrument makers, radio technicians, and turbine designers. Basalt fiber products have been successfully tested in the open-hearth shop of Azovstal, in tunnel and glass furnaces, and at cement plants.

Basalt fiber insulation materials are very lightweight. Basalt canvas captures 99.9% of smoke and gases in the air, basalt felt replaces bulky and bulky meliorators. expensive sand filters, basalt wool is an excellent insulation material for livestock buildings: it is not destroyed by ammonia fumes. Basalt plastics are very similar to ordinary plastic, but much stronger than it, do not age and 1.5 times lighter than aluminum.

Scientists are working to eliminate the disadvantages of synthetic fibers associated with their ability to electrify. There is a so-called triboelectric range of natural and artificial materials based on their ability to become electrified when rubbed against human skin. At the beginning of this row are fur, wool, cotton, silk, which acquire a positive charge upon friction. They have a positive effect on the human body. Next comes synthetics, which, by accumulating static electricity, can adversely affect a person. Chemists are looking for special substances - antistatic agents that can remove or weaken an unwanted electrical charge. Many artificial fabrics are already being treated with antistatic agents at factories. Dry cleaning workshops offer a new type of service - impregnation with liquids, which make things water-repellent, non-staining and remove static electricity.

On the basis of the latest achievements of science and technology, the production of raw materials for chemical fibers - caprolactam, polypropylene, cellulose acetates and other polymers - will be expanded.

One of the main directions of development of the industry of chemical fibers and raw materials for them is the replacement of batch processes with continuous ones, which will contribute to the maximum automation of production. It is planned to introduce a continuous process for the production of nylon cord and technical fiber with direct formation of a thread from a melt.

Nonwovens are widely used. In the tenth five-year plan, it is planned to increase the production of nonwovens by 3.4-3.5 times.

The chemicalization of the national economy is a powerful lever for increasing the efficiency of social production. Chemistry products are widely used in most industries, replacing expensive natural raw materials, helping to improve the quality of products, and increase labor productivity.

Main types synthetic materials - this plastics, chemical fibers, varnishes and paints, adhesives and mastics... The raw materials for their production are synthetic polymers (resins) of various structures and origins mixed with other substances (fillers, catalysts, plasticizers, etc.). Polymers are synthesized from many natural materials: oil, gas, coal and peat, industrial waste, etc. Let us list some of the polymers.

Polyvinyl chloride - thermoplastic (reversibly hardens and softens upon cooling and heating) transparent polymer with high strength, fire and water resistance. Materials for wall coverings, floors, profile moldings, polystyrene and tiles for various purposes are made of PVC. Polyethylene - thermoplastic, chemically resistant transparent or translucent polymer. Depending on the production method, it can be very flexible or relatively tough. Polypropylene is a thermoplastic, durable, transparent polymer. It is used to obtain sheet, tile and film materials, pipes and fittings, fibers. Polystyrene is a thermoplastic, colorless, brittle polymer. It is used to make facing tiles, small parts, fittings and thermal insulation boards. Polyacrylate is a thermoplastic, colorless and highly transparent polymer (transmits ultraviolet rays), used in the production of organic glass (plexiglass) and shades, accessories and paints and varnishes.

Polyester resin - thermosetting polymer (after hardening does not soften from heating and does not melt). Its alkyd variety is used in the production of linoleum and paints and varnishes. The rest of the polyesters - for the production of fiberglass and other plastic products. Epoxy resin is a thermosetting polymer, transparent and very durable (up to 2000). They are used in the production of fiberglass and building universal adhesives. The strength of the glue line is up to 750 (at break). Phenolic resin is a thermosetting or thermoplastic (depending on the production method) polymer, high strength and hardly combustible. Serves as a binder in the production of fiberboard and chipboard, wood-laminated and paper-laminated plastics, glass and mineral wool mats and boards. On the basis of this polymer, varnishes and adhesives are produced.

Formaldehyde resin has similar properties to the previous resin and the same areas of use. Polymer products are characterized by high physical, technical and aesthetic qualities. Polyurethane and its varieties are used in the production of foams, adhesives and anti-corrosion coatings. Silicones are organosilicon polymers. They are used in the production of adhesives, varnishes, paints and enamels, reg. giving high fire resistance (I can withstand temperatures up to 500-600 ° С).

Materials for floors are rolled, pl ". accurate, sheet and mastic (polymer concrete ■ :; or monolithic. All of them have good performance: wear-resistant, meet the requirements of aesthetics and hygiene, chemically resistant, relatively inexpensive and technologically feasible - spend much less on the construction of floors made of these materials (in 5 -10 times) than parquet or planks.In short, it is an excellent material for floor coverings in all areas of a residential building.

Linoleum is warm enough, with a monochromatic (different color) or patterned smooth surface.

Polyvinyl chloride linoleum is the most widespread type of linoleum. It can be baseless, (single and multi-layer) or on a fabric, felt and foam (synthetic) basis. The last two types of base provide very good heat-shielding properties of linoleum, which allows it to be laid directly on the leveled base without an additional heat-insulating layer. Its surface is monochromatic, with a pattern or colored stains (marble-like). Linoleum is produced in rolls with a width of 1.2-2.4 m, a length of 1 2 m and more, and its thickness is from 1.5 mm (baseless) to 4-6 mm (on a felt or foam base). It is glued with the same means as alkyd linoleum.

Rubber linoleum (relin) - a two- or three-layer baseless linoleum with a decorative (painted) top layer. They are made from mixtures of synthetic rubbers of three types - A, B and C. For residential buildings, only type A is suitable, which is used in utility rooms, corridors and bathrooms, that is, where the floors are most polluted or there is high humidity. Linoleum is produced in rolls of at least 12 m in length and 100-160 cm in width. For the sticker, it is best to use bituminous, rubber-rubber and polymer mastics, Bustilat glue.

Nitrocellulose linoleum is produced only baseless, 2-4 mm thick, and therefore not warm enough. They are used with additional insulation, placing a slab insulation under the linoleum (for example, two layers of soft fiberboard), or in utility rooms, cold rooms. It is usually reddish brown or brown color with slight shades. Rolls 100 and 160 cm wide, 20 m long. Glued with any mastics.

Tufted floor coverings are installed in living rooms where they provide the most comfortable conditions. The soft top layer can be not only pile (with pile-fibers of different heights and density), but also velvety, reminiscent of felt or loose, bouclé fabric. The backing of carpet is often a spongy, porous layer of synthetic rubber or other polymer, which adds even more softness to the carpet and additional thermal insulation. The color of pile carpets can be gp + general, with or without a pattern. The thickness of the ravine is 3-8 mm (extra long pile - up to 3 cm), the width of the rolls is at least one meter and the length is 10-12 m. A wide panel for the whole room can be not glued entirely, but only along the perimeter, or its edges can be brought under skirting boards. -; A variety of pile carpet - "Vorsolin", - having a covering of dense, looped pile with a thickness of 4-5 mm. The total thickness of the carpet is 6 mm. rolls 70-100 cm wide and 6-12 m long. "Carpet lint-free covering -" Kovroplen "gives a shiny surface with ornamental, color patternimitating patterns of natural carpets. It is used as usual linoleum in living rooms and utility rooms - houses. It looks very smart and fun. Rolls 120 and 150 cm wide, up to 15 m long and 4-5 mm thick.

Slabs for floors based on synthetic binders with organic fillers jMfe has already been reviewed (Section 7, Wood and Wood Products). These are mainly grain-hard fiberboard (for flooring) and soft, semi-hard fiberboard and chipboard (for the base). They are used only in dry rooms with normal air humidity (up to 60%).

Floor tiles produced from the same materials as linoleums, either by cutting them out of a wide panel, or by casting or stamping. The sizes of the tiles are from 10x10 to 30x30 cm. They can be not only square, but also rectangular and curly. The advantage of tiles is the ability to get a variety of patterns when laying floors. The disadvantage is the large number of seams. Most often they are used in kitchens, bathrooms and utility rooms, where it is inconvenient to work with large sheets. Polyvinyl chloride tiles have a particularly large assortment. In addition to the listed materials for linoleum, coumarone and phenolite tiles are also produced, which have increased wear resistance and strength. They are used mainly for rooms with heavy traffic (halls, corridors).

Monolithic (seamless) floors are polymer, polymer-cement and polymer-concrete. Of the polymer, polyvinyl acetate (PVA) floors are often used, consisting of a mixture of a binder (PVA emulsion), a filler (quartz sand, ground marble or limestone) and a plasticizer (dibutyl phthalate). Depending on the consistency, the resulting mass can be liquid or plastic, viscous - it is applied with a spatula. Mineral acid-resistant pigments are added for color. The thickness of the coating is 1.5-4 mm, depending on the flatness and quality of the base, which should be perfectly smooth and even, without cracks and cavities. Floors based on PVA emulsion are suitable only in dry rooms.

More durable and moisture-resistant floors are obtained on a polymer-cement binder, adding cement to the previous composition. Full recipe for the mixture: cement M400 - 18%, PVA emulsion (50%) - 7%, filler - 70% and pigment - up to 5% (by weight). Water is introduced in an amount approximately equal to half of the cement mass.

The polymer-cement floor is very strong, quite beautiful and durable, and most importantly - inexpensive. In the individual construction of houses, unfortunately, it has not yet become widespread, although it can be easily arranged in any premises, except for those with high humidity.

Thermal insulation materials made of plastics are cellular (foams and porous plastics) and honeycomb, characterized by low density (10-250) and low thermal conductivity. Foam and cellular plastics are produced in the form of rigid and semi-rigid plates, as well as soft mats. Sotoplasts are only rigid, in the form of paper-polymer combs pasted over on both sides. In construction, as a rule, rigid materials are used, and soft foam plastics (foam rubber) are used in the production of furniture and various gaskets, as well as as a spongy base for linoleums.

Expanded polystyrene is produced in the form of plates whiteused to insulate frame walls and panels of prefabricated houses, ceilings, combined roofs and subfloors. Protective measures should be taken against the fire of this insulation. Polyurethane foam is used in the form of rigid plates and elastic mats. Most often it goes to the production of three-layer panels of prefabricated houses and facing materials and details with a relief surface. Like the previous material, it is flammable and requires protection from fire and high temperatures.

Phenolic foam made from thermosetting polymer, rigid, heat and fire resistant. It is used in the middle insulating layer of wall panels. Its type of mipora (urea-formaldehyde foam) is produced in the form of plates or small crumbs, which serves as an effective bulk insulation and filling of honeycomb structures.

Polyvinyl chloride foam ( PPVC) are also produced in the form of rigid plates and are used in three-layer panels and for the linoleum backing layer.

WATERPROOFING MATERIALS AND SEALANTS

Polyethylene film is produced in rolls up to 140 cm wide and 40 m long and more. Film thickness 0.05-0.2 mm. Effective hydro and vapor ash material with best quality and performance properties in comparison with simple roll materials (roofing paper, glassine). In addition to the main purpose, transparent film is used in the construction of greenhouses, greenhouses and translucent canopies, awnings and awnings, since it transmits ultraviolet rays. Another transparent film material, PVC film, is used for the same purpose.

Corrugated fiberglass prepared on the basis of fiberglass and polyester resin. They are used as translucent roofs and lanterns in temporary ancillary buildings and in small architectural structures (gazebos, terraces) for fences. Produced in sheets up to 150x600 cm, 1-4 mm thick.

Polymer mastics used as a sealing material for sealing panel joints and in other structures. Varieties: non-hardening mastics (UMS-50, MPS, bute-prol), which are distinguished by good weather resistance, and vulcanizing mastics used in the form of two components connected at the place of use (thiokol mastic), as well as one-component (butyl rubber and elasto forces). In addition to mastics, elastic porous gaskets are produced in the form of bundles and tapes (hernite, poroizol) to seal the joints.

Structural materials made of plastics in housing construction, especially in individual construction, are rarely used and very limited due to their high cost and scarcity, although they have excellent physical, technical and operational characteristics. We will tell only about some of them that a developer might meet when buying building materials.

Organic glass (plexiglass) is a very transparent, lightweight and fairly durable material. In addition to transparent, milk (white) and colored varieties of glass are produced. At 120 ° C, glass becomes very plastic, and various products and parts can be molded from it. In addition, glass lends itself well to turning and mechanical processing (cutting, sawing, drilling and grinding). Sheets are produced with a thickness of at least 2 mm and dimensions of about 100x100 cm. Thick slabs are made for handicrafts. The main application of plexiglass is light-transmitting fences and partitions, filling greenhouse windows, making various shades and screens for lamps, as well as small decorative crafts.

We have already spoken about fiberglass, meaning corrugated sheets, but in addition, flat sheets of various thicknesses are also produced, from which enclosing structures (panels, volumetric blocks with filling) are made. Various, very strong parts and profiles, shells and plates of complex shapes, pipes and fittings for them are obtained from fiberglass by pressing, molding and other methods. A kind of fiberglass is fiberglass, also produced in the form of sheets or parts (products) of complex configuration. Glass fiber is very durable material, chemically and weather resistant.

Molded shaped products are made on the basis of different polymers, most often polyvinyl chloride, and in a fairly large assortment: corners, brands, skirting boards, handrails, lining on stair treads, glazing beads, layouts and platbands, etc. All of them can be of any color and texture , and most importantly, they do not require any additional finishing and are very easy to work with, cutting off parts of the required length.

Polymer pipes and sanitary ware are becoming more common. They are more durable than metal ones, since they are not subject to corrosion and have high chemical resistance. The operation, and often the cost of plastic products, is cheaper. The only drawback that has not yet been eliminated is low heat resistance (not higher than 60 ° C), but in most cases it does not matter much. Pipes are made mainly of polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride and fiberglass. Numerous parts of plumbing devices (couplings, elbows, crosses and other fittings) are made from the same materials.

Large plumbing products and appliances are made from thermosetting polymers of a wide variety of colors and in large quantities. These are baths, washbasins and sinks, toilets and shower trays, fittings and accessories for bathrooms and kitchens. They are almost maintenance-free and easy to keep clean and good appearance and the rich color palette of plastic products is perfect for these spaces, decorating and adding variety.

We will discuss other synthetic materials (paints, varnishes, decorative tiles and films) in the next chapter.

Currently, artificial (synthetic) materials based on plastics are widely used in construction. The main components of plastics are: a binder - polymer, fillers, plasticizers, hardeners, dyes and stabilizers.

One of the decisive factors for further technological progress in construction is the use of polymer materials. On their basis, the industry produces plastic mass, which is widely used in construction.

Plastic mass (GOST 24888-81) is a polymer composition with various additives.

Some plastics are characterized by a low density (15 ... 2000 kg / m 3) with a sufficiently large compressive strength (up to 160 ...
MPa) and bending (up to 100 MPa). This combination allows you to dramatically reduce the weight of building structures and products, and, consequently, to reduce the cost of their transportation and installation. Most polymeric materials are resistant to abrasion (45 ... 120 microns), have low water absorption, significant elasticity, have good elasticity, heat and sound insulation and low gas permeability.

Almost all plastics are resistant to the action of acids, alkalis and salt solutions, which makes them indispensable for the insulation of structures operating in aggressive environments, and have good decorative and operational properties. Plastics have an inexhaustible color palette, they can imitate valuable types of wood, stone and non-ferrous metals, they can be used to decorate buildings.

Plastics lend themselves to processing: they can be cut, welded, sanded and polished. The ability of plastics to combine with each other and with other organic materials allows the creation of new effective materials and designs on their basis.

But plastics have disadvantages. Most of their species have a high coefficient of thermal expansion and have increased creep. Under the influence of atmospheric factors and, especially, sunlight, some of them gradually reduce their strength, hardness and elasticity, have a relatively low heat resistance and hardness, and degrade at temperatures above + 50 ° C. But these disadvantages do not reduce the effectiveness of their application in construction production. Plastics are widely used where their properties are used most effectively. For example, hermetic gaskets for sealing the joints of prefabricated buildings and structures, window and balcony blocks can only be made of high quality polymer building materials - thiokol mastics, polyurethane foam compositions, etc. Plastics are successfully used as anti-corrosion coatings for building structures and equipment. On their basis, varnishes, paints and enamels are produced, which are indispensable in protecting structures of industrial buildings and structures in aggressive environments.

The use of plastics in finishing works reduces the complexity of installation and the cost of finishing the building.

The problem of flooring in residential and civil construction is also successfully solved by using polymer materials. The use of nap, polyvinyl chloride linoleums on a heat and sound insulation basis is especially effective.

One of the important areas of using plastics is latex coatings instead of roll coatings, while improving the quality, reliability of structures and reducing labor costs.

As thermal insulation, it is promising to use foamed plastics - polystyrene, polyurethane, phenol and other materials, especially of a lightweight type. The use of expanded polystyrene and mineral or glass wool on synthetic binders in combination with reinforced concrete, aluminum, asbestos cement and other materials makes it possible to create lightweight curtain wall panels.

Thus, the use of synthetic resins and plastics is economically viable.

Polymersare natural and artificial high molecular weight compounds - resins. Artificial - synthetic polymers used in the production of building materials are obtained as a result of processing at chemical plants of oil, natural gas and coal. In this case, by polymerization (without the release of by-products) or polycondensation (with the release of by-products: water, gases), complex chemical compounds are obtained from the initial simple molecules (monomers) - polymers: polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisobutylene and resins: phenol-formaldehyde, urea, polyamide and epoxy.

Fillers,used in the manufacture of plastics are divided into powdery (ground quartz, chalk, talc, wood flour), fibrous (asbestos, wood and glass fibers) and layered (glass and cotton fabrics, paper, wood veneer). Fillers impart strength to plastics, increased impact strength, heat and acid resistance.

Plasticizers added to plastics in the form of dibutyl phthalate, chlorinated paraffin wax, oleic acid improve the molding properties of plastics.

Dyesare introduced into the composition of plastics to give them a variety of colors. Dyes are ocher, red lead, umber, mummy and other pigments.

Hardeners and Stabilizersaccelerate the hardening process and increase the durability of plastics.

Currently, production is developing at a high rate, the quality of known and new types of synthetic building materials is constantly improving and new types of synthetic building materials are being created, which ensure their further, even wider use for flooring, interior wall and ceiling decoration for the manufacture of building structures and products.

Floor covering materialsdivided into roll materials (linoleums and synthetic carpets) and compositions for screed floors.

Roll materialsaccording to the raw materials, there are polyvinyl chloride, alkyd, rubber and other synthetic linoleums and carpets; by structure - materials without a base and with a heat and sound insulating base: by the texture of the front surface - materials with a smooth, corrugated and porous surface; by color - one-color and multi-colored.

Linoleum, polyvinyl chloride are made baseless, on a fabric basis, on a heat and sound insulating felt or porous basis. Single-layer linoleum thickness 1.5–2.5 mm; on a felt or porous base 4–6 mm (thickness of the front layer 0.8–1.5 mm). Serves as a floor covering in residential, civil and industrial buildings. Felt-based polyvinyl chloride linoleum cannot be used in rooms with wet operation.

Alkyd linoleum (glyphthalic) made on a fabric base with a thickness of 2.5–3 mm. They are used to cover the floors of service premises.

Linoleum rubber (relin) they are produced in two types: multilayer 3 mm thick, in which the underlayer 2 mm thick is a vulcanized mixture of crushed old rubber with bitumen and cord fiber, and the top layer consists of colored rubber, and rails on a heat and sound insulating porous base 4–6 mm ... Repin is a sparkless material and is widely used as floor covering in industrial workshops.

Colloxylin linoleum made without a base with a thickness of 2–4 mm and used to cover the floors of office premises.

Synthetic fiber carpet flooringproduced on a spongy latex base 5 mm thick or on a polyvinyl chloride base. The upper layer of the carpet is made in the form of a pile of polyamide nylon fabric or of propylene yarn 3 mm thick. Synthetic carpets are distinguished by high acoustic and thermal insulation properties, they are resistant to abrasion, allow wet cleaning, do not catch fire from an open flame (melt), they are easy to glue into panels the size of a room. Used to cover floors in concert and theater halls, auditoriums, hotels.

Seamless floors.The compositions of such floors include synthetic binders, fillers (ground sand, limestone) and cement. By consistency, they are mastic, mortar and concrete; for the initial binder - polyvinyl acetate, polyester, epoxy and polymer-cement. They are mainly used in industrial premises.

Mastic floorson synthetic binders are a seamless monolithic coating 3-5 mm thick, the mastic mass of which is colored by the introduction of coloring pigments into its composition - ocher, red lead, ultramarine, etc. The quality of the floors, depending on the purpose of the premises, is ensured by the appropriate type of synthetic binder (polyvinyl acetate, polyester, epoxy) and fillers.

Mortar polymer-cement floorsare mixtures of Portland cement and polyvinyl acetate emulsion with fillers in the form of sand, marble chips and mineral dyes. Coating thickness 7–10 mm. Such floors have high strength, resistance to evaporation and are hygienic in operation. They are installed in industrial workshops.

Polymer-cement concrete floorsare made from the same components (synthetic binders and fillers) with the inclusion of large (6-10 mm) mineral fillers from solid rocks (basalt, granite). Coating thickness up to 20 mm. Such floors are used in industrial workshops.

Materials for interior decoration of walls and ceilings are divided into roll and sheet.

Roll materialsfor interior decoration of buildings are made from synthetic resins, nitrocellulose, vegetable oils, fats, plasticizers, fillers and dyes. The basis of such materials is paper, cardboard, cotton fabric and fiberglass.

Roll materials are produced: by type of materials - film, linkrust and wallpaper; by type of base - baseless, paper and fabric; in terms of transparency - colored (dyed in the mass), with or without a printed pattern, transparent, translucent and opaque; by the appearance of the front surface - smooth and embossed.

Polyvinyl chloride filmsare made baseless and on paper, fabric and soundproof elastic basis. They are transparent, translucent and opaque, dyed in mass, with or without a printed pattern, smooth and embossed, with or without an adhesive layer. Such films are produced in the form of panels 12–30 m long, 500–1800 mm wide, 0.15–0.25 mm thick (baseless) and 0.2–0.8 mm (based). They have sufficient tensile strength (15–17 MPa), are hygienic, elastic, steam-, water- and gas-tight, resistant to acids, alkalis, oils and fats. Serve for finishing interior walls, partitions, ceilings, door panels in rooms with increased hygiene requirements.

Lincrustproduced unpainted and dyed in the mass with an embossed surface. The basis is paper. The dimensions of the panel produced are: thickness 0.6–1.2 mm, width 500, 600 and 750 mm and length 12 m.

Lincrust does not rot, it is easy to clean and does not fade in the sun. This material is used to decorate walls, partitions and built-in furniture in public buildings, as well as carriages, steamship cabins and other premises.

Washable wallpaperare made by applying a thin layer of synthetic resins or a ready-made transparent polyvinyl chloride film to ordinary paper wallpapers. The surface of such wallpaper is usually embossed, imitating fabric on other materials. Unlike conventional washable wallpapers, they can be wet cleaned and, in addition to residential buildings, are widely used in sanatoriums, children's institutions and hospitals.

Sheet materials- decorative paper-laminated plastic; particle boards; fibreboards with polymer coatings are good stuff for interior decoration of buildings.

Decorative laminatemade by hot pressing of several layers of paper impregnated with synthetic resins. The top layer of plastic is painted or has a printed pattern imitating precious wood or stone. Products are produced in the form of sheets with dimensions (mm): 1-5 thick, 600-1600 wide and 1000-3000 long. Bulk density 1400-1500 kg / m 3, flexural strength up to 100 MPa. Plastic does not melt, frost-resistant, easy to saw, cut, drill. They are used to decorate the walls of sales areas and built-in furniture.

Chipboardsare large-sized flat slabs made by hot pressing of specially prepared wood chips with the addition of synthetic resins. The front surface is coated with plastics, veneer, varnish, enamels or paints. The slabs are 10-22 mm thick, 1250-1750 mm wide and 2500-3500 mm long. They are used for the installation of partitions, false ceilings, built-in furniture, and also they are used as cladding.

Fiber boardsproduced by hot pressing of wood fibers impregnated with synthetic resins. The thickness of the slabs is 3-6 mm, the width is 1200-1800mm, the length is 1200-3600mm.

Depending on the bulk density, they are divided into superhard 950 kg / m 3 and solid 850 kg / m 3. The glossy surface of the slabs (monochromatic or processed to resemble precious woods, stone or glazed tiles) makes it possible to use them to decorate the walls of kitchens, bathrooms, sales areas of shops, laboratory premises, as well as for the manufacture of built-in furniture.