The structure and chemical composition of the main tissues of animal raw materials. Morphological and chemical composition of animal fabrics

Features of the structure, composition and properties of cartilage tissue

Carticating fabric is one of the components of the skeleton. It consists of a strongly developed intercellular (main) dense substance, which encounters cells, fibers, fat droplets and glycogen's chuckle.

Depending on the plungered functions performed, the cartridges have a different structure. Break cartilage hyaline (glassy), fibrous (connected) and elastic.

Hyaline cartilage (trachea, articular surfaces of bones) - translucent of milky white color.

As part of elastic cartilage (ear shell) a lot of elastin fibers, and in fiber cartilage (found at the place of transition of tendons in the hyaline cartilage) contains bunches of collagen fibers.

In the cartilage tissue of water more, and minerals are less than in bone tissue, which can be seen from the data below.

Water 40-70%

Mineral substances 2-10%

Proteins 17-20%

Glycogen and Mukopolisaccharides 1%

The nutritional value of the cartilage tissue is determined primarily by the protein content (collagen, elastin, etc.). While in meat, the cartilage cloth reduces its food value.

The cartilage tissue is used in nutritional purposes as part of meat, to generate glue, gelatin, feed flour.

Chemical composition of adipose tissue

The chemical composition of adipose tissue depends on the species, age, rock, gender, the removal of the animal, the feed diet, an anatomical location of the fabric. Data on the chemical composition of beef and pork adipose fabric are presented in Table. four.

Middle chemical composition Pork adipose tissue from different parts of the carca is given in Table. five.

Fig. five. Fatty fabric: 1 - adhesive cell; 2 - fat drop; 3 - protoplasm; 4 - connective tissue fibers

Table 4.

Table 5.

The most important components of adipose tissue are fats, sometimes up to 98% of the mass of the tissue. In small quantities, it contains other lipids, proteins, enzymes, vitamins, minerals.

Animal fats are a mixture of single-acid and discrete triglycerides. The triglycerides of tissue fat are mainly fatty acids containing 16-18 carbon atoms. At the same time, palmitic, stearic and oleic fatty acids are quantified in animal fats. The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in animal fats is relatively low.

In addition to triglycerides, phosphatides, sterols, sherids are available among lipids of adipose tissue (Table 6).

Table 6.

Phosphatide	Sterols and sherids

In small quantities in animal fats, vitamins A, E and D. Karotin are contained, vitamins A, E are natural antioxidants.

Protein substances of adipose tissue contained in small quantities are mainly proteins of connective tissue: collagen, elastin, mucin, in smaller number of albumin and globulins. From enzymes for adipose tissue are most characteristic lipasecatalyzing hydrolysis of fats.

Natural fabrics:
Linen - This is a fabric vegetable originWith the following properties: Flax products well absorbs moisture and dry quickly. This is the "breathable" fabric. Linen clothing can be worn in winter, and in summer: in hot weather linen material "Holds", and in the cool - heats. In addition, the fabric is easily erased, quickly dries, very hygienic and durable. Lon has very high strength, but it is easy to think. It has low elasticity.

Luck is not recommended to dry next to heaters or in the sun. It is necessary to iron a hot iron from the wrong side, using moisturized gauze. Some linen products are slightly mint to emphasize the grace of weave.

Cotton -this is a natural material that is mined from cotton boxes. Sitz, hawk, satin, thin batter and chiffon, denim fabric - Here are just some materials that belong to cotton fabrics. Cotton products have good hygienic properties, easily absorbed moisture, passes air. Cotton is comfortable and pleasant in the sock, soft and has a mechanical density, relatively high heat resistance. The fabric is characterized by light fminity. Comparing it with other vegetable fibers, it can be noted that the warming effect of cotton is higher than that of flax. Cotton is stronger wool, although it is durable than Lon or Silk. Cotton products with washing give a shrinkage and dry for a long time, they can not be dried in washing machineHeated devices or in the sun.

White cotton is erased at temperatures up to 95 degrees, color or dark up to 40 degrees. To iron cotton clothes are traced using moisturized gauze.

Wool -the most soft and warm type of fabric, by its structure similar to human hair. Modern woolen fabrics are divided into two categories: wool (90% woolen thread) and semi-wool (20-90% wool + lavsan, kapron or viscose). Woolen fabrics of the second category are less soft, warm, but more wear-resistant. By origin, wool happens: camel, sheep, rabbit, dog, and others. Wool has a high hygroscopicity among the tissues (absorbs up to 40% of moisture, while remaining dry). Very gentle and soft fabric. Woolen fabrics Little polluted and almost never impass.

Wash products from wool is recommended in manual using special detergents for wool. Wool when washing gives a strong shrinkage. The fabric can not be erased in powders containing bleach, it can not be rubbed and pressed strongly. Drying wool is made in a horizontal position on machirus Towel. Wash and rinse wool needed in water with the same temperature. The recommended wool washing temperature is not more than 50 degrees, but in some cases not higher than 30. Woolen things are better to iron wet through cotton fabric.

Silk -get from a cocoon of a tute silkworm, absolutely natural and natural way. Gentle and pleasant to the touch fabric, which is perfect for hot weather. She quickly absorbs moisture and dries quickly. Silk fabrics are very durable and lung. Rods on silk fabric are practically not formed. The highest quality is considered twisted silk, it is mined from long filaments from the middle of the cocoon. Silk fabric requires manual washing With 30 degrees with a soft washing powder, with an okgim spin. Sew the silk products are best in the shade. They smooth silk things with an inside, a little damp, but this product cannot be additionally moisturized, stains to leave. When washing, any Silk strongly lens, so it is necessary, first rinse in warm, and then in cold water. To restore color saturation, while rinsing in cold water it is recommended to add vinegar.

Synthetic Fibers:

Acrylic -synthetic material made of natural gas, it is clean and transparent, has a small weight in combination with great strength. The main properties of acrylic: durability, thermoplasticity, light-resistance. Acrylic is often referred to as "artificial wool". Acrylic fibers are well scored, when drying, the tissue becomes darker. Products with acrylic less "fall", they are comfortable and warm. Disadvantages acrylic - low moisture absorption.

Viscose -the most first artificial fiber obtained by the processing of natural cellulose. Pure viscose does not accumulate static electricity. The viscose fabric imitate the species of silk, cotton, wool or flax due to a brilliant or matte surface, thickness and winding fibers. Viscose is characterized by the average strength of the threads and better absorbs moisture than cotton. It is easy to paint and has a pleasant silky glitter. The viscose moves well to the light, has a high wear resistance, but it will be easily removed and strongly swells when immersed in water. Escribe viscose in the car or manual. In the car - with a sparing mode at 30 degrees, a washing powder, which does not include bleach. It is not recommended to press in the washing machine, and at the same time, the products from the viscose can be hung for drying, without pressing it. The viscose fabrics must be ironed only dry so that there are no stains.

Nylon -very light, durable, wear-resistant and elastic fabric. The fabric has low density. Nylon is resistant to many chemical reagents, is well opposed to biochemical effects. Protects from wind and displays the body condensate out. The material has a water-repellent coating, quickly dries, passes well.

Polyester -consists of polyester fibers. It is very durable and soft. It holds well when heated, well suited for drapering fabrics (with multiple folds). When wetting does not change its form and does not require ironing, dries quickly. Not amazed by Mol. Polyester can be washed at 40 degrees in washing machine. At a higher temperature, folds are formed on the tissue, which is then almost impossible to remove. White fabrics are erased by universal washing powders, Colored - powders for synthetic tissues. But if you want to smooth the polyester, then do it only with a warm iron through a wet fabric.

Elastane -these are elastic rubbing threads, which are mostly known as Lycra. Added to the fibers of the material, to give it elasticity and improbability. Fabrics are erased with elbow fibers powders for thin tissues. The material is not accepting machine washing. The washing temperature and iron is selected individually depending on the composition of the fabric, according to the recommendations on the label.

97% micromodeal, 3% elastan "Micromodal"

Micromodeal - This is a natural viscose microfiber (microfiber / microfiber), produced from a twisted modified cellulose isolated from a beech tree. The melting of the elementary filament is so small that products produced using this fiber resemble products from natural silk with their unsurpassed softness and velvety. 18 out of 20 surveyed consumers argue that the micromodeal is softer and more pleasant to the touch than the cotton. In the controversial from cotton, the micromodal fiber does not lose its softness and elasticity even after multiple styrics. This happens due to the fact that the smooth surface of the micromodal does not allow impurities (lime or detergent) to settle on fibers fabric, making it a tough touch. In addition to extraordinary softness, the micromodal fiber has sufficiently high strength. By hygroscopicity, the micromodeal exceeds the cotton almost 1.5 times and absorbs 50% more moisture. Under normal conditions, the micromodal fiber absorbs 11-14% of water evaporations.

Micromodeal - This is a fiber derived from wood, 100% consists of pure cellulose. It has all the qualities of natural fiber. Exceptionally strong cellulose fiber with maximum strength, regardless of whether it is dry or wet. This fiber is guaranteed to keep its shape in the process of socks and washing, breathable, fresh and dry to the touch with a silky flowing view. Thinned cotton and wool, so thin as Silk. It absorbs moisture faster than cotton.

The unique properties of the micromodal make it an excellent fiber for the manufacture of various products.

Micromodeal - This is a natural fiber obtained from a beech core.

It has exceptional and unique properties - Increased softness and smoothness, the ability to maximize absorption (50% more than cotton), extraordinary color effect, exceptional strength.

Products in which this fiber is used, remind products from natural silk, differ in velvety and softness.

Meets the most rigid requirements of Okotexstandard.

100% cotton- "FILOSCOZIA"

"Philoskozoz" is one of the highest quality types of cotton presented in the modern market. To cotton fiber It was possible to call "philosophose", it must comply with the strict established standards that fully correspond only to the Egyptian (long-fiber) cotton.

In addition, high-quality cotton fiber before becoming a "philosophose" is subjected to multi-stage processing.

First of all, it twisted and becomes twice as fast. Then the fiber is applied to remove shorter and weak versions. In addition to this method, the gas flame is destroyed by all sticking veins. It makes a thread smooth and glossy, allows you to avoid dull shades of fabric. Thirdly, cotton is mercerization, that is, the fiber swelling process. The fiber processed in this way is not deformed in the future, absorbs moisture and dries better and faster than any other fiber, giving the skin a pleasant feeling of coolness.

In fact, the "philosocosis" is subjected to the process of mercerization twice - in the fibers and in the canvas. It can not even say that the unique double mercerization procedure makes its "queen" of all cotton materials.

As a result of compliance with high standards, a multistage treatment of "philoscotes" is a very nasal material (due to twisting), convenient (thanks to the merserization), bright (thanks to the firing), and not subject to shrinkage. Lingerie and clothing from such a material are perfectly fitting the body and do not drag movements. No matter how many times you erase the product, it remains comfortable and beautiful.

In 1982, a group of leading Italian textile companies for promoting the merserized cotton of the highest quality "Philoscotes" created in Milan the Centro Promozione Filoscozia Association. This non-profit organization is now registered in 40 countries.

Only products made from the fiber possessing all the above characteristics and issued by the companies that are included in the center receive a special numbered label with the engraved name of the Centro Promozione Filoscozia, which is a guarantee of quality and scaling.

For those clients who prefer the best of all natural materialsThe company "Charoit" offers a range of products from Filoscozia. These are knitted, linen, sports models, shirts, stockings and other products that allow the skin to breathe and for a long time serves to its owner.

100% warm cotton "Interlock":

Cotton lock.
Protects from cold.
Around the body supports the perfect temperature, due to the very large structure of the material that keeps the air and turns it into the heat insulator.
Properties are supported for a long time /

100% cotton- "MERCERIZED"

Products out mercerized slate ka becomes soft and silky; well absorbs moisture; Strect usual; it is less mng with a sock and do not sit when washing.

Cotton after mercerization acquires new quality. Mercerized cotton looks like appearance On synthetic fibers or silk threads - it is brilliant and durable, soft and silky. Products made of merserized yarn do not change color with bright sunlight or during washing. Due to higher hygroscopicity and silkiness, the treated cotton is pleasant with a sock. Cotton things are harder to break or deform when washing.

100% combing cotton - "Pettinato"

Specially technological processing of cotton thread, during which the combat is removed, the purified cotton is obtained. As a result, the thread becomes less fluffy and smoother. This is a fairly expensive procedure, however, the products from the treated thread are worth spent money - the buyer gets more beautiful, comfortable for socks and comfortable thing.

Due to the effect produced by special treatment of fabric (softness, heat, thickness), purified cotton is particularly well suited for warm winter underwear, in fact, it is called "Winter Cotton", unlike conventional crude cotton, which does not protect the body from low temperatures. Cold winter is called "summer cotton".

90% cotton + 10% elastant "BI-ELASTIC"

Stretch elastic fabric, stretches in two directions

Products from this material are very convenient for wearing and always keep a great shape.

The products are elegant and lungs, do not give shrinkage, soft to the touch.

85% wool+15% silk-"Lana-Seta"

Wool warms and protects from cold.
Thin silk fabric makes products elegant, their
It is convenient to wear, onin absorbs sweat and have the function of thermal insulation,
This maintains the optimal body temperature.

100% wool - "Merinos.

Clothing fine density 200 g / m.kv. It is used as thin underwear, it is put on a naked body to maintain a heat balance and for moisture removal. It does not "bite" the skin, since the fiber Merino yarn is very thin. Fine underwear is perfect for temperature from + 10 ° C to -20 ° C, depending on the type of activity. Wool - natural natural material. Until now, no one else managed to artificially create fibers that would have unique wool qualities. A wavy structure of wool fibers detains a large amount of air, which provides good thermal insulation that allows wool to protect both heat and cold. Thanks to its hygroscopicity, it can hold moisture both inside and outside.

Mistolana "

Half-wool products made of thin wool with additives, I have warm and practical importance for everyday activity, resistant to frequent wash in a washing machine

n / wool + cotton -------- (Cotton on the body )

A set of mixed fibers does it perfect clothes For special crafts and sports. The art is perfect for those who want to comfort cotton to the skin, and at the same time warm wool.

Currently, the industry offers a huge range of various tissues that differ in the composition of fibers and destination. The properties of tissues are determined by the characteristics of the fiber included in their composition. Today, sewing materials are produced based on natural and chemical fibers.

Natural fabrics And fibers going on their production may be vegetable, animal and mineral (asbest) of origin. In the first group (vegetable fabrics), those manufactured from cotton fibers, flax stalks, cannabis, jute, flock, etc. The group of natural fabrics of animal origin is woolen, as well as made from fluff, goats, rabbits, Vicuni, Lama, camels, alpaca.

An independent group of animal fibers is a natural silk fiber, which is frozen separation from the special glands of the silkwood caterpillars.

Chemical fiber is conditionally divided into 2 groups: artificial and synthetic. The first is obtained by special processing of raw materials, which has a mineral, vegetable or animal origin. Synthetic fiber produces a method for the synthesis of starting materials, which can be gas, oil, stone coal, etc.

From artificial fabrics, viscose (obtained based on cellulose polymer solution), acetate (manufactured by treating acetyylcellulose solution), as well as copper-ammonia were acquired. Chemical synthetic fabrics are manufactured from kapron, lavsan, chlorine and nitrone fiber.

Properties of fabrics

As already noted above, all tissues differ in properties that depend on the quality and characteristic features of the feedstock. The following are characteristics of the most common and frequently used fabrics in the sewing case.

Cotton fabrics.This is one of the most common materials for making clothes, linen, as well as homemade accessories. The popularity of them is due to high quality and special properties, which include hygroscopicity, strength and high degree of hygienicness.

Products made of cotton fabrics are characterized by an attractive appearance. In addition, they are easy to erase and stroke.

Cotton fabrics are manufactured both using pure raw materials (cotton) and with additives (natural and artificial fiber).

Linen fabrics.As well as cotton, linen fabrics belong to the group of split-linen. In comparison with the first, they are somewhat coarse, however, they do not inferior to them in hygienicness, wear resistance and strength, easily erased.

It is known that the fabrics made of pure flax are strongly impaired and they are quite difficult to iron. Adding an artificial or synthetic fiber during production to the initial raw material allows linen tissues significant large elasticity and failure.

For fabrics made of high-quality flax varieties, silkiness, shine, plasticity and elasticity are characteristic.

Natural silk fabrics.Natural silk fiber fabrics have a very attractive foreignwide. Their main characteristics are hygienic, wear resistance and durability. It is sculpted with a characteristic gloss, the degree of which depends on the method of weave the type of curvature of the bases and duck.

Silk canvas lung and gentle in texture. It plastic, which allows you to drape it when sewing clothes, it is easy to wash it and stroke. Silk fabrics of a silk group are resistant to frinking.

Woolen fabrics.The initial raw material for the production of wool tissues are wool and plowing (sheep, rabbits, lamas, etc.). Wool fabrics are characterized by urgency, hygiene. In addition, they are well preserved heat.

Depending on the thickness of the threads, wool fabrics are thin (crepe) and thick (drape, tweed). A thin woolen canvas is distinguished by a slight silky glitter.

Fabrics from wool plastic, soft, durable. The addition of other types of fibers to the raw materials allows you to make them more elastic, resistant to silent (the formation of rollers) and fringing.

Viscose fabrics.By chemical composition, viscose tissues are similar to linen and cotton. As well as the last, they are characterized by hygiene and have an attractive appearance. In addition, they are easy to erase.

The viscose staple is especially popular in the sewing production, the main characteristics of which are light silky or matte shine, softness, plasticity, fluidity, thanks to which it can be draped.

The main disadvantage of the viscose canvase is relatively low strength (especially with moisturizing). In addition, after washing, it gives a significant shrinkage and easily crushed.

The above negative properties of viscose tissues in the process of their production are reduced by adding synthetic and other types of fiber to the initial raw materials.

Acetate fabrics.These fabrics relate to the artificial group, differ in appearance of the IFAPTURE. In most cases, the acetate canvas with its shiny and smooth-surface resembles silk.

Acetate fabrics have a number of significant drawbacks, among which should indicate a slight indulgence, low hygiene, relatively low strength. Ironing such a canvas is exposed only in a wet state.

Polyamide fabrics.The main properties of polyamide tissues are attractive foreignvide, strength, focus resistance, low hygroscopicity. Such fabrics

different silky surface. They are easy to erase. Among other things, the main advantages of the polyamide canvas include high mud and water-repellent properties.

Among the disadvantages should be mentioned reduction in the strength and decrease in the brightness of the color with long-term exposure to sunlight, as well as fast fat absorption.

Mixed fabrics.Mixed is called fabrics, in the production of which used fiberboard species. Most of these tissues are characterized by increased resistance to fringing, hygienicness and durability. As a rule, they are ease and stroke.

Knitted leather

Knitted call the canvas made from one or more threads. It is produced using special knitting machines.

When sewing and operating products from knitwear, consider its basic properties. The main characteristic Knitted web is a significant extensibility in comparison with other tissues. At the same time it can be stretched in different directions.

One of the advantages of knitwear is low flowability. Due to this, the edges of the outdoor parts can not be processed, leaving the cuts open. However, the damage to the canvas can cause the strains of threads, which subsequently leads to the dissolution of the loops.

Non-woven cloth

Non-woven materials - Sinypron, Flizelin, Proseclamp, etc. - are mainly used to strengthen the main parts of Croy.

Fliselin- modern material, widely used in sewing production for performing laying parts. Today, he replaced such gasket fabrics as Knewpor, Framework and Calcuses.

Gaskets filled out of it, most often strengthen the belts, collars and cuffs.

Syntheton, once replaced such a popular lining material, like batting, is made of synthetic fibers.

The main characteristics of the syntheps are elasticity, the ability to maintain heat and hold the form. In addition, it is non-hygroscopic, as a result of which does not floss. It is easy to erase and dry.

Alphabetic fabric pointer

Openwork fabric: woven or knitted material with thin, similar to lace through patterns.

Velvet: tissue with thick, long (2-3mm), direct pile. Velvet often lifted towards the pile.

BATISTE: light fabric Linen weave of fine fiber cotton, flax, wool or viscose.

Laces: Microfiber fabric with peach-like peach lurry and soft surface, imitation velor skin.

Book: Fabric with uneven, noded surface, which forms yarn with thickening.

Velvet, velvet in the Rubber: The collective name of velvet fabrics with longitudinal swirls of different widths, from very narrow to wide (1).

Velor: The collective name of soft darous fabrics with a thick short pile.

Vichy: two-color tissue into a contrast rectangular cell, made of cotton or mixed fibers.

Pile elastik: Slim Jersey with a lurry surface resembling velvet.

Veil: Transparent linen cloth, most often made of cotton.

Knitted canvas: Material, simulating manual knitting (9).

GABARDINE: dense fabric From cotton, wool or chemical fibers with a pronounced small diagonal stitch on the front side, always running to the left of the right upwards.

Rubber gives gabardine to striped fabric effect (5).

Glenchek: a fabric with a pattern from the cells superimposed on each other. Cells may differ in color or be tone-in-tone (6).

Tapestry: Pepling patterned fabric of muffled colors with vague transitions from one color to another.

Double-sided fabric: the collective name of the fabrics that have two different facial sides.

Denim: Denim fabric, which is painted only the filament of the base. Tinning thread - white. Thanks to this weave, the front side is most often blue or black, and the Pouring is white (2).

Jersey: the collective name of a variety of knitted materials, from light jersey polo to a thick woolen jersey.

Denim fabrics: fabrics predominantly cotton, often with a small pile. Pre-washed to give a slightly characteristic view for denim clothing.

Drap: Soft bulk fabrics with a long pile.

Duetin: the so-called fake velvet is a fabric of satin weave of cotton or viscose with thickened tetting threads. After dyeing, the fabric is wicked, and it becomes rough.

Duchess: very brilliant high-quality satin from silk or chemical fibers.

Jacquard: The collective name of all tissues, in the pattern of which alternate various types of weave threads. The use of different threads for the base and duck (for example, matte and brilliant, light and dark) enhances this effect (7).

Georgette and crepe-burning: The fabric of strongly twisted threads of the strong twist has an uneven, finely structured surface. The fabric is mild, flowing to the touch - "sandy".

Artificial fur: Collective name for tissues or knitted materials covered with thick pile, which are well imitating natural fur and are very different along the length of the pile and color.

Klok: a strong two-layer textile "bubble" surface. In the process of finishing the bottom layer of the tissue is tight, and the upper layer forms uneven swelling. The bubble can not iron.

Skin: Natural animal skins. Disassemble the leather (like) with a smooth surface and leather velor with a porous surface.

Crepe: The collective name of fabrics with a grainy, nodular surface acquired due to a cream twist of yarn, weave threads or tissue on fabric.

Cool with longitudinal folds: artificial crepe with a surface resembling wood bark.

Rootsminds: Thin textile uneven surface of the yarn of a molded twist of linen, has a grain surface.

Cross, crash: stuffed fabrics. Folds are often jammed in the equity direction and are expressed more or less strongly.

Lace: There are many varieties of lace: embroidered (plauen), woven (machines), woven on Cockles (Valencienses) or crocheted (Babes).

Lavable: Well-carrying washing lightweight fastener flowing fabric, with a smooth surface, from silk or chemical fibers.

Lama: brilliant, twisted fabric with metal and other shiny spectacular threads.

The logat is: medium and heavy woolen fabrics, very dense, thanks to felting, and very nost. A naval lodge is covered with a long lurking fabric adjacent to one side, cloth-logs - a matt surface without a pile resembling felt.

Mat class: Double fabric with relief, as if "quilted" pattern.

Machrovka fabric: bulk soft tissue from looped yarn.

Wet silk: Silk fabric, which, after washing and friction, has acquired a slightly fluffy "peach" surface. Wet silk is not erased, but in chemical cleaning.

Moir: Rensite Weaving Fabric with Thin Basic Tops. It has a wavy pattern that is applied when embossed (calendering).

Muslin: Light and loose fabric of linen, predominantly cotton or woolen.

Organza: transparent rigid linen cloth.

Palet: Fabric or knitted material with sour sparkling metal plates.

Panbarkhat: very brilliant velvet fabric with pressed pile.

Papillon: Woolen Poplin with a small transverse swatch.

Pita: Fabric into a small light dark cell (6).

Peak: Fabric with relief pattern resembling machine line.

Dense taffeta: medium density cotton linen cloth.

Lining sarza: a fabric that both sides are "facial": one surface is a strong, matte, and the other is brilliant, smooth.

Popin: Rensite Weave Fabric, which is formed by very thin base threads and thicker duck threads.

Rec: Fabric with pronounced swirls, most often transverse.

Riban: Elastic canvas with visible transverse weaves of threads. Both on the wrong side and on the front side you can see peculiar pigtails from small looping yarn. Basically, the tissue is used to finish finished products - for the formation of cuffs, collars, etc. However, it can be used as the main material for tailoring or wardrobe items.

Roman Jersey: a heavy little-elastic bilateral knitwear, most often from high-quality natural wool, with both sides with facial loops.

Sarthen: Rough cotton fabric with diagonal effect.

Satin: Very smooth, gently falling fabric with a shiny surface.

Knitwear with a terry / agitated inland side: a cloth of cotton or cotton mixture with other fibers (8).

Sirsaker: Fabric, which has a whole surface or separate bands resemble a wooded bark. In real tissue with this title, the effect is achieved due to the special weave of the threads, at the "fake sirsaker" - due to the finishing (chemical processing) of the tissue.

Sukno: a woolen cloth of linen, which, thanks to the felting and the final fluid, acquires a surface resembling felt.

Taffeta: Fabric of natural silk or chemical fibers. The rigidity is purchased in the process of finishing (chemical processing), and therefore the taffeta is very much.

Tweed: Fabric of coarse wool noded yarn having a look of manual finish. The base and ducks are often different color.

Termovels: Fluffy fabric with double-sided pile, very warm, breathable.

Fabric "In the Christmas tree" ": Fabric of a sirex weave with pronounced diagonally directed strips (4).

Fabric "Chicken foot" ": Fabric with a small pattern resembling a cell. For fabric typical cloves on cell corners (3).

Knitwear in the Rubber: Elastic material with alternating facial and hinges.

Tulle: transparent mesh fabric, often with cellular structure.

Shaped: textile with a small pattern, which is formed by changing the type of weave. Most often with a matte-brilliant effect.

Phil-a-fil: Fabric with a stepped small pattern, which is formed by alternating the light and dark threads of the base and duck.

Flannel: The collective name of cotton fabrics, viscose or wool, with one- or bilateral pile.

How to find out the type of material

To check what kind of material you have, bring the burning match to the narrow strip of the fabric.

Natural vegetable fibers (cotton, flax, hemp) are easily set on fire. Burn a big bright flame. Feels the smell of burning paper. After combustion, the air ashes of gray-white color remains.

Natural animals of fibers (wool) burn slowly. Flame is weak, ingredient. Feels the characteristic smell of Painne Volos. The ash is black or brown, easily crumbling.

Natural silk. With burning there is a smell of pale hair, less unpleasant than when burning wool. At the end of the burning thread, a charred fragile ball is formed, easily crushing.

Artificial fibers (viscose silk, cotton-like and scruising) are faster than a bright flame like vegetable fibers. Feels the smell of burning paper. Safety light.

Polyamide fibers burn without smell and simultaneously melted. After removal from the fire, the burning stops. At the end of the burning thread, a slowly cooled plastic mass is formed, burning heavily. Having cooled, it turns into a solid ball.

Polyester fibers are lit as polyamide, but more resistant to elevated temperatures.

Polyacrylonitrile fibers burn without smell and melt. After removal from the fire, they continue to burn, turning into plastic mass. Cutting, form a solid ball.

A source

http://pokroyka.ru/podgotovka/vidy-tkanej/

General information about tissues and their classification.

The fabric is a textile web, which is manufactured on a weaving machine by interlacing mutually perpendicular yarns. Classified depending on raw materials from which the fabric has been developed, in color, by texture, appointment and D.R.

By type of raw material fabricdivided into natural, which is also called classic and chemical.

Natural fabricsdivide
- Packs of plant origin, such as flax, cotton
- Canya Animal Origin - Wool, Shelk
- Packs of mineral origin - sustain.

Chemical fabricsare divided by
-Chellenic of natural substances of organic and inorganic origin (Lurex) and
-Sintetic, such as polyvinyl fabrics and polypropylene tissues.

In industry and trade use various designations for synthetic tissues. For example, reeres - polyester material with starts, Raon - polyamide silver fabric, RORS - polypropylene cable. The fabric can be homogeneous thread (100%) or different structures, which is indicated on the accompanying label.

In bloomfabrics divide on
-Gladook-painted (white fabric), and
- A color, such as melange tissues.

By surface processing divide:
-cloth
BAKA
-Relary fabric

By appointing fabric distinguish:
-Sent
- Luxury
-Tustum
- Paltovye
-Curry
- Clamping
-Bye (furniture)
-Terous
-Technical
-Belly
-Drugiye

On the site in the Product section, we adhere to the classification of tissues for the purpose.

Description

Natural cotton - these are soft, warm, warm, well absorbing sweat.
Apply like fabrics linens, porch, blouse, swimming.
The tissues of this type are elastic, differ in evenness and the same thickness.
The negative characteristic feature of cotton tissues - they have significant fermentation and shrinkage when washing.

Natural linen Fabrics are shiny, smooth, do not irritate the skin, because it is more stable to the action of diluted acids than cotton. Products from flax have the best compared to cotton hygienic properties, for the hygroscopicity of flax is higher, the heating of the linen canvas transfers more easily, it is thermally conducted. Therefore, from linen fabrics, we recommend sewing summer clothes.
Lyon has high light-resistance, from sunlight fabric does not lose color.
Linen canvas use on tablecloths and towels.
The disadvantage is small tensile and low elasticity of fibers, fabrics are very frozen, clothes from linen fabrics are deformed.

Natural woolen Fabrics - gentle on the touch, soft, thin, equal thickness, elastic, lightweight, breathable. They are moderately crushed.
Woolen fabrics derived from yarn produced by the rowing spinning system, the highest quality, have non-infability. Along the hardware spinning system of wool processes short wool (thin and coarse), getting thick, loose, low-strength yarn, from which thin-circuit and coarse constructs produce; They sew dresses, costumes, coats.

Natural silkfabrics are produced from the finest threads obtained from cocoons curl of silkworm caterpillars (silkworms). Silk thread uniform in thickness, elastic, shiny and durable.
Fabrics from such fibers are lightweight, shiny, breathable, quickly absorb moisture and quickly dry, hygroscopic. From silk fabrics sew elegant clothes - dresses, blouses. Lack of fabrics from natural silk - low strength coloring to light; This tissue is contraindicated with sun rays that reduce its strength, ultraviolet rays act in detail.

Artificial silk Fabrics, for example, viscose - are made of cellulose obtained from fir chips. Artificial silk fabric recommended for lining on suits, coats and other top things.
When forming an artificial fiber, elementary solid thin threads coming out of the precipitating bath are connected on centrifuge spinning machines into one complex thread. This thread is the system of spinning disks, with which it gets the necessary extract. The viscose fiber is obtained in the form of filament yarns of different thicknesses, of which we make waters, linens and lining fabrics. The viscose fiber has good smoothness by hygroscopicity, light-resistance, glitter, in the tissues - sliding, gives the slipper and sweeping of the threads.

Synthetic silk fabrics - produced from synthetic fibers obtained from high molecular compounds formed by the synthesis of simple low molecular weight substances, which are obtained from coal, oil and natural gas.
AT lately Synthetic fibers are attached to new qualities - by mechanical or chemical processing, for example, compressed air, twisting. Synthetic fabrics are manufactured from such fibers - stocking, cloth for outerwear. The fabric of this type is used for decoration, in products made of natural fabrics.

Muscle

Muscular tissue is the main part of meat, it has the highest nutritional value. The larger the muscles, the higher the nutritional value of meat. Muscle content in cattle carcashing is 57-62%, sheep - 50-56, pigs - 40-52 and in the car's carcass - 60-65%.

A structural and functional element of muscle tissue is a muscle fiber, consisting of sarchatrolms, several nuclei and sarcoplasm, in which myofibrils are located. Muscular fibers are combined into bundles, which are separated by interlayers of intramuscular connective tissue forming a kind of frame. The larger the connective tissue in the muscles, the rougher meat.

Depending on the diameter of muscular fibers, the meat of coarse-fiber (coarse) and fine-fiber (fine-grained) are distinguished. So, the meat of adult animals is more rough fiber compared to the meat of young. Meat, obtained from old animals and manufacturers, has a developed connective tissue, so it is relatively dry and rigid. In the muscles of animal meat breeds, muscle fibers of a moderate value, intramuscular connecting tissue is poorly developed and is often filled with fat. Such meat is characterized by good culinary qualities and is better absorbed.

When heated, Mioglobin denaturation occurs, which loses its red color. The chemical composition of the muscular fabric is very complicated. Muscular tissue contains water (70-75%), proteins (18-22%), fat (2-3%), extractive (1.5-2%), mineral substances (1-1.5%), vitamins, Enzymes and other substances.

Increased animal fatness, i.e. An increase in fat content leads to a decrease in water content.

The most valuable part of the muscle tissue is proteins that determine the quality of meat. They are mostly full, distinguished by high digestibility.

Full-fledged proteins in beef make up 85%, and in poultry meat - 93%. Proteins are mostly concentrated in muscle fibers.

In muscle tissue there are almost all water-soluble vitamins, the number of which depends on the type of animal and the condition of the body and the presence of them in the feed. The meat contains vitamins (mg%): B1- 0.1-0.3; B2- 0.13-0.36; B6-03-0.6; B12- 0.1-0.25, C -2-4 and others (Table 1).

Table 1. The content of vitamins in the muscular fabric of beef

Name vitamins
	muscle
Vitamin A, mg
Vitamin E, mg
Vitamin C, mg
Vitamin B 6, mg
Vitamin B 12, μg
Biotin, μg
Niacin, MG.
Pantothenic acid, mg
Riboflavin, MG.
Tiamine, MG.
Flavin, μg
Holine, MG.

Connective tissue

Split collagen and elastic fibers. Collagen fibers are very durable, elastic is easily stretched and reduced. The properties of the connective tissue depend on the predominance of certain fibers. From these positions, the following varieties of connective tissue, loose, dense and elastic are distinguished. The loose connective tissue contains many cellular elements and collagen fibers forming a complex mesh structure. It is part of all organs, combines the fabrics among themselves, is in the muscles and subcutaneous tissue. A dense connecting tissue contains a significant amount of collagen fibers formed into dense beams of various magnitudes associated with an amorphous substance, which causes high strength. Tendons, ligaments and fascia are built from this fabric. Elastic connecting tissue consists of a large number of comparatively thick elastin fibers, collagen fibers and amorphous substances in it. In its pure form, this fabric forms an outline, abdominal fascia and aorta wall.

The composition of collagen fibers includes protein collagen, which, with long cooking, goes into glutin, soluble in water and digested by the body. Collagen properties are used to obtain students, gelatin, glue, etc. Elastic fibers contain elastin protein, which does not change during cooking and is practically not absorbed by the body. High strength and elasticity of fibers causes the rigidity of meat. The chemical composition of the connective tissue is different and depends on the ratio of collagen and elastic fibers. Dense connecting tissue on average contains 63% water, 31% collagen, 11.6 elastin, 1% lipoids, 0.9% of extractive substances, 0.5% mineral substances, 0.5% of mukoids and mucins. Elastic fabric contains 32% elastin, 7.5% collagen and approximately similar to a dense connective tissue. Number of other components.

The number of connective tissue in the meat depends on the species, age, the definition of the animal and the work performed by them. The greater the age of the animal, the lower its definition, the stronger the connecting tissue is developed. As the body agrees, the connecting tissue is compacted, collagen and elastin fibers are thickened, the meat becomes more rigid. The connecting tissue is distributed in the car in unevenly. In the front of the carca, it is 18-25%, whereas in the back - 9-13%. In the intermushkin loose connective tissue there are blood vessels, nerve fibers, it also contains fat, the amount of which depends on the attitude of the animal.

Fatty the cloth It consists of cells filled in the form of droplets with neutral fat and separated interlayers of loose connective tissue. Essentially, the adipose tissue is a type of loose connective tissue, which is located in the form of sediments between the muscles, forming the so-called marble of meat, in the abdominal cavity, and in sheep and at the base of the tail (Kurdyuk).

The total amount of adipose tissue in the animal body varies in significant limits (from 1 to 40%) and depends on the species, rock, age, gender, the nature of the fattening of the animal and other factors. In animal, meat breeds, fat is postponed mainly between muscles and inside the muscles, in other breeds - under the skin and near the internal organs. In adult animals, fat deposits are celebrated mainly under the skin and in the abdominal cavity, in young muscles. Meat of skinny and very young animals essentially does not have fat deposits. The degree of sedimentation of subcutaneous fat is one of the objective indicators of the attitude of the animal.

A large influence on the chemical composition of adipose tissue has animal fatness (Table 2).

Table 2. Chemical composition of adipose tissue

Fatness animals
		connective tissue
Below average
Above average

On the chemical composition of adipose tissue also affects the floor of animals and the season of their slaughter. Thus, the bull tissue contains fat for 1-2% less, and the connective tissue is somewhat larger than that of the cow; Fat in animals scored in winter, somewhat larger than those scored in the summer.

In tab. 3 shows the data characterizing the effect of the diet on the composition of subcutaneous fat in various types of livestock (ration and with the predominant content of corn, the diet of b - hay).

Table 3. Effect of feed on the chemical composition of adipose tissue

At the place of deposits, the fat and internal fat are distinguished. The fat, depending on the location of the abdominal cavity, is called salnitic, flying, mesenteric, etc. The adipose tissue separated from the animal carcass in the primary treatment, called fat-raw. In tab. 4 shows the chemical composition of the adipose tissue (spicy).

Table 4. Chemical composition of adipose tissue (spindle)

Compound Part
	cattle

In animals different species Significant differences are found, both under total and by the ratio of fatty acids (Table 14). The chemical composition of adipose tissue is influence mainly, breed, fatness, animal feeding nature, as well as the area of \u200b\u200bthe arrangement on the carcass. In adipose tissue contains more fat, if it is obtained from the replete animals.

By chemical composition, neutral fat is a triglyceride mixture - a complex compound of glycerol with saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

The composition of animal lipids includes phosphatides, sherids and sterols, lipochromas - carotene and xanthophil, vitamins and free fatty acids. Despite their minor amount, some of them significantly affect the properties and food value of animal fats. Thus, phosphatides in the amount of 0.7 - 1.0% contribute to the preservation of vitamin A when the fat is heated to 160 ° C and higher. Lecithin, possessing hydrophilic properties and the ability to dissolve in fats, is good emulsifiers in the formation of a fat-water system. However, a sufficient emulsifying effect is observed when fat content from 0.3 to 0.5% lecithin, but also in the form of a natural impurity, it helps to hold water in fat, as well as the formation of fat emulsions in water. The ability of lecithin is easily oxidized due to its role of synergist antioxidants. In total, these properties of lecithin are manifested with the content of it in fat to 3-4%.

The presence of cholesterol is a distinctive feature of animal fats. Vegetable fats instead of cholesterol contain phytosterin. Cholesterol is the source material for the formation of vitamin D.

The number of carotene and xantophyll in fats is small. Thus, in beef fat contain 2 - 69 mg%.

The number of carotene in fat depends on the conditions of fattening animals, since the carotene is not formed in the body. With pasture fattening, it increases sharply, reaching a maximum for autumn. In addition to these pigments, in beef fat sometimes there are pigments with green color. Chemical nature is not installed.

Carotine is the collective name of the three isomeric unsaturated hydrocarbons of the composition with 40 H 56 o 2: α-, β- and γ-carotines; In animal fats 70 - 80% falls at the share of β-carotene. In the carotene molecule 11 of the conjugate double connections. As a result, carotine is easily oxidized by air oxygen, therefore plays the role of an antioxidant. When the oxidation of its painting changes, acquiring a greenish tint, and then disappears at all. Therefore, by changing the color of fat, you can have a well-known view of the degree of oxidation.

In the animal body, carotine is hydrolyzed by the fermented carotine, forming vitamin A, which allows you to consider carotene as provitamin A. This determines its value for nutrition.

In small quantities, some fat soluble vitamins were found in small quantities. Thus, in beef fat, vitamin A was found in the amount of about 1.4 mg%: vitamin E in beef fat about 0.6-2.5 mg%. In animal fats there is a slight amount of vitamin K. Vitamins A and E not only play the role of additional nutrition factors, but also have an antioxidant action.

Fat melting temperature in various animals varies in fairly wide limits (Table 5).

Table 5.

	Melting point, ° С
Cow oil

The highest melting point in fat animals refilled with dry foods (hay) is the lowest in refused by oily and carbohydrated feeds (cakes, barda). No less important is animal fat.

The temperature of frozen depends on the same factors as the melting point. In production conditions it is difficult to determine the temperature of the fatty. Therefore, the tire of fat or the temperature of the frozen of the acids isolated from it is determined, since their mixture consists of a smaller number of components than fat. For beef fat, the titer is 38-47 o C, for pork - 32-42 o C.

A distinctive feature indicating the species belonging of fat is its color, consistency and melting point. Beef Fat has a light yellow color (in young lighter), solid consistency and high melting point - 40-50 o C. Barbage fat-matte, solid, melting point 46-55 °, pork-white, mashedral, melting point 32- 38 ° C.

how component Meat fat fabric improves its quality. Low fat meat is less tasty and tougher. However, very fatty meat is worse, it slows down the branch of the gastric juice and prevents the digestion of proteins. In beef and lamb of the average fatness, the ratio of fat and protein should be 1: 2. In meat and bacon pork, this ratio is approximately equal to 1: 1.

Bone. The bone tissue consists of a dense base substance forming the surface layer, and the inner-spongy (porous), which contains bone fat. The basic substance consists of water (20-25%), proteins (35%) - ossein fibers close to properties to collagen, and mineral substances (phosphate and carbonate calcium) -45%.

There are 18-20%, sheep-15-22, pigs-8-15 and horses - 13-15% in the stuff of bones.

In tab. 6 shows the data of the chemical composition of bone tissue.

Table 6. Chemical composition of bone tissue

	Chemical composition, %
		collagen
Spine
Tubular diaphysia
Skull
Lower jaw
Top (Metold and Tweet) Diaphyshes
Detaid composition (bone of hoof)

The chemical composition of the bone changes markedly with the change in cattle fatness: with an increase in fatness, the content of fat and minerals increases and the water content is reduced.

In the head of the ribs there are always more fat and water and less minerals than in their body. In the tubular bones of the hind limbs more fat and collagen than in the same bones of the forelimbs.

The food and industrial value of the bone is determined by the content of fat and collagen as the source of gelatin and glue.

Xraying fabric It consists of rounded shape cells and a large amount of intercellular amorphous substance and fibers, according to the properties of close to collagen. Depending on the composition of the intercellular substance, hyaline and fibrous cartilage distinguish. Hyaline cartilage covers the articular surfaces of the bones, rib cartilage and trachea are built from it, it contains a lot of amorphous substance and collagen fibers. The composition of fibrous cartilage includes many collagen fibers and a minor amount of amorphous substance. Bundles between the vertebrae are built from the fibrous cartilage, as well as tendons and ligaments in the location of their attachment to the bones.

The cartilaginous fabric contains 60-70% water, 19-20% proteins, 3.5% fat, 2-10% mineral substances and 1% glycogen.