Customs and traditions of the Yakut people. Yakuts are hardworking and hardy people

The Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation has registered an organization of believers in the traditional pantheon of the gods of Yakutia - "Religion Aar Aiyy". Thus, Russia officially recognized the ancient religion of the Yakut people, which was widespread in the region until the end of the 17th century, when the people of Yakutia began to massively convert to Orthodoxy. Today followers of aiyy speak about the restoration of the traditions of their faith, the northern branch - the cult of the deified sky, reports the portal SmartNews.

According to the head of the "Religion Aar Aiyy" organization, Augustina Yakovleva, the final registration took place in May this year. "How many people believe in aiyy now, we do not know. Our religion is very ancient, but with the arrival of Christianity in Yakutia, it lost many believers, but the people have always had followers of aiyy. Previously, we did not have a written language, and people passed all the information from mouth to mouth. And by the time the letter appeared in Yakutia, Orthodoxy had come here - in the middle of the 17th century, "she told the portal.

In 2011, three religious groups were registered in Yakutia - in Yakutsk, the villages of Suntar and Khatyn-Ssy. In 2014, they united and became the founders of the centralized religious organization of the Republic of Sakha Aar Aiyy.

"The peculiarity of our religion is that we recognize the higher powers, and the most important God, the creator of the world, is Yuryung Aiyy toyon. He has twelve helper gods. Each of them has his own function. During prayer, we pay honor first to the highest gods, and then to earthly good spirits. We turn to all earthly spirits through fire, because Yakutia is a cold region, and we could not live without fire. The most important kind spirit of the earth is fire. Then there are the spirits of all waters and lakes, taiga, the spirit of Yakutia and Others. It is believed that our faith is the northern branch of Tengrianism. But our religion does not completely correspond to any other. We pray to the higher powers in the open air, we have no temples, "said Tamara Timofeeva, assistant head of the new religious organization.

The world in the representation of the followers of aiyy is divided into three parts: the underworld - Allaraa Doydu, where evil spirits live, the middle world - Orto Doydu, where people live, and the upper world - Yuhee Doydu, the place where the gods reside. Such a universe is embodied in the Great Tree. Its crown is the upper world, the trunk is the middle one, and the roots, respectively, are the lower world. It is believed that the aiyy gods do not accept sacrifices, and they are given dairy products and plants.

The supreme god - Yuryung Aiyy toyon, the creator of the world, people and demons that inhabit the lower world, animals and plants, embodies the sky. Joshogei Toyon is the patron god of horses, his image is closely related to the sun. Shuge toyon is a god who pursues evil forces in heaven and earth, the master of thunder and lightning. Ayysyt is a goddess who patronizes childbirth and pregnant women. Ieyiehsit - goddess - patroness of happy people, mediator between gods and people. Bilge Khaan is the god of knowledge. Chyngys Khaan is the god of fate. Ulu toyon is the god of death. There are also minor gods and spirits - forces of a lower order.

"The creation of the site is associated with the religion of the Sakha people, which not only preserved traditional rituals, but also the language. We expect that in the future the site will become a visiting card of the culture of the indigenous peoples of Yakutia, who maintain a spiritual connection with their ancestors," a representative of the republican ministry said at the time for entrepreneurship, tourism development and employment, which initiated the creation of the site.

Tengrianism is a system of religious beliefs of the ancient Mongols and Turks. The etymology of the word goes back to Tengri - the deified sky. Tengrianism arose on the basis of a popular worldview that embodied early religious and mythological ideas related to the relationship of man to the surrounding nature and its elemental forces. A peculiar and characteristic feature of this religion is the kinship of man with the surrounding world, nature.

"Tengrianism was engendered by the deification of nature and the veneration of the spirits of ancestors. The Turks and Mongols worshiped objects and phenomena of the surrounding world not out of fear of incomprehensible and formidable natural forces, but out of a feeling of gratitude to nature for the fact that, despite sudden outbursts of her unbridled anger, she more often it is affectionate and generous. They knew how to look at nature as an animated creature, "said the representative of the department.

According to him, some scholars who studied Tengrianism came to the conclusion that by the XII-XIII centuries this doctrine took the form of a complete concept with ontology (the doctrine of a single deity), cosmology (the concept of three worlds with the possibilities of mutual communication), mythology and demonology ( distinguishing ancestral spirits from the spirits of nature).

"Tengrianism was so different from Buddhism, Islam and Christianity that spiritual contacts between representatives of these religions could not be possible. Monotheism, worship of ancestral spirits, pantheism (worship of the spirits of nature), magic, shamanism and even elements of totemism are intricately and surprisingly organically intertwined. . The only religion with which Tengrism had much in common was the Japanese national religion - Shintoism, "the representative of the republican ministry concluded.

Yakuts(from Evenk yakols), sakha (self name)- people in the Russian Federation, the indigenous population of Yakutia. The main groups of Yakuts are Amga-Lena (between the Lena, the lower Aldan and Amga, as well as on the adjacent left bank of the Lena), Vilyui (in the Vilyui basin), Olekma (in the Olekma basin), northern (in the tundra zone of the Anabar, Olenek, Kolyma river basins) , Yana, Indigirka). They speak the Yakut language of the Turkic group of the Altai family, which has groups of dialects: central, Vilyui, north-western, Taimyr. Believers - Orthodox.

Historical background

Both the Tungus population of taiga Siberia and the Turkic-Mongol tribes that settled in Siberia in the 10th-13th centuries took part in the ethnogenesis of the Yakuts. and assimilated the local population. The ethnogenesis of the Yakuts ended by the 17th century.

In the north-east of Siberia, by the time the Russian Cossacks and industrialists arrived there, the Yakuts (Sakha) were the most numerous people who occupied a prominent place among other peoples in terms of cultural development.

The ancestors of the Yakuts lived much further south, in the Baikal region. According to the corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences A.P. Derevianko, the movement of the ancestors of the Yakuts to the north began, apparently, in the VIII-IX centuries, when the legendary ancestors of the Yakuts settled in the Baikal region - the Kurykans, the Turkic-speaking peoples, information about which was preserved for us by the runic Orkhon inscriptions. The exodus of the Yakuts, crowded to the north by their stronger neighbors, the Mongols - newcomers to the Lena from the Trans-Baikal steppes, intensified in the 12th-13th centuries. and ended around the XIV-XV centuries.

According to the legends recorded at the beginning of the eighteenth century. a member of the government expedition to explore Siberia, Jacob Lin-denau, a companion of Academicians Miller and Gmelin, the last settlers from the south came to the Lena at the end of the 16th century. headed by Badzhey, the grandfather of the famous tribal leader (toyon) Tygyn. A.P. Derevianko believes that with such a movement of tribes to the north, representatives of different nationalities, not only Turkic, but also Mongolian, also penetrated there. And for centuries there was a complex process of merging different cultures, which, moreover, were enriched on the spot with the skills and abilities of the indigenous Tungus and Yukaghir tribes. This is how the modern Yakut people gradually formed.

By the beginning of contacts with the Russians (1620s), the Yakuts were divided into 35-40 exogamous "tribes" (Dyon, Aimakh, Russian "volosts"), the largest were Kangalas and Namts on the left bank of the Lena, Megins, Borogons, Betuns, Baturus - between Lena and Amga, numbering up to 2000-5000 people.

The tribes were often at odds with each other, divided into smaller clan groups - "paternal clans" (aga-uusa) and "maternal clans" (iye-uusa), that is, apparently, dating back to different wives of the progenitor. There were customs of blood feud, usually replaced by ransom, military initiation of boys, collective fishing (in the north - catching geese), hospitality, and exchange of gifts (belekh). The military aristocracy stood out - toyons, who ruled the clan with the help of the elders and acted as military leaders. They owned slaves (kulut, bokan), 1-3, rarely up to 20 people in a family. Slaves had families, often lived in separate yurts, men often served in the toyon's military squad. Professional traders appeared - the so-called townspeople (that is, people who traveled to the city). Livestock was in private ownership, hunting, pasture land, hayfields, etc. - mainly in the community. The Russian administration tried to slow down the development of private ownership of land. Under the Russian government, the Yakuts were divided into "clans" (aga-uusa), ruled by elective "princes" (kines) and united in naslegs. The nasleg was headed by an elected "grand prince" (ulakhan kinesis) and a "clan administration" of clan elders. The community members gathered at tribal and inherited gatherings (munnyakh). The people were united in uluses headed by an elected ulus head and a "foreign council". These associations date back to other tribes: Meginsky, Borogonsky, Baturusky, Namsky, West and East Kangalassky uluses, Betyunsky, Batulinsky, Ospetsky naslegi, etc.

Life and economy

Traditional culture is most fully represented by the Amga-Lena and Vilyui Yakuts. The northern Yakuts are close in culture to the Evenks and Yukagirs, the Olyokminsky are strongly acculturated by the Russians.

The family is small (kergen, yal). Until the 19th century. polygamy survived, and the wives often lived separately and each ran their own household. Kalym usually consisted of cattle, part of it (kurum) was intended for a wedding feast. For the bride, they gave a dowry, which in value was about half of the kalym - mainly items of clothing and utensils.

The main traditional occupations are horse breeding (in Russian documents of the 17th century the Yakuts were called "equestrian people") and cattle breeding. The horses were looked after by men, the cattle by women. In the north, deer were bred. The cattle were kept on pasture in summer and in barns (khotons) in winter. Haymaking was known before the arrival of the Russians. Yakut cattle breeds were distinguished by their endurance, but they were unproductive.

Fishing was also developed. They fished mainly in the summer, but also in the winter in the ice hole; in the fall, a collective non-water game was arranged with the division of production between all participants. For the poor, who had no livestock, fishing was the main occupation (in the documents of the 17th century, the term "fisherman" - balyksyt - is used in the meaning of "poor man"), some tribes also specialized in it - the so-called "foot Yakuts" - Osekui, Ontuls, kokui, Kirikians, Kyrgyz, orgots and others.

Hunting was especially widespread in the north, constituting here the main source of food (arctic fox, hare, reindeer, elk, bird). In the taiga, before the arrival of the Russians, both meat and fur hunting (bear, elk, squirrel, fox, hare, bird, etc.) were known; later, due to a decrease in the number of animals, its importance dropped. Specific hunting techniques are characteristic: with a bull (the hunter sneaks up on the prey, hiding behind the bull), the horse chasing the animal along the trail, sometimes with dogs.

There was gathering - the collection of pine and larch sapwood (the inner layer of bark), harvested for the winter in a dried form, roots (saran, chakana, etc.), greens (wild onions, horseradish, sorrel), raspberries, which were considered unclean, were not used from berries.

Agriculture (barley, to a lesser extent wheat) was borrowed from the Russians at the end of the 17th century, until the middle of the 19th century. was very poorly developed; its spread (especially in the Olekminsky district) was facilitated by Russian exiled settlers.

Processing of wood (artistic carving, coloring with alder broth), birch bark, fur, leather was developed; crockery was made of leather, rugs were made of horse and cow skins, sewn in a checkerboard pattern, blankets were made of hare fur, etc .; from horsehair they twisted the cords with their hands, weaved, embroidered. Spinning, weaving and felting were absent. The production of molded ceramics, which distinguished the Yakuts from other peoples of Siberia, has survived. Smelting and forging of iron were developed, which had a commercial value, smelting and minting of silver, copper, etc., from the 19th century. - carving on a mammoth bone.

They moved mainly on horseback, and the goods were transported in a pack. Known were skis lined with horse kamus, sledges (silis syarga, later - sleds of the type of Russian firewood), usually harnessed to bulls, in the north - reindeer straight-dust sleds; types of boats are common with the Evenks - birch bark (tyy) or flat-bottomed planks; sailing ships-karbas are borrowed from the Russians.

Dwelling

Winter settlements (kystyk) were located near mows, consisted of 1-3 yurts, summer settlements near pastures, numbered up to 10 yurts. The winter yurt (booth, dyie) had inclined walls of standing thin logs on a rectangular log frame and a low gable roof. The walls were covered with clay and manure on the outside, the roof over the log flooring was covered with bark and earth. The house was placed on the cardinal points, the entrance was on the east side, the windows were on the south and west, the roof was oriented from north to south. To the right of the entrance, in the northeastern corner, there was a hearth (sediment) - a pipe made of poles coated with clay, which went out through the roof. Plank bunks (oron) were arranged along the walls. The most honorable was the southwest corner. The master's place was located at the western wall. The bunks to the left of the entrance were intended for male youth, workers, on the right, at the hearth, for women. A table (ostuol) and stools were placed in the front corner. On the north side, a stable (khoton) was attached to the yurt, often under the same roof as the dwelling; the door to it from the yurt was behind the hearth. In front of the entrance to the yurt, a shed or canopy was arranged. The yurt was surrounded by a low embankment, often with a fence. There was a hitching post near the house, often decorated with carvings.

Summer yurts differed little from winter ones. Instead of a khoton, a stable for calves (titik), sheds, etc. were placed at a distance. There was a conical structure of poles covered with birch bark (urasa), in the north - turf (kalyman, holuman). Since the end of the XVIII century. polygonal log yurts with pyramidal roofs are known. From the 2nd half of the 18th century. Russian huts spread.

clothing

Traditional men's and women's clothing - short leather trousers, fur belly, leather leggings, single-breasted caftan (sleep), in winter - fur, in summer - from horse or cow hide with wool inside, the rich - from fabric. Later, fabric shirts with a turn-down collar (yrbakhs) appeared. Men girded with a leather belt with a knife and flint, while the rich - with silver and copper plaques. Women's wedding fur long caftan (sangyyakh) embroidered with red and green cloth and gold lace is typical; an elegant women's fur hat made of expensive fur descending to the back and shoulders, with a high cloth, velvet or brocade top with a silver plaque (tuosakhta) and other adornments sewn onto it. Women's silver and gold jewelry is widespread. Shoes - winter high boots made of reindeer or horse skins with the wool outward (eterbes), summer boots made of soft leather (saar) with a top covered with cloth, for women - with applique, long fur stockings.

Food

The main food is dairy, especially in summer: from mare's milk - kumis, from cow's - yogurt (suorat, sora), cream (kyuerchekh), butter; they drank butter melted or with kumis; Suorat was harvested for the winter frozen (tar) with the addition of berries, roots, etc .; from it with the addition of water, flour, roots, pine sapwood, etc., a stew (butugas) was prepared. Fish food played a major role for the poor and in the northern regions, where there were no livestock, meat was consumed mainly by the rich. Horse meat was especially appreciated. In the XIX century. barley flour comes into use: unleavened flat cakes, pancakes, salamat stew were made from it. Vegetables were known in the Olekminsky district.

Religion

Orthodoxy spread in the 18th-19th centuries. The Christian cult was combined with belief in good and evil spirits, spirits of dead shamans, host spirits, etc. The elements of totemism have been preserved: the clan had a patron animal, which was forbidden to be killed, called by name, etc. The world consisted of several tiers, the head of the upper one was considered Yuryung aiy toyon, the lower one - Ala buurai toyon and others. The cult of the female fertility deity Aiyysyt was important. Horses were sacrificed to the spirits living in the upper world, and cows in the lower world. The main holiday is the spring-summer kumys festival (Ysyakh), accompanied by libations of kumis from large wooden cups (choroon), games, sports, etc.

Has been developed. Shaman tambourines (dungyur) are close to Evenk ones.

Culture and education

In folklore, a heroic epic (olonkho) was developed, performed in recitative by special storytellers (olonkhosut) with a large crowd of people; historical legends, fairy tales, especially animal tales, proverbs, songs. Traditional musical instruments - jew's harp (khomus), violin (kyryimpa), percussion. Of the dances, the round dance osuokhai, game dances, etc. are widespread.

School education has been conducted since the 18th century. in Russian. Writing in the Yakut language since the middle of the 19th century. At the beginning of the XX century. the intelligentsia is being formed.

Links

1. V.N. Ivanov Yakuts // Peoples of Russia : website.
2. The ancient history of the Yakuts // Dixon : website.

The Yakuts are the indigenous population of the Republic of Yakutia (Sakha) and the largest of all the indigenous peoples of Siberia. The ancestors of the Yakuts were first mentioned in the 14th century. The ancestors of the modern Yakuts are a nomadic tribe of Kurykans, who until the XIV century lived on the territory of Transbaikalia. They came there from across the Yenisei River. Yakuts are divided into several main groups:

• amga-Lena, live between the Lena River, on the adjacent left bank of the river, between the lower Aldan and Amga;
• olekma, inhabit the territory in the Olekma basin;
• vilyui, live in the Vilyui basin;
• northern, live in the tundra zone of the basins of the Kolyma, Olenek, Anabar, Indigirka and Yana rivers.

The self-name of the people sounds like sakha, in plural sakhalar... There is also an old self-name uranhaiwhich is still being written uraanhai and uraanghai... These names are still used today in solemn speeches, songs and olonkho. Among the Yakuts sakhalars - mestizo, descendants of mixed marriages between the Yakuts and representatives of the Caucasian race. This word should not be confused with the above sakhalar.

Where live

Most of the Yakuts live in Yakutia, on the territory of Russia, some live in the Magadan, Irkutsk regions, Krasnoyarsk and Khabarovsk regions, in Moscow, Buryatia, St. Petersburg and Kamchatka.

Number

For 2018, the population of the Republic of Yakutia is 964 330 people. Almost half of the entire population is in the central part of Yakutia.

Tongue

Yakut, along with Russian, is one of the state languages \u200b\u200bof the Republic of Yakutia. Yakut belongs to the Turkic group of languages, but differs significantly from them in the vocabulary of obscure origin, which, possibly, belongs to the Paleo-Asian. In Yakut, there are many words of Mongolian origin, ancient borrowings and Russian words that appeared in the language after Yakutia became part of Russia.

The Yakut language is used mainly in the everyday life of the Yakuts and their public life. The Evenks, Evens, Dolgans, Yukagirs, the Russian old-time population speak this language: Lena peasants, Yakuts, Hikers and Russians. They use this language on the territory of Yakutia in office work, events of a cultural nature are held in it, newspapers, magazines, books are published, radio broadcasting and television programs are conducted, there are Internet resources in the Yakut language. In the city and rural areas, performances are staged on it. Yakut is the language of the ancient epic olonkho.

Bilingualism is widespread among the Yakuts, 65% speak Russian fluently. There are several groups of dialects in the Yakut language:

1. Northwest
2. Vilyuiskaya
3. Central
4. Taimyr

In the Yakut language, an alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet is used today, it contains all Russian letters and 5 additional letters, as well as 2 combinations of Дь дь and Нь нь, 4 diphthongs are used. Long vowel sounds in writing are indicated by double vowel letters.

Character

Yakuts are very hardworking, hardy, organized and stubborn people, they have a good ability to adapt to new living conditions, endure difficulties, hardships and hunger.

Appearance

The Yakuts of the pure race have an oval face shape, a wide and smooth, low forehead, black eyes with slightly sloping eyelids. The nose is straight, often with a hump, the mouth is large, the teeth are large, the cheekbones are moderate. The complexion is dark, bronze or yellow-gray. Hair is straight and coarse, black.

clothing

The national costume of the Yakuts combines the traditions of different peoples; it is perfectly adapted to the harsh climate in which this people lives. This is reflected in the cut and design of the clothing. The suit consists of a caftan with a belt, leather pants and fur socks. Yakut shirts are belted with a strap. In winter, deerskin and fur boots are worn.

The main ornament of the clothes is a flower of a lily-sandana. In clothes, the Yakuts try to combine all the colors of the year. Black is a symbol of earth and spring, green is summer, brown and red is autumn, silver jewelry symbolizes snow, stars and winter. Yakut patterns always consist of branched, continuous lines, which mean that the genus should not end. The more branches such a line has, the more children the person who owns the clothes has.

Motley fur, jacquard silk, broadcloth, leather and rovduga are used in the tailoring of outerwear. The costume is decorated with beads, ornamental inserts, metal pendants and adornments.

The poor sewed underwear and summer clothes from thin suede leather, the rich wore shirts made of Chinese cotton fabric, which was expensive and could only be obtained through natural exchange.

Festive clothing of the Yakuts of a more complex cut. The camp is expanded towards the bottom, the sleeves are assembled along the bend. Such sleeves are called buuktah... Lightweight caftans had an asymmetrical fastener, were generously decorated with beaded embroidery, a narrow strip of expensive fur and metal elements. Only the wealthy wore such clothes.

One of the Yakut wardrobe items are dressing gowns, sewn from fabric in order to have one-piece sleeves. It was worn by women in the summer. The Yakut hat looks like a firewood. A hole was usually made at the top so that the moon and the sun could look there. The ears on the cap indicate a connection with space. Today it is customary to decorate them with beads.

Religion

Before Yakutia became part of Russia, the people professed the Aar Aiyy religion, which assumed the belief that all Yakuts are the children of Tanar, a god and a relative of 12 White Aiyy. They believed that the child, from the moment of conception, was surrounded by the spirits of ichchi and celestials, they believed in good and evil spirits, host spirits and the spirits of dead shamans. Each genus had a patron animal that could not be called by name and killed.

The Yakuts believed that the world consists of several tiers, in the upper head is Yuryung Aiyy Toyon, in the lower one - Ala Buura Toyon. Horses were sacrificed to the spirits who live in the upper world, cows were sacrificed to those who live in the lower world. An important place was occupied by the cult of the female deity of fertility Aiyysyt.

Christianity came to Yakutia in the 18th century, and most of the indigenous population became Orthodox Christians. But the majority of mass Christianization was formal, the Yakuts often accepted it because of the benefits that they were entitled to in return, and for a long time treated this religion superficially. Today most of the Yakuts are Christians, but the traditional faith, pantheism, and agnosticism are also widespread. There are still shamans in Yakutia, although there are very few of them.

Dwelling

Yakuts lived in uras and log booths, which were also called Yakut yurts. From the 20th century, they began to build huts. The Yakut settlement consisted of several yurts, which were located at a great distance from each other.

Yurts were built from standing round logs. Only small trees were used for construction, cutting large ones is a sin. The building site should be low and protected from the wind. Yakuts are always looking for a "happy place" and do not settle among large trees, as they believe that they have already taken all their strength from the earth. When choosing a place to build a yurt, the Yakuts turned to a shaman. Often, dwellings were built collapsible, so that they could be easily transported in a nomadic lifestyle.

The doors to the dwelling are located on the east side, towards the sun. The roof was covered with birch bark, and many small windows were made for lighting in the yurt. Inside there is a fireplace, plastered with clay, along the walls there were wide loungers of various shapes, separated from each other by partitions. The lowest is located at the entrance. The owner of the dwelling sleeps on a high lounger.

A life

The main occupations of the Yakuts were horse breeding and cattle breeding. The men looked after the horses, the women looked after the cattle. The Yakuts living in the north bred deer. Yakut cattle were unproductive, but very hardy. Haymaking has long been known among the Yakuts; even before the arrival of the Russians, fishing was also developed. The fish was caught mainly in the summer, in the winter they made ice holes in the ice. In the autumn period, the Yakuts arranged a collective seine net, the catch was divided between all participants. The poor, who had no livestock, fed mainly on fish. The Yakuts on foot also specialized in this activity: kokuls, ontui, osekui, orgots, Krikiy and Kyrgyz.

Hunting was especially widespread in the north and was the main source of food in these regions. The Yakuts hunted for hares, arctic fox, birds, elk and reindeer. With the arrival of the Russians in the taiga, fur and meat hunting for bears, squirrels, foxes began to spread, but later, due to a decrease in the number of animals, it became less popular. The Yakuts hunted with a bull, which they hid behind, sneaking up on their prey. On the trail of animals they chased on horses, sometimes with dogs.

The Yakuts were also engaged in gathering, collected the inner layer of the bark of larch and pine, dried for the winter. They collected the roots of chalk and saran, greens: onions, sorrel and horseradish, they were engaged in picking berries, but they did not use raspberries, since they considered it unclean.

The Yakuts borrowed agriculture from the Russians in the 17th century, and until the 19th century this direction of the economy was very poorly developed. They grew barley, rarely wheat. Exiled Russian settlers contributed to the wide spread of agriculture among this people, especially in the Olemkinsky district.

Woodworking was well developed, the Yakuts were engaged in artistic carving, painted products with a decoction of alder. Birch bark, leather and furs were also processed. Crockery was made from leather, rugs were made from cow and horse skins, blankets were sewn from hare fur. Horsehair was used in sewing, weaving and embroidery; it was twisted by hand into cords. The Yakuts were engaged in molded ceramics, which made them stand out from other Siberian peoples. Smelting and forging of iron, smelting and chasing of silver, copper and other metals were developed among the people. Since the 19th century, the Yakuts began to engage in bone carving.

The Yakuts moved mainly on horseback, and the goods were transported in packs. They made skis, which were lined with horse skins, and sleds, into which bulls and deer were harnessed. For movement on water, they made birch bark boats called tyy, made flat-bottomed boards, sailing ships-karbas, which they borrowed from the Russians.

In ancient times, indigenous peoples living in the north of Yakutia bred the Yakut Laika breed of dogs. The breed of large Yakut court dogs is also widespread, which is distinguished by its unpretentiousness.

The Yakuts have a lot of hitching posts, since ancient times they have been the main components of the people, traditions, customs, beliefs and rituals are associated with them. All hitch posts have different heights, shapes, decorations and ornaments. There are 3 groups of such structures:

• courtyard, it includes those hitching posts that are installed at the dwelling. Horses are tied to them;
• pillars for religious rites;
• hitch posts, installed on the main holiday Ysyakh.

Food

The national cuisine of the Yakuts is a little similar to the cuisine of the Mongols, Buryats, northern peoples and Russians. Dishes are prepared by boiling, fermentation and freezing. Of meat, the Yakuts eat horse meat, venison and beef, game, blood and offal. It is widespread in the cuisine of this people to cook dishes from Siberian fish: chir, sturgeon, omul, muksun, peled, grayling, nelma and taimen.

The Yakuts make the most of all the components of the original product. For example, when cooking crucian carp in Yakut style, the fish stays with its head and is practically not gutted. The scales are scraped off, the gallbladder and part of the large intestine are removed through a small incision, and the swim bladder is pierced. The fish is fried or boiled.

All by-products are used quite actively; giblets soup, blood delicacies, horse and beef liver, which is filled with a mixture of blood and milk, are very popular. Meat from beef and horse ribs is called oyogos in Yakutia. It is eaten frozen or raw. Frozen fish and meat are used to make stroganina, which is eaten with spicy seasoning. Khaan blood sausage is made from horse and beef blood.

In traditional Yakut cuisine, vegetables, mushrooms and fruits are not used, only some berries are used. From drinks they use kumis and stronger koyuurgen, instead of tea they drink hot fruit drink. Suorat curdled milk, kerchekh whipped cream, thick cream of butter whipped with milk called cober, chokhoon - milk and butter whipped with berries, iediegei cottage cheese, and suumeh cheese are prepared from cow's milk. A thick mass of salamat is cooked from a mixture of dairy products and flour. A wineskin is made from a fermented solution of barley or rye flour.

Folklore

The ancient epic olonkho is passed down from generation to generation and is similar in performance to an opera. This is the oldest epic art of the Yakuts, which occupies the most important place in the folklore of the people. Olonkho denotes an epic tradition and serves as the name of individual legends. Poems 10,000-15,000 lines long are performed by folk storytellers, which not everyone can become. The storyteller must have oratorical and acting talent, be able to improvise. It can take 7 nights to perform big olonkho. The largest such work consists of 36,000 poetic characters. In 2005, the olonkho was declared by UNESCO "a masterpiece of the intangible and oral heritage of mankind."

Yakut folk singers use the type of throat singing dyeretiy yrya. This is an unusual singing technique whose articulation is based in the larynx or pharynx.

The most famous of the Yakut musical instruments is the khomus, a Yakut variety of jew's harp and a stringed instrument. They play on it with their lips and tongue.

Traditions

The Yakuts have always strived to live in harmony with themselves, faith and nature, they honor traditions and are not afraid of changes. There are so many traditions and rituals of this people that you can write a separate book about it.

The Yakuts protect their homes and livestock from evil spirits, using many conspiracies, conduct rituals for the offspring of livestock, a good harvest and the birth of children. Until today, the Yakuts have a blood feud, but it was gradually replaced by ransom.

The Sat stone is considered magical by this people, women cannot look at it, otherwise it will lose its power. These stones are found in the stomachs of birds and animals, wrapped in birch bark and wrapped in horsehair. It is believed that with the help of certain spells and this stone, you can summon snow, rain and wind.

Yakuts are very hospitable people and love to give gifts to each other. Their childbirth ceremonies are associated with the goddess Aiyysyt, who is considered the patroness of children. According to myths, Aiyy accepts only plant sacrifices and dairy products. In the everyday language of the Yakuts there is a word "anyy", the meaning of which is translated as "no".

Yakuts enter marriage from 16 to 25 years old, if the groom's family is not rich and there is no kalym, you can steal the bride, and then help the wife's family and thereby work off the kalym.

Until the 19th century, polygamy was widespread in Yakutia, but the wives lived separately from their husbands, and each led her own household. There was a kalym, which consisted of cattle. A part of kalym - kurum was intended for a wedding celebration. For the bride there was a dowry, which in value was equal to half of a kalym. These were mainly clothes and utensils. Modern kalym was replaced with money.

An obligatory traditional rite among the Yakuts is the Blessing of Aiyy at celebrations and holidays in nature. Blessings are prayers. The most important holiday is Ysyakh, the day of praise for the White Aiyy. When hunting and fishing, a rite of appeasing the spirit of hunting and good luck Bayanay is performed.

With the dead, an air burial ceremony was performed, the body was suspended in the air. The ceremony meant the surrender of the deceased to light, air, spirit and wood.

All Yakuts revere trees, they believe that the spirit of the mistress of the land, Aan Darkhan Khotun, lives in them. When they climbed the mountains, they traditionally sacrificed fish and animals to the forest spirits.

During the national holiday Ysyakh, national Yakut jumps and international games "Children of Asia" are held, which are divided into the following stages:

1. Kylyy, 11 jumps without stopping, a jump on one leg begins, you need to land on both legs;
2. Ystanga, 11 jumps in turn from foot to foot. You need to land on both feet;
3. Kuobakh, 11 jumps without stopping, during a jump from a place you need to push off with two legs at once or land with a run on both legs.

The national sport of the Yakuts is mas-wrestling, during which the opponent must snatch a stick from the opponent's hands. This sport was bred in 2003. Another sport, hapsagai, is a very ancient type of wrestling among the Yakuts.

A wedding in Yakutia is a special event. With the birth of a girl in the family, the parents, according to the sacred ancient tradition, are looking for a groom for her and for many years have been following his life, manners and behavior. Usually a boy is chosen from a family where fathers are distinguished by good health, endurance and strength, are good at working with their hands, building yurts, and getting food. If the boy's father does not pass on all his skills to him, he is no longer considered a groom. Some parents manage to quickly find a groom for their daughter, while for others this process takes many years.

Matchmaking is one of the customs and traditions of the Yakuts. Parents on the appointed day go to the house of the prospective groom, and the girl must not leave the house. Parents talk with the boy's parents, describe their daughter and her dignity in all colors. If the fiance's parents are not against the wedding, the size of the kalym is discussed. Her mother prepares the girl for the wedding, prepares her dowry, sews outfits. The bride chooses the wedding time.

Previously, a wedding dress was sewn only from natural materials. Today it is not necessary, it is only important that the outfit is snow-white and completed with a tight belt. The bride should have amulets to protect the new family from illness and evil.

The bride and groom sit in different yurts, the shaman, the groom's mother or the bride's father fumigate them with smoke, cleansing them of everything bad. Only after that the groom and the bride meet, they are declared husband and wife, and the celebration begins with a feast, dances and songs. After marriage, a girl should only walk with her head covered; only her husband should see her hair.

According to archaeological data, the Yakut nationality arose as a result of the combination of local tribes living near the middle reaches of the Lena River with southern Turkic-speaking settlers. Over time, the created new nationality was divided into several groups. For example, reindeer herders in the northwest, etc.

Yakuts, description of the nationality

The Yakuts are considered one of the most numerous Siberian peoples. Their number reaches over 380 thousand people. Yakuts live in Irkutsk, Khabarovsk and Krasnoyarsk regions, but mainly in the Republic of Sakha. The Yakut language belongs to the Turkic dialects that are part of the Altai family. The main occupations of the Yakuts are horse and cattle breeding, fishing and hunting. In modern times, the main wealth of the Yakuts is diamonds. The extractive industry is very developed. The Yakut dwelling is yurts, which can be small and vice versa, different in height. Yurts are built of wood.

Whom did the Yakuts worship since ancient times?

Among the Yakuts, reverence for nature still occupies an important place in their beliefs. All the traditions and customs of the Yakuts are closely related to her. They believe that nature is alive, and all earthly objects have their own spirits and inner strength. The owner of the road has been considered one of the main ones since ancient times. Earlier, they even made sacrificial offerings to him, leaving horse hair, scraps of cloth, buttons and copper coins at the crossroads. Similar actions were taken for the owners of reservoirs, mountains, etc.

Thunder and lightning, as seen by the Yakuts, pursue evil spirits. If a tree splits during a thunderstorm, it is believed to have healing powers. In the Yakuts' view, the wind has four spirits that guard the earthly peace. The Earth has a female deity - Aan. She monitors the growth and fertility of all living things (plants, animals, people). Special offerings are made for Aan in the spring.

Water has its own master. Gifts are brought to him in autumn and spring in the form of a birch-bark boat with an image of a person carved on it and attached pieces of cloth. Dropping sharp objects into water is considered a sin.

The owner of the fire is a gray-haired old man who drives out evil spirits. This element was always treated very respectfully. The fire was never extinguished and in the old days they carried it with them in pots. It is believed that he is the patron saint of the family and home.

The Yakuts call the spirit of the forest Baai Bayanai. He helps in hunting and fishing. In ancient times, it was chosen which could not be killed and eaten. For example, goose, swan, ermine and some others. The eagle was considered the head of all birds. The bear has always been the most revered among all groups of Yakuts. His claws and other attributes are still used as amulets.

Holidays

Yakut holidays are closely related to traditions and rituals. The most important is Ysyakh. It takes place once a year and reflects the worldview and picture of the world. It is celebrated at the very beginning of summer. According to ancient traditions, a hitching post is set up in a clearing surrounded by young birches, which symbolizes the World Tree and the axis of the Universe. In modern times, she has also become the personification of the friendship of the peoples living in Yakutia. This holiday is considered a family one.

Ysyakh always begins with sprinkling kumis of fire and four cardinal points. This is followed by a request to the Deities for the bestowal of grace. For the celebration, national dress is put on and traditional dishes and koumiss are prepared. The meal is always held at the same table with all relatives. Then they begin to dance in circles, sports competitions, wrestling, archery and tug of a stick are arranged.

Yakuts: families

Yakuts live small until the 19th century, polygamy was common. But they all lived separately, and each had its own household. Yakuts enter marriage between 16 and 25 years of age. In case of matchmaking, kalym is paid. If the bride can be kidnapped with subsequent detention.

Rites and traditions

The Yakut people have many traditions and rituals, from the description of which even a separate book can come out. They are often associated with magical actions. For example, the Yakuts use a number of conspiracies to protect their homes and livestock from evil spirits. Important components in this case are the ornament on clothes, jewelry and utensils. There are also ceremonies for a good harvest, offspring of livestock, the birth of children, etc.

Until now, the Yakuts have preserved many traditions and customs. For example, the Sat stone is considered magical, and if a woman looks at it, it loses its power. It is found in the stomachs or liver of animals and birds. After extraction, it is wrapped in birch bark and wrapped in horsehair. It is believed that through certain spells with the help of Sat, you can cause rain, wind or snow.

Many traditions and customs of the Yakuts have been preserved since ancient times. For example, they have it, but in modern times it was replaced by a ransom. The Yakuts are very hospitable, they love to exchange gifts. Birth rites are associated with the goddess Aiyy-syt, who is considered the patroness of children.

Hitching posts

The Yakuts have a lot of different tethering posts. And this is no coincidence, since since ancient times they have been one of the main components of the culture of the people. Beliefs, many rituals, traditions and customs are associated with them. All hitching posts have a different ornament, decoration, height, shape.

There are three groups of such pillars in total. The first (courtyard) includes those that are installed at the dwelling. Horses are tied to them. The second group includes pillars used for various religious rituals. And in the third - hitching posts, which are installed on the main Yakut holiday Ysyakh.

Yurts of the Yakuts

Yakut settlements consist of several houses (yurts) located at a great distance from each other. The Yakut dwelling is created from round standing logs. But only small trees are used in construction, since cutting large trees is considered a sin. The doors are located on the east side towards the sun. Inside the yurt there is a fireplace covered with clay. The dwelling has many small windows. There are wide sun loungers of different heights along the walls. At the entrance - the lowest. Only the owner of the yurt sleeps on the high one. The sun beds are separated from each other by partitions.

For the construction of a yurt, a low place is chosen, protected from the winds. In addition, the Yakuts are looking for a “happy place”. Therefore, they do not settle among the mighty trees, since they have already taken all the power of the earth. There are many more such moments, as in Chinese geomancy. When choosing a place to build a yurt, they turn to a shaman. Often, yurts are built collapsible so that they can be transported in a nomadic lifestyle.

National clothes

Consists of a single-breasted caftan. Previously, for winter, it was sewn from fur, and for summer - from the skin of a horse or cow. The caftan has 4 additional wedges and a wide belt. The sleeves are wide. Fur socks are also worn on the feet. In modern times, the Yakuts use fabric for sewing clothes. They began to wear shirts with collars, belted with a belt.

Wedding fur coats for women are sewn long, to the heels. They expand towards the bottom. The sleeves and collar are decorated with brocade, red and green cloth, silver ornaments, and lace. The hem is lined with sable fur. These bridal coats are inherited. Instead of a veil, fur hats with a high top made of black or red decorated cloth are worn on the head.

Folklore

Talking about the traditions and customs of the Yakuts, one cannot fail to mention their folklore. The main thing in it is the epic olonkho, which is considered a kind of poetry, and is performed like an opera. This art has been preserved since antiquity. Olonkho includes many traditional legends. And in 2005 this art was recognized as a UNESCO heritage.

Poems from 10 to 15 thousand lines long are performed by folk storytellers. Not everyone can become one. Storytellers must have an oratorical gift, be able to improvise, and have an acting talent. Speech should be of a different tone. Olonkho, which are large in volume, can be performed for seven nights. The largest and most famous work consists of 36 thousand lines of poetry.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

Higher professional education

NATIONAL RESEARCH

IRKUTSK STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

Institute of Architecture and Construction

Department of Urban Construction and Economy

ESSAY

Yakuts: tradiation, beat, toculture

Completed by: student of the group EUNbz-12 P.N. Sveshnikov

Accepted by: teacher V.G. Zhitov

Normocontrol V.G. Zhitov

Irkutsk 2014

Introduction

1.3 Culture

a) religion

b) art

1.4 Tradition

a) crafts

b) dwelling

c) clothes

d) National cuisine

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

This must always be remembered. Almost four centuries have passed since the entry of Yakutia into the Russian state. The entire path traveled by the Yakuts and other northern peoples during this time, the historical events and phenomena that occurred in their history during this period, the traditional friendship of the Yakut and Russian peoples irrefutably testify that the entry of Yakutia into Russia was an event of enormous progressive significance.

The Yakuts are a people whose traditions and culture are little known to other peoples. That is why I became interested in this topic.

Friendship of peoples, harmony and peace between peoples is a very fragile and delicate thing. Therefore, in our time, the national issue is very acute, interethnic conflicts often arise. Some peoples consider themselves superior in importance and allow themselves to humiliate and destroy other peoples.

Objectives: To study the characteristics of the Yakuts as a people, to learn about their traditions, culture, way of life, language, clothing, national cuisine and faith.

To achieve this goal, I worked with literature in the libraries of the city and school, I used encyclopedias: Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Russia, theoretical materials of grades 8 and 9 textbooks on Russian geography (

I believe that the content of my work can be used in the lessons of geography, history, in extracurricular activities and in elective courses.

I. Yakuts. Tradition. Gen. Culture

1.1 General characteristics of Yakutia

The self-name is Sakha Sahauryanghai. The Yakuts have their own autonomy, the Republic of Yakutia (Sakha). YAKUTIA (Republic of Sakha), a republic in the Russian Federation. Area 3103.2 thousand km2 (including the New Siberian Islands). Population 973.8 thousand people (2001), urban 66%; Yakuts, Russians, Ukrainians, Evenks, Evens, Chukchi. 33 districts, 13 cities. The capital is Yakutsk. Yakutia (Republic of Sakha) freely spreads in the north-east of the country. It is the largest of the Russian republics: its area is about 3 million km2, i.e. one fifth of the entire territory of the Russian Federation. How far Yakutia is from the European part of Russia can be judged by the fact that local time is six hours ahead of Moscow time.

Yakutia is located in the north of Eastern Siberia and includes the New Siberian Islands. More than 1/3 of the territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle. Most of it is occupied by vast mountain systems, highlands and plateaus. In the west - the Central Siberian Plateau, bounded in the east by the Central Yakutsk Lowland. In the east - the Verkhoyansk and Cherskiy ridges (up to 3147 m) and the Yano-Oymyakonskoe upland located between them. In the south - the Aldan Highlands and the border Stanovoy Range. In the northern part - the North Siberian, Yano-Indigirskaya and Kolyma lowlands. In the north-east - the Yukagir plateau.

It is washed by the Laptev and East Siberian seas. Large rivers are Lena (with tributaries Olekma, Aldan and Vilyui), Anabar, Olenek, Yana, Indigirka, Alazeya, Kolyma. Vilyui reservoir. Over 700 lakes: Mogotoevo, Nerpichye, Nejeli, etc.

Most of the territory of Yakutia is located in the middle taiga zone, which in the north is replaced by forest-tundra and tundra zones. The soils are predominantly permafrost-taiga, soddy-forest, alluvial-meadow, mountain-forest, and tundra-gley.

Yakutia is a plateau, plateau and mountains. In the northeast, the Verkhoyansk Range bent like a giant arc. Its peaks soared to a height of more than two kilometers. The mountain chains separating the basins of the Yana, Indigirka and Kolyma rivers are stretched mainly in the northern and northwestern directions. Breaking through to the ocean, some rivers create narrow valleys in the mountain ranges. The most striking example is the so-called Lena pipe 2-4 km wide. Lowlands - North Siberian, Yano-Indigirskaya, Kolymskaya - stretch in the far north. The highest point of the region is Mount Pobeda (3147 m) in the Ulakhan-Chistay ridge. In terms of geological age, Yakutia is an ancient land that has accumulated innumerable riches in its depths over many millions of years and has experienced various events. On its territory, even a trace of the impact of a huge meteorite body was found - the so-called Popigai crater. Only in the 20th century began to discover the treasures of this region; their exploration and development required enormous material costs, and above all the courage and courage of the pioneers.

Most of the plains and plateaus are covered with forests, dominated by Daurian larch (in Yakut "tit-mas"). The widespread use of this tree is due to its adaptability to harsh conditions. Pine forests are found on the sandy terraces of large rivers - the Lena, Aldan, Vilyui, Olekma. The summer landscape in the Yakut taiga is very beautiful: sun glare falls on a carpet of moss and lingonberry. There is almost no undergrowth - only young larch stands with even more delicate color of needles. In autumn, the forest turns golden; on cloudy September days, it seems to be illuminated from the inside. Thanks to the calm weather, the taiga stands in a golden garment until the snowfall.

Charans are often found - areas where vegetation is combined with bare soils. Birch trees grow from trees on such bald patches, feather grass and other representatives of the steppes grow from grasses. Paradoxically, southern plants are very close to the Arctic Circle. The reason lies in the peculiarities of the climate (in summer it is similar to the steppe in Yakutia), as well as in the nature of the soils, which are well moistened when the upper permafrost layer melts.

As a result of ice melting, alases are formed - shallow (up to 6 - 10 m) depressions of various areas (from hundreds to tens of thousands of square meters). The bottom of the alass is flat; in the center of it you can sometimes see an overgrown lake. Usually alases are treeless, only occasionally birches grow on them - singly or in groups, and mostly thick grass dominates. The soil of the Yakut alases is highly saline, often salty and water in short-lived lakes. Therefore, before brewing tea - thick in Yakut style - the traveler should taste the lake water. Alases attract elk, red deer, roe deer, which come to feast on juicy grass and salted salt.

On the heights, the taiga is gradually thinning, turning into a thin-stemmed forest; then swamps with blueberry bumps and thickets appear. Even higher, a belt of shrubs or dwarf cedar begins, movement along which resembles walking on a trampoline: the creeping branches spring and throw the traveler up. The highest peaks are char, covered with kurums, tongues of "stone rivers" descending into the forest zone. Under a pile of stones, at a depth of one and a half meters, one can see ice; in such natural freezers, hunters save meat for future use.

In the north of Yakutia, the taiga is replaced by the forest-tundra, and on the coast of the Arctic Ocean, the lichen tundra stretches along a wide border. There is even a strip of arctic tundra (in the northwest). Tiny creeping birches grow on flat swampy interfluves. The frozen ground is covered with cracks that fill with water in summer. In the valleys of large rivers, the landscape revives: meadows and low-growing larches appear, bent by the winds. Perhaps, if you choose the symbol of the Republic of Sakha, then the larch would be the most suitable.

Natural conditions also determine the nature of the animal world. In the past, sable was considered the main wealth of Yakutia. Centuries of predatory extermination have led to the fact that this animal is only occasionally found in inaccessible areas. Now the main game animals are the squirrel, arctic fox, white hare, fox, ermine, Siberian weasel.

Small fluffy chipmunks are often seen. If, having met him, stop for a while and freeze, he will definitely try to better see the stranger. Another animal lives in the tundra - the lemming. It is covered with thick fur that saves from the cold. The Yakuts know: there are many lemmings - the main food of Arctic foxes - the hunting season will be successful.

Of large ungulates in the taiga, elk are found, red deer, musk deer, roe deer are found. In the past they hunted wild deer, but now this animal is a rarity; its place was taken by the domestic deer, which is used as a draft animal.

A large bighorn sheep found in the mountains is under protection. The Ussuri tiger can occasionally wander into the southeastern regions of Yakutia from the Ussuri forests. A stuffed tiger killed in 1905 is on display at the Yakutsk Museum. near the village of Ust-Maya on Aldan. The predator then lifted up several herd horses and was discovered along huge tracks.

Numerous waterways intersect from the south to the north of the territory of Yakutia. Lena, Anabar, Olenek, Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma and other rivers carry their waters to the Arctic Ocean. The warmest rivers "warm" the bottoms of the valleys, as a result of which areas of soil in frozen rocks thaw out. Lena (over 4400 km) is one of the ten largest rivers in the world. In total, Yakutia has over 700 thousand rivers and streams and about the same number of lakes. When asked about the number of lakes in the region, local residents answer that there are as many of them as "there are stars in the sky."

The main transport artery of Yakutia is the Lena River. Since late May - early June, ships with equipment, fuel, food and other cargoes have been moving along it in a continuous flow. Navigation is a hot season; only four months in the center of the republic and two or three in the north have been released for ferrying everything necessary by the cheapest waterway. Large vessels, carrying two to three thousand tons, scurry up and down the Lena, Aldan and Vilyuy, as well as along large tributaries. Even the "sailors" - sea vessels with a displacement of 5 thousand tons - go through the big water to get cargo for the whole of Yakutia to the port of Osetrovo.

In the city of Aldan, there is a remarkable monument - an old truck is hoisted on the pedestal. Such machines delivered goods from the village of Never, through which the Trans-Siberian railway passes, to the Aldan gold mines. After the Transsib was extended to Yakutsk, communications with many settlements improved significantly. A highway has been built from the port of Lensk to the city of Mirny (the center of the diamond mining industry).

The Baikal-Amur Mainline connected the Chulmanovskie coking coal deposits with industrial centers. In the future, it is planned to continue the BAM rails to the cities of Aldan and Tommot, and in the 21st century, perhaps, the turn will come to Yakutsk.

Aircraft appeared in Yakutia in the early 30s. and immediately gained popularity, since they connected remote corners with the center. The population of Yakutia is "the most flying" in Russia, and perhaps in the world. At the airport of a small village, you can meet a Yakut woman who rushes to the plane to visit her granddaughter, who lives 500 km away.

The region's economy is mainly based on the natural wealth of the Yakut subsoil. There are over 40 thousand mineral deposits in the republic. During the existence of the mining industry in Yakutia, only 1.5 thousand tons of gold were mined. The region gave the country many millions of tons of coal and millions of cubic meters of natural gas. However, according to many scientists, the main riches still await development. The edge, perhaps, will declare them for real in the 21st century.

In rivers and lakes, there are up to 40 species of fish: among them taimen, broad, perch, pike, omul, nelma, muksun, vendace, peled, crucian carp. In Lena, they catch the Siberian king-fish - the khatys sturgeon. A handsome grayling lives in mountain rivers. The fish could be much larger if it did not die due to lack of food and lack of oxygen in the freezing water bodies.

Like the circulatory system, the rivers of Yakutia bring life to all distant parts of the region. the main arteries are Lena and its branched tributaries. Other large rivers - Olenek, Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma - do not directly communicate with Lena and with each other, but they are all united by the Arctic Ocean, where they flow into. The Lena collects most of its waters south of Yakutia, in the mountains of Southern Siberia. The basin of this river is extremely large in area, which also explains its high flow.

Since ancient times, rivers have been the routes along which the migration of peoples took place. In the summer we traveled by boat, in the winter - on the ice. Housing was also built along the banks.

The modern name of the republic is derived from the ethnic names of the indigenous population: Sakha is a self-name and Yakut is a Russian name borrowed in the 17th century. from the Evens. Yakutsk, founded in 1632, developed from the very beginning as an administrative and commercial center of Eastern Siberia. In the 19th century, it became notorious as a place for political criminals.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the city had approximately 6 thousand inhabitants. Along with houses, there were also yurts; however, there were 16 educational institutions, including a theological seminary, a museum, a printing house, and two libraries.

During the years of Soviet power, the appearance of Yakutsk began to change rapidly. In place of workshops and small businesses, a diversified industry emerged. There is a powerful shipyard that extracts coal from the miners of the Kangalassky coal mine, there are modern power plants - a state district power station and a thermal power station. The population of Yakutsk exceeded 200 thousand people. The capital of the Republic of Sakha is multinational; a significant part of the inhabitants are Yakuts.

The city has a university and an agricultural institute, three theaters, several dozen museums; The Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences unites about 30 research centers. At the entrance to the only Institute of Permafrost Studies in Russia, there is a mammoth sculpture. The Sherginsky mine - a well 116.6 m deep, dug in the middle of the 19th century - is still used to study permafrost.

1.2 Features of the Yakut language

Yakut language, one of the Turkic languages; forms the Yakut subgroup of the Uyghur-Oguz (according to N.A. Baskakov's classification) group or belongs to the conditionally distinguished "northeastern" group Distributed in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), where, along with Russian, it is a state (and, according to the Constitution of the republic, is called the Sakha language - by the self-name of the Yakuts), in the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okrug and some other regions of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. The number of speakers is about 390 thousand people, and Yakut is spoken not only by ethnic Yakuts, but also by representatives of a number of other peoples. Previously, the Yakut language played the role of a regional language of interethnic communication in the North-East of Siberia. 65% of Yakuts are fluent in Russian; Russian-Yakut-Even, Russian-Yakut-Evenk, Russian-Yakut-Yukagir and some other types of multilingualism are also widespread.

There are three groups of dialects: western (left bank of Lena: Vilyui and northwestern dialects), eastern (right bank of Lena: central and northeastern dialects) and Dolgan dialect (Taimyr and Anabar region of the Sakha Republic), which is spoken by the small Dolgan people and which sometimes considered as a separate language.

Like the Chuvash language, Yakut is located on the geographic periphery of the Turkic-speaking world and differs greatly (by the standards of the Turkic family) from other languages \u200b\u200bincluded in it. In phonetics, the Yakut language is characterized by the preservation of primary long vowels and diphthongs, which have disappeared in most Turkic languages; in grammar - unchangeable personal pronouns of 1 and 2 persons, a rich system of cases (in the absence of common Türkic genitive and local - a unique feature of the Yakut language), a variety of ways of expressing direct object and some other features. The syntax remains typically Turkic. The specificity of the Yakut language in the field of vocabulary is very significant, which is associated with the large number of borrowings from the Mongolian, Evenk and Russian languages; the Dolgan dialect was especially influenced by the Evenk language. The active vocabulary of the Yakut language contains about 2,500 words of Mongolian origin; As for Russian borrowings, there were already more than 3 thousand of them in the pre-revolutionary period, and some borrowings preserved words that have come out of active use in the Russian language itself, for example, araspaannya "surname" from the Russian nickname or solkuobai "ruble" from the Russian ruble. In the language of the press, the share of Russian borrowings reaches 42%.

The literary Yakut language was formed under the influence of the language of folklore in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. based on central dialects; translated missionary literature was published from the 19th century. (the first book was published in 1812). Several writing systems were used (all on a Cyrillic basis): missionary, which published mainly church literature; Betlingkovskaya, which published scientific publications and the first periodicals; and writing in the Russian civil alphabet. In 1922, S.A. Novgorodov's alphabet was introduced, created on the basis of international phonetic transcription; in 1930-1940 there was a writing on the Latin basis, from 1940 - on the basis of Russian graphics with some additional letters. Teaching is conducted in the Yakut language, including in higher education (Yakut and Turkic philology and culture), periodicals, various literature are published, radio and television broadcasting is conducted.

The Yakut language is one of the most well-studied Turkic languages.

yakutia culture everyday life traditions

1.3 Culture

The stage of the formation of the Yakut culture is associated with the Baikal Kurykans, which included not only the Turkic base, but also the Mongolian and also the Tungusic components. It is among the Kurykans that the integration of different ethnic cultural traditions, which laid the foundation for the Yakut semi-settled cattle breeding, a number of elements of material culture, and the anthropological characteristics of the Yakuts, takes place. In the X-XI centuries. Kurykans experienced a strong influence of Mongolian-speaking neighbors, which can be clearly seen in the vocabulary of the Yakut language. The Mongols also influenced the subsequent resettlement of the ancestors of the Yakuts down the Lena. At the same time, the Kypchak component (ethnonymy, language, ritualism) entered the composition of the Yakuts, which makes it possible to distinguish two Turkic cultural and chronological layers in the Yakut culture; Ancient Türkic, which has correspondences in the culture of the Sagai, Beltyrs, Tuvinians and Kypchak - separate groups of West Siberian Tatars, Northern Altai, Kachin and Kyzyl.

Olonkho is the general name for the works of the Yakut heroic epic. The works of the epic are named after their heroes ("Nyurgunt Bootur", "Ebekhtei Bergen", "Muldue the Strong", etc.). All works of olonkho are more or less similar only in style but also in composition; they are also brought together by the images traditional for all Olonkho (heroes - heroes, heroines, ancestors, sage Seerkeen, Sesen, slave Ssimekhsin, cannibals “abasasy !, evil dyege-baaba, etc.). The main content of the epic reflects the period of decomposition of the ordinary chroya among the Yakuts, intertribal and intergeneric relations. Raziers Olonkho reach 10-15 thousand and more lines of poetry. Olonkho's plots are based on the struggle of the heroes of the "aiyy aimanga" tribe with the mythical monsters of the "abaasy" tribe, who kill people, ravage the country, and kidnap women. Olonkho heroes protect the peaceful and happy life of their tribe from monsters and usually emerge victorious. At the same time, predatory goals are alien to them. Establishing a peaceful life with fair relations between people is the main idea of \u200b\u200bOlonkho. Olonkho's style is characterized by the techniques of fairy-tale fantasy, contrast and hyperbolization of images, complex epithets and comparisons. The extensive descriptions contained in the epic speak in detail about the nature of the country, dwellings, clothing, and tools. These descriptions, often repeated, generally occupy at least half of the epic. Olonkho is the most valuable cultural monument of the Yakut people.

Olonkhust is a storyteller, performer of the Yakut heroic epic - Olonkho. Olonkho's performance is not accompanied by musical accompaniment. The speeches of the heroes and other characters of the olonkho are sung, the rest - the narrative - part is affected by the recitative. The names of the outstanding Olonkhusts are popular among the people. This (D.M. Govorov, T.V. Zakharov, etc.)

The subsequent formation of the Yakut culture proper, which was based on semi-sedentary cattle breeding in high latitudes, took place in the basin of the Middle Lena. Here the ancestors of the Yakuts appear in the late 13th - early 14th centuries. The archeology of this region illustrates the subsequent evolution of the Yakut culture up to the 17th-18th centuries It was here that a special model of the Yakut economy was formed, combining cattle breeding and extensive types of crafts (fishing and hunting), material culture adapted to the harsh climate of Eastern Siberia, distinguishing the Yakuts from their southern neighbors pastoralists, while preserving many of the substrate features of the common Turkic cultural tradition (worldview, folklore, ornament, language).

a) religion

Orthodoxy spread in the 18-19th centuries. The Christian cult was combined with belief in good and evil spirits, spirits of dead shamans, host spirits, etc. The elements of totemism have been preserved: the clan had a patron animal, which was forbidden to be killed, called by name, etc. The world consisted of several tiers, the head of the upper was considered Yuryung aiy toyon, the lower one - Ala buurai toyon, etc. The cult of the female deity of fertility Aiyysyt was important. Horses were sacrificed to the spirits living in the upper world, and cows in the lower world. The main holiday is the spring-summer kumys festival (Ysyakh), accompanied by libations of kumis from large wooden cups (choroon), games, sports competitions, etc. Shamanism was developed. Shaman tambourines (dungyur) are close to Evenk ones.

b) art

In folklore, the heroic epic (olonkho) was developed, which was performed in recitative by special storytellers (olonkhosut) with a large crowd of people; historical legends, fairy tales, especially animal tales, proverbs, songs. Traditional musical instruments - jew's harp (khomus), violin (kyryimpa), percussion. Of the dances, the round dance osuokhai, game dances, etc. are widespread.

1.4 Tradition

a) crafts

The main traditional occupations are horse breeding (in Russian documents of the 17th century the Yakuts were called "equestrian people") and cattle breeding. The horses were looked after by men, the cattle by women. In the north, deer were bred. The cattle were kept on pasture in summer and in barns (khotons) in winter. Haymaking was known before the arrival of the Russians. Yakut cattle breeds were distinguished by their endurance, but they were unproductive.

Fishing was also developed. They fished mainly in the summer, but also in the winter in the ice-hole; in the fall, a collective non-water game was organized with the division of production between all participants. For the poor, who did not have livestock, fishing was the main occupation (in the documents of the 17th century, the term "fisherman" - balyksyt - is used in the sense of "poor man"), some tribes also specialized in it - the so-called "foot Yakuts" - Osekui, Ontuls, Kokui, Kirikians, Kyrgyz, Orgots and others.

Hunting was especially widespread in the north, constituting here the main source of food (arctic fox, hare, reindeer, elk, bird). In the taiga, before the arrival of the Russians, both meat and fur hunting (bear, elk, squirrel, fox, hare, bird, etc.) were known; later, due to a decrease in the number of animals, its importance dropped. Specific hunting techniques are characteristic: with a bull (the hunter sneaks up on the prey, hiding behind the bull), the horse chasing the animal along the trail, sometimes with dogs.

There was gathering - the collection of pine and larch sapwood (the inner layer of bark), harvested for the winter in a dried form, roots (sarana, chakana, etc.), greens (wild onion, horseradish, sorrel), raspberries, which were considered unclean, were not used from berries.

Processing of wood (artistic carving, coloring with alder broth), birch bark, fur, leather was developed; crockery was made of leather, rugs were made of horse and cow skins, sewn in a checkerboard pattern, blankets were made of hare fur, etc .; from horsehair they twisted the cords with their hands, weaved, embroidered. Spinning, weaving and felting were absent. The production of molded ceramics, which distinguished the Yakuts from other peoples of Siberia, has survived. Smelting and forging of iron were developed, which had a commercial value, smelting and chasing of silver, copper, etc., from the 19th century - carving on mammoth bones. They moved mainly on horseback, and the goods were transported in a pack. Known were skis lined with horse kamus, sledges (silis syarga, later - sleds of the type of Russian firewood), usually harnessed to bulls, in the north - reindeer straight-dust sleds; types of boats are common with Evenks - birch bark (tyy) or flat-bottomed planks.

b) dwelling

Winter settlements (kystyk) were located near mows, consisted of 1-3 yurts, summer settlements - near pastures, numbered up to 10 yurts. The winter yurt (booth, dyie) had inclined walls of standing thin logs on a rectangular log frame and a low gable roof. The walls were covered with clay and manure on the outside, the roof over the log flooring was covered with bark and earth. The house was placed on the cardinal points, the entrance was on the east side, the windows were on the south and west, the roof was oriented from north to south. To the right of the entrance, in the northeastern corner, there was a hearth (sediment) - a pipe made of poles coated with clay, which went out through the roof. Plank bunks (oron) were arranged along the walls. The most honorable was the southwest corner. The master's place was located at the western wall. The bunks to the left of the entrance were intended for male youth, workers, on the right, at the hearth, for women. A table (ostuol) and stools were placed in the front corner. On the north side, a stable (khoton) was attached to the yurt, often under the same roof as the dwelling; the door to it from the yurt was behind the hearth. In front of the entrance to the yurt, a shed or canopy was arranged. The yurt was surrounded by a low embankment, often with a fence. A hitching post was placed near the house, often decorated with carvings. Summer yurts differed little from winter ones. Instead of a khoton, a shed for calves (titik), sheds, etc. were placed at a distance. There was a conical structure of poles covered with birch bark (urasa), in the north - turf (kalyman, holuman). Polygonal log yurts with a pyramidal roof have been known since the late 18th century. From the second half of the 18th century, Russian huts spread.

c) clothes

Traditional men's and women's clothing - short leather trousers, fur belly, leather leggings, single-breasted caftan (sleep), in winter - fur, in summer - from horse or cow hide with wool inside, the rich - from fabric. Later, fabric shirts with a turn-down collar (yrbakhs) appeared. Men girded with a leather belt with a knife and flint, while the rich - with silver and copper plaques. Women's wedding fur long caftan (sangyyakh) embroidered with red and green cloth and gold lace is typical; an elegant women's fur hat made of expensive fur, descending to the back and shoulders, with a high cloth, velvet or brocade top with a silver plaque (tuosakhta) and other ornaments sewn onto it. Women's silver and gold jewelry is widespread. Shoes - winter high boots made of reindeer or horse skins with the wool outward (eterbes), summer boots made of soft leather (saar) with a top covered with cloth, for women - with applique, long fur stockings.

d) National cuisine

The main food is dairy, especially in summer: from mare's milk - kumis, from cow's - yogurt (suorat, sora), cream (kyuerchekh), butter; they drank butter melted or with kumis; Suorat was harvested for the winter frozen (tar) with the addition of berries, roots, etc .; a stew (butugas) was prepared from it with the addition of water, flour, roots, pine sapwood, etc. Fish food played a major role for the poor and in the northern regions, where there were no livestock, meat was consumed mainly by the rich. Horse meat was especially appreciated. In the 19th century, barley flour was used: unleavened cakes, pancakes, salamat stew were made from it. Vegetables were known in the Olekminsky district.

Conclusion

Using the example of the Yakut people, I wanted to prove that you need to treat other peoples favorably, and I hope I succeeded. Each nation has its own pros and cons of their way of life, existing traditions. The Yakut people formed on the Lena as a result of the absorption of local tribes by the southern Turkic-speaking settlers. The economy and material culture of the Yakuts is dominated by features similar to the culture of pastoralists in Central Asia, but there are also northern taiga elements. The main occupation of the Yakuts from the time they entered the Russian state (17th century) until the middle of the 19th century. There was a semi-nomadic cattle breeding. They raised cattle and horses. In the 17th century, individual farms of the Yakuts began to switch to agriculture, but the massive transition took place in the second half of the 19th century. With the exception of certain areas, hunting and fishing played an auxiliary role, but for the poor, fishing was an important branch of the economy. Blacksmithing has developed from handicrafts. The Yakuts knew how to smelt iron from ore. Like many peoples of Russia, the Yakuts have a rich oral folk art: the heroic epic olonkho. Carving on bone and wood, traditional embroidery on torbaz, mittens, and turtles is widespread.

I believe that other peoples, including the Russian, have a lot to learn from the Yakuts. We should be proud that such peoples as the Yakuts are part of our country. It should be borne in mind that Yakutia occupies vast territories of Russia. The Yakut people have their own unique features in everyday life, traditions and culture. In our time, there are many interethnic conflicts and I hope that soon people will come to their senses, and there will be none. Russian people should always remember that Russia is a multinational country, this is our strength, versatility of ideas and strength of spirit.

Bibliography

1. Alekseev A.I. and others. Geography of Russia: Economy and geographical areas: Textbook. for 8-9cl. general institution ..- M .: Bustard, 2005.- S. 153-160.

2. Great Russian Encyclopedia / Chairman of the scientific - ed. Council of Yu.S. Osipov. Resp. ed. S.L. Kravets. T ..- M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2004.- S. 420-451.

3. Great Soviet Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. B.A. Vvedensky T. 49 .- M: Great Soviet Encyclopedia.-S 49-60

4. Encyclopedia for children. Countries peoples Civilizations / Heads. ed. M.D. Aksenova - M .: Avanta +, 2001 ..- С 457-466

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