Distribution of the world population. Distribution of the population on planet earth How is the population of the planet distributed

1. What are the external signs of people of different races?

Equatorial (or Australo-Negroid) race - includes the Negroid and Australo-Veddoid races in the broadest sense. It is united on the basis of dark pigmentation, dolichocephaly, prognathism, wide eye shape, wide nose, thick lips, narrow physique. However, judging by the non-selection characteristics of teeth and dermatoglyphics, it is clearly divided into two trunks - western (African groups) and eastern (Asian, Australian and Pacific groups). The Caucasian race, the Eurasian race, is one of the great races of humanity. Distributed in Europe, North Africa, Western Asia, Northern India, as well as in areas of European colonization (America, Australia, South Africa). It is characterized by light or dark skin, soft straight or wavy hair, strong development of tertiary hair, a narrow, strongly protruding nose with a high bridge, thin lips, orthognathism. Pigmentation of eyes and hair within E. r. varies greatly. The Mongoloid race is a race of indigenous inhabitants of eastern and northern Asia, as well as the far north. Distinguished by black, coarse, straight, rarely wavy hair; dark eyes; dark, often yellowish skin color; weak development of tertiary hairline; strong protrusion of cheekbones; flattened face; mostly low nose; the presence of an epicanthus and a highly developed fold of the upper eyelid.

2. How do you understand the statement: “Man is part of the biosphere”?

Man is part of the biosphere because the biosphere is that part of the earth where all living beings, including humans, live.

3. Show on the map the settlement routes of ancient man on Earth.

Page 69 of the textbook.

4. From history lessons, remember where the first agricultural states arose?

Mesopotamia, or Mesopotamia, is a very favorable region for agriculture, a mild, warm climate, excellent location and the presence of two large rivers of Western Asia - the Tigris and Euphrates - provided the necessary amount of water for the development of the irrigation system and irrigation method of land use. The people inhabiting these lands were less dependent on the vagaries of the weather than others, so they could receive stable and rich harvests. Approximately the same situation developed in the valley of Africa’s largest river, the Nile. But in order to build watering and irrigation complexes, it was necessary to organize the collective work of a large number of people, otherwise it was simply impossible to create effective agriculture. This is how the first prototypes of state formations originated, and this is where the first states appeared, but these, strictly speaking, were not yet quite state formations. These were their embryos, from which the most ancient countries of the world were subsequently formed.

PRACTICUM

1. Why is the population density different in different places on Earth?

People are unequally distributed across the planet's hemispheres. They mainly live in the Northern (90%) and Eastern (85%) hemispheres of the planet. Also, population density depends on the continents and their parts. Much more noticeable are the differences in the distribution of people across the world. There are also more minor factors that influence the placement of people: distance from the sea, absolute height of the land, relief, how long ago the territory was developed, climate. For a long time, humanity settled throughout the territory of the Earth, gradually accumulating in places most favorable for living (for example, the valleys of the Nile, Indus, Ganges, the interfluve of the Tigris and Euphrates, where the so-called “river civilizations” were formed). The further development of society showed that, despite the desire of the state to equalize the population density throughout the country, people themselves strive to live where the climate is more comfortable for human habitation.

2. How to calculate the average population density of a territory? Study the population density map and identify the most sparsely populated areas on each continent.

Divide the population by the area of ​​the territory. Eurasia - mountainous regions (Himalayas and Tibet), north-eastern Russia, North America - northern Canada, South America - mountainous regions in southern Chile and Argentina, inland Amazonia, Africa - interior of the Sahara, Australia - desert regions in the central part . Mongolia is one of the most sparsely populated countries (average density of 1 person per 1 km2). State in the north-east of Central Asia. Area – 1566 thousand km2; population – 2 million people. Greenland. Its population is 56,000 people who live on an area of ​​2,175,600 km2. The population density of Greenland is 1 person per 39 km2. Botswana is larger than Ukraine, but only one and a half million people live there; Namibia is slightly larger both in population and territory. The most sparsely populated countries in the world are San Marino, Monaco, Liechtenstein (no more than 30,000 people in each country).

3. Identify and compare differences in the population of individual continents and countries of the world.

The Earth's population is distributed extremely unevenly. 70% of the population lives on just 7% of the land area. 80% of the total population is concentrated in the Eastern Hemisphere, 0.9% in the Northern Hemisphere. At the same time, the bulk of people live within the temperate, subtropical and subequatorial climatic zones. 15% of the land area is completely undeveloped by people - these are areas with extreme natural conditions. The main indicator characterizing the distribution of the population is population density. The average population density of the Earth is 40 people/km2. However, the uneven distribution of population in different regions and countries of the world is enormous. The population density indicator ranges from tenths to 2000 people/km2. The population density of Foreign Europe and Asia is more than 100 people/km2, in North and South America – about 20 people/km2, and in Australia and Oceania – no more than 4 people/km2. A comparison of the population density of individual countries allows us to distinguish three groups of countries: countries with a very high population density - more than 200 people/km2 (Belgium, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Israel, Lebanon, Bangladesh, the Republic of Korea, El Salvador); countries with population density close to the world average - approximately 40 people/km2 (Ireland, Iraq, Malaysia, Morocco, Tunisia, Mexico, Ecuador); countries with low population density - less than 2 people/km2 (Mongolia, Libya , Namibia, Australia, Greenland).

4. What economic activities are engaged in by people in areas with high and low population densities?

In places with the highest population densities, often large cities or coastlines, the bulk of the population is employed in industrial or service sectors. There are large economic centers here that require a large amount of labor resources. In places with low population density, most of the residents are employed in agriculture, cattle breeding or other areas of the agricultural sector. This is because huge areas are used for growing and processing food, which does not require a high number of workers.

5. Collect information about birth rates, deaths and population growth in your area (city, village, small house, one entrance of an apartment building) and draw up graphs and diagrams based on the collected data.

6. What professions do specialists study the Earth's population?

Geographers, demographers, philologists, ecologists, anthropologists.

World population in October 1999 exceeded 6 billion people, and in November 2011 - 7 billion people. The largest countries in the world by population are: China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Russia, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Japan and Mexico.

On population distribution The following factors influence the territory of our planet: climatic conditions, fresh water sources, proximity to seas and oceans, terrain, traditions of the population, development of the territory.

The population is distributed extremely unevenly across the globe. 80% of the world's population lives in the Eastern Hemisphere, 90% in the Northern Hemisphere and 60% in Asia.

The average population density of the Earth is 45 people per 1 km 2.

In terms of population density, foreign Asia and foreign Europe stand out sharply among the main regions of the world, and Australia has the lowest population density.

Table 1. Population size and density by region of the world in 2015

Regions of the world	Population (million people)	Territory area (million km 2)
Whole world 1
North America
South America
Australia and Oceania

1 without Antarctica.

There are three main ones in the world population area:

1. East, Southeast and South Asia, where almost half of the world's population lives;
2. Europe (more than 500 million people);
3. Eastern USA (more than 230 million people).

In addition to the main distribution areas of the Earth's population, you can find examples very dense population certain areas of the world - o. Java (Indonesia), Fergana Valley (Uzbekistan), Nile Delta (Egypt), along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, etc.

Poorly populated the regions of the Far North in Eurasia and North America, the desert regions of North and South Africa, South-West Asia, Australia and the highlands of Central Asia, and Antarctica has no permanent population at all.

The highest average world population density have Monaco (about 17 thousand people per 1 km 2), and among non-dwarf states - Bangladesh (more than 1,100 people per 1 km 2), and the smallest is Greenland (0.03 people per 1 km 2), and among independent countries - Mongolia (2 people per 1 km 2) (Table 2).

Table 2. Countries of the world with maximum and minimum population densities

A country	Population density (persons per 1 km2)	A country	Population density (persons per 1 km2)
Greenland
Mongolia		Singapore
Australia
Suriname Material from the site		Maldives
Iceland
Mauritania		Bangladesh
		Barbados
Botswana		Mauritius
		Taiwan (ROC)

On this page there is material on the following topics:

• Human settlement, world population, biology report

• Mauritania - population, nature, etc.

• Population of the world in millions of people

• Location and population of the world laboratory work

• Report on the size and distribution of the world's population

Questions about this material:

Basic patterns of population distribution.
About 70% of the population is concentrated on 7% of the territory, and 15% of the land is completely uninhabited territory.

90% of the population lives in the northern hemisphere.

Over 50% of the population is up to 200 m above sea level, and up to 45% is up to 500 m above sea level (only in Bolivia, Peru and China (Tibet) the human habitat limit exceeds 5000 m)

about 30% - at a distance of no more than 50 km from the seashore, and 53% - in a 200-km coastal strip.

80% of the population is concentrated in the eastern hemisphere; average density: 45 people/km2 on 1/2 of the land population density less than 5 people/km2; maximum population density: Bangladesh – 1002 people/km2

World population density

People are distributed extremely unevenly on the planet. About 1/10 of the land is still uninhabited (Antarctica, almost all of Greenland, and so on).

According to other estimates, about half of the land has a density of less than 1 person per square kilometer; for 1/4 the density ranges from 1 to 10 people per 1 square kilometer. km and only the rest of the land has a density of more than 10 people per 1 square kilometer. On the populated part of the Earth (ecumene), the average population density is 32 people per square meter. km.

80% live in the eastern hemisphere, 90% live in the northern hemisphere, and 60% of the total population of the Earth lives in Asia.

Obviously, there is a group of countries with a very high population density - over 200 people per square kilometer. It includes countries such as Belgium, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Israel, Lebanon, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, the Republic of Korea, Rwanda, El Salvador, etc.

In a number of countries, the density indicator is close to the world average - in Ireland, Iraq, Colombia, Malaysia, Morocco, Tunisia, Mexico, etc.

Some countries have lower density rates than the world average - in them it is no more than 2 people per 1 km 2. This group includes Mongolia, Libya, Mauritania, Namibia, Guiana, Australia, Greenland, etc.

Reasons for uneven population

The uneven distribution of population on the planet is explained by a number of factors.
Firstly, it is the natural environment. For example, it is known that 1/2 of the world's population is concentrated in the lowlands, although they make up less than 30% of the landmass; 1/3 of the people live at a distance of no more than 50 kilometers from the sea (the area of ​​this strip is 12% of the land) - the population seems to be shifted towards the sea. This factor has probably been the leading one throughout human history, but its influence weakens with socio-economic development. And although vast areas with extreme and unfavorable natural conditions (deserts, tundras, highlands, tropical forests, etc.) are still poorly populated, natural factors alone cannot explain the expansion of ecumene areas and those huge shifts in the distribution of people who have occurred over the last century.
Secondly, the historical factor has a fairly strong influence. This is due to the duration of the process of human settlement on Earth (about 30 - 40 thousand years).
Thirdly, the distribution of the population is affected by the current demographic situation. Thus, in some countries the population is growing very quickly due to high natural growth.

In addition, within any country or region, no matter how small, the population density is different and varies greatly depending on the level of development of the productive forces. It follows that average population density indicators provide only an approximate idea of ​​the population and economic potential of a country.

This uneven distribution of the population is caused by a number of interrelated factors: natural, historical, demographic and socio-economic.

The population is distributed very unevenly across the globe. This is due to the influence of a large number of factors that can be divided into three groups.

· Natural. They were decisive in the settlement of people before the transition of mankind to agriculture and animal husbandry. The most important ones here include absolute height, relief, climate, the presence of water bodies, and natural zonality as a complex factor.

· Socio-economic. These factors are directly related to the development of human civilization and their influence on the distribution of the population increased with the development of productive forces. Despite the fact that human society will never fully acquire independence from nature, at present it is the factors belonging to this group that are decisive in the formation of the Earth's settlement system. These include the development of new territories, the development of natural resources, the construction of various economic facilities, population migration, etc.

· Environmental factors. In fact, they also relate to socio-economic ones. However, starting from the last quarter of the 20th century, their influence increased sharply, which became the basis for their separation into a separate group. The influence of these factors is no longer determined only by individual local events (the Chernobyl accident, the Aral Sea problem, etc.), but is increasingly becoming global in nature (problems of pollution of the World Ocean, the greenhouse effect, ozone holes, etc.).

Historically, most of the population has lived in Asia. Currently, there are more than 3.8 billion people in this part of the world (2003), which is over 60.6% of the population of our planet. America and Africa are almost equal in population (approximately 860 million people, or 13.7% each), Australia and Oceania are significantly behind the rest (32 million people, 0.5% of the world population.

Asia is where most of the countries have the largest population. Among them, China has long been the leader in this indicator (1289 million people, 2003), followed by India (1069 million people), the USA (291.5 million people), Indonesia (220.5 million people). people). Seven more countries have a population of over 100 million people: Brazil (176.5 million people), Pakistan (149.1 million people), Bangladesh (146.7 million people), Russia (144.5 million people) . people), Nigeria (133.8 million people), Japan (127.5 million people) and Mexico (104.9 million people). At the same time, the population of Grenada, Dominica, Tonga, Kiribati, and the Marshall Islands was only 0.1 million people.

The main indicator of population distribution is its density. This figure is growing as the population increases and currently the world average is 47 people/km. However, it is significantly differentiated by regions of the world, countries and, in most cases, by different regions of countries, which is determined by the previously mentioned groups of factors. Among the parts of the world, the highest population density is in Asia - 109 people/km, Europe - 87 people/km, America - 64 people/km. Africa and Australia and Oceania are significantly behind them - 28 people/km and 2.05 people/km, respectively. Differences in population density across individual countries are even more pronounced. Smaller states are usually more densely populated. Among them, Monaco (11,583 people/km, 2003) and Singapore (6,785 people/km) stand out. Among others: Malta – 1245 people/km, Bahrain – 1016 people/km, Republic of Maldives – 999 people/km. In the group of larger countries, Bangladesh leads (1019 people/km), significant density in Taiwan - 625 people/km, the Republic of Korea - 483 people/km, Belgium - 341 people/km, Japan - 337 people/km, India - 325 people /km. At the same time, in Western Sahara the density does not exceed 1 person/km, in Suriname, Namibia and Mongolia - 2 people/km, in Canada, Iceland, Australia, Libya, Mauritania and a number of other countries - 3 people/km. In the Republic of Belarus, the density indicator is close to the world average and is 48 people/km.

Demographic factor

Demographic factors have a great influence on the rational distribution of productive forces. When locating individual enterprises and sectors of the economy, it is necessary to take into account both the existing demographic situation in a given place and the future situation, as well as the future growth of production itself. When locating the construction of new economic facilities, it should be borne in mind that the working age population is declining. Therefore, the task is to save labor resources, use them more rationally, free up labor as a result of comprehensive mechanization and automation of production, and better organization of labor.

The current demographic situation is characterized by great unevenness of settlement. The regions of the European part of the country are more densely populated: Central, Northwestern, Northern Caucasus. At the same time, the regions of Siberia and the Far East and North have a very low population density.

Therefore, when constructing new large production facilities in the east and north of the country, it is necessary to attract labor resources from the populous European regions of the country to these areas, create a favorable social infrastructure for them in order to secure these personnel in the newly developed areas with extreme conditions.

In connection with the growth of production in the eastern regions of the country and the acute shortage of labor resources in them, especially highly qualified personnel, the tasks of all-round intensification of production, accelerating the training of qualified personnel and attracting labor resources from the European regions of the country to new construction projects are being set.

The labor factor is also of great importance in the future development of agriculture, where there is a significant shortage of labor resources. Only the solution of the most important social problems in the countryside, private ownership of land, bringing the living standards of the city and countryside closer together, and the comprehensive development of housing construction and other infrastructure sectors will make it possible to retain personnel, especially young people, in the countryside.

An important aspect of personnel policy that influences the development and location of production is the wage factor, especially for the regions of the North and eastern regions, i.e., labor-scarce regions with extreme conditions and sparsely populated areas.

(gender, age, racial, ethnic, religious composition of the Earth's population).

Questions to Study

1. Sex composition of the population

2. Age composition of the population, the concept of “economically active population and demographic burden”.

3. Racial composition and ethnic picture of the world.

4. “Hot spots” in the modern world

5.Geographical aspects of the quality of life of the population.

Population of the Earth- a continuously renewed, in the process of reproduction, set of people living on Earth generally. Currently the number world population is 7.3 billion people.

Sex composition of the population Masculine and feminine principles are equivalent in nature. But for every 100 girls, 104-107 boys are born, and by the age of 15 the sex ratio levels out. But in subsequent age groups, the formation of the sex composition in different regions develops differently. There are 20 million more men worldwide, yet in half the countries in the world women outnumber men. There are more women in Europe and North America. This is due to the military losses of the male population and the improvement of the position of women in society. In Africa, Australia, Oceania, and Latin America, the number of women and men is approximately the same. In overseas Asia there are more men than women. For example: in China there are 31 million, in India there are 24 million more men. In the Gulf countries there are more than 10% more men. The age composition of the population is related with the concepts of childhood, youth, maturity, old age. In developed countries, the share of children is 18%, elderly people 19%, in developing countries 33% and 8%, respectively. Age is the main criterion in determining the main productive part of the population. The productive part of the population is labor resources. In the world to economically active population 49% can be attributed. In Russia, Europe, North America, this figure is 50-60% (high employment in production of the female part of the population) In the countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America 40-45% (high share of the child population, low share of female labor) The economically inactive population is called demographic load . In developed countries it is approximately 50%; in developing countries it reaches 100%. Currently, scientists assume active aging of the world population. This process is also called “demographic winter.” The process is especially acute in the most developed countries of the world.

Population distribution. The main indicator characterizing the distribution of the population is population density (PD). It is calculated as the ratio of the population size (PN) in a country (region) to the area of ​​its territory (S) and is expressed as the number of inhabitants per 1 km 2 (person/km 2) i.e. according to the PN formula. =CN:S For example: The USA has an area of ​​9364 thousand. km 2 Population 322613000 people. US population density =34.4

Racial composition The world population has not undergone much change. There are three main races in the world - Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid, and currently the fourth race - Australoid, is generally recognized by all scientists in the world. Due to the mixing of the population, intermediate racial groups were formed. Mestizos (children born as a result of marriages of Europeans and Indians) Mulattoes (children born as a result of marriages of Negroids and Europeans) Sambo (children born as a result of marriages of Negroids and Indians) Ethnic picture of the world extraordinarily varied! There are up to 4 thousand different peoples in the world. About half of the world's states are single-national. (if people of one nation make up 90% of the population of a given country) Classification is carried out according to the principle of linguistic proximity. Language families are the largest unit of measurement for the peoples of the world. The largest is the Indo-European family - 2.5 billion people. In second place is the Chinese-Tibetan one. There are about 6 thousand languages ​​in the world. But, unfortunately, assimilation processes annually take away up to 10 languages. Nationalism - the most terrible weapon of the post-industrial world. The most dangerous points are (ISIS), today the most powerful, well-known and “mysterious” terrorist organization on the planet. It suddenly appeared in the spring of 2013, when militants unknown to the world suddenly began to seize cities and entire provinces in pro-American Iraq, shooting prisoners en masse. The conflict occurred between the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) and government forces, as well as other religious and ethnic groups in the country. Thus, ISIS terrorists announced that they were going to create an Islamic state – a caliphate – in the territories of Syria and Iraq. The Autonomy of Iraqi Kurdistan took advantage of the difficult situation in the country. During ISIS offensives, the Kurds seized control of several major oil production areas. And today they announced a referendum and secession from Iraq. Since the creation of the State of Israel in 1949, the Arab-Israeli conflict has flared up. Conflicts between Israel and the Palestinian group Hamas have flared up again and again for decades. The main reason is the reluctance of the parties to listen to each other's arguments. Sahel region (North Africa) The crisis began back in 2012, when, due to military operations taking place in Libya, Tuaregs poured into Mali en masse. In the northern part of the country they formed a state called Azawad. However, less than a year later, a military coup broke out in the self-proclaimed power. Taking advantage of the situation, France sent its troops into Mali to help fight the Tuaregs and radical Islamists who control the area. In general, today the Sahel has turned into a stronghold of the slave trade, drug trafficking, and arms sales. Separatist ambitions of the Basques and Tibetans, religious struggle in Cyprus and Northern Ireland. The conflict in Ukraine is painful for the Russian Federation. Pro-Russian activists, dissatisfied with the situation in the state, formed the Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics in the East of Ukraine. The government, led by President Poroshenko, sent the army against the separatists. The fighting took place on the territory of Donbass. There is a serious danger of conflicts escalating into active hostilities.

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