Not a long tale of the peoples of Russia. Ethnic fairy tales as a means of familiarizing preschoolers with the life and culture of different nations
Tales of the peoples of Russia and neighboring countries
Russia is a huge country covered with fields and forests, steppes and mountains, taiga and tundra. Its bowels are full of minerals, fish are found in rivers and seas, and animals are found in forests.
But the greatest wealth of our homeland is the people who inhabit it. We are a multinational state, and each nation has its own centuries-old history, an original culture that distinguishes us from each other. But all peoples have the main thing that unites us all - it is love for our native land, respect for man, the desire to make life beautiful and fair.
This is what is said in the tales of different peoples inhabiting Russia.
These books serve the idea of \u200b\u200btolerant communication, presenting Russia as a single, diverse country, where dozens of talented peoples and nationalities live.
Each of them has its own history, its own folklore, and hence its own fairy tales. Living conditions, nature and what people believed in - all were reflected in amazing fairy tales. Sometimes they are funny, colored with humor, often sad, but always wise. The experience of generations was reflected in them. Reading them means understanding the soul of the people and becoming smarter yourself. They will broaden your horizons, help you better navigate in life, teach you to understand people.
Collections. Tales of the peoples of Russia.
The book brings together under one cover the best fairy tales and legends of numerous peoples of Russia, supplemented with background information about each nation - its place of residence, number, history, religion, peculiarities of life, folklore, famous people.
The publication contains examples of folk art of the Karelians, Nenets, Chukchi, Eskimos, Yakuts, Buryats, Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashes, Chechens, Adygs and many others. The texts of fairy tales and legends are given in the literary adaptation of the St. Petersburg writer and historian Yevgeny Lukin. The publication is richly illustrated with classical images of representatives of nationalities in national costumes, pictures of everyday folk life and natural landscapes. The book serves the idea of \u200b\u200btolerant communication, presenting Russia as a single, diverse country where dozens of talented peoples and nationalities live.
Fairy tales and legends of the peoples of Russia ,
This is a special book that will not only tell a fairy tale, but also introduce you to the history of the people, in the depths of which the fairy tale was born. What are the fairy tales about? About people, about what they wanted in life and how they achieved it. The little reader always understands what the fairy tale teaches, who is kind in it and who is not very ... Small inserts about the history of the people, their traditions and faith, about the nature that surrounds them, will help both children and parents get to know our country and people better, who live in it. The book will not only entertain the kid, but give him food for thought. And parents will tell about a big country in which from time immemorial people of different nationalities live together. Our book will be of interest to both kids and their parents. It will also be useful to those who have chosen ethnography as their specialty: reference material in an accessible form will open unknown pages of the life of Russians.
Once upon a time ... Tales of the peoples of Russia ,
The collection "Far Away Kingdom" includes fairy tales of different nations in the retelling of Alexandra Lyubarskaya for children.
Why do we love fairy tales? For the fact that they surprise us, amuse us, and even if they frighten us, they still promise a happy ending in the end. In a fairy tale, good triumphs over evil, the weak, the small and the poor receive a well-deserved reward, the hard-hearted and avaricious is defeated, justice triumphs, fear recedes, miracles occur at every step. This collection includes fantastic, satirical, social and everyday tales, fairy tales-parables and fairy tales-jokes, illustrated by Boris Fedorovich Semyonov, art editor of the legendary children's magazines "Chizh" and "Hedgehog". Collected and retold fairy tales Alexandra Lyubarskaya, translator, editor, folklorist, who prepared many children's books, which have long since become a textbook reading.
In the Far Away Kingdom, in the Thirty State
The book includes the brightest and most colorful fairy tales - Russian, Karelian, Latvian, Tatar, Avar, Uzbek, Armenian and many others, which fully reflect the way of life, national traditions and customs of the peoples. By A. Lyubarskaya.
Tales of different nations , in Ozone
Russia is a multinational country. Representatives of about 80 peoples live in it. But how much do we know about their culture and customs?
Each nation lives in its own natural conditions, in its own way establishes life, composes its own special tales and legends, which reflect a specific picture of the world. But we will be surprised how similar are the plots that were born in different parts of our vast country. And how unanimous the peoples are in their values! All of them glorify hardworking, kind, resourceful and courageous heroes - and condemn the evil, greedy and lazy.
Tales collected and retold by Mark Vatagin and illustrated by Alexander Kokovkin and Tatiana Chursinova will help us to get involved in the history of the peoples of Russia. To help the young reader, compiled an ethnographic reference by Isabella Shangin.
Tales of the peoples of Russia , in Ozone
“Fabulous gems. Fairy Tales of Different Nations "
Tales of the peoples of the Far North, Eastern Siberia and the Far East
The edition includes fairy tales of small peoples of the Far North, Eastern Siberia and the Far East, which make up the golden fund of oral folk art.
Tales of the northern land
Khanty tale about the amusing adventures of a small but brave mouse. Colorfully illustrated clamshell book on cardboard.
You can play with clamshell books. They are made of thick cardboard and can be easily folded like a "house", screen, triangle - depending on the wishes of the little reader.
Mouse. Khanty tale ,
Painter:
Oh, how unlucky Masha was with her stepmother - the old woman only thinks how to get a good girl out of the world. She ordered Masha to spin a tow at the hole, and take the spindle and fall into the water. There’s nothing to be done, the girl had to jump into the ice-hole after him, and there - the road to unknown lands ... The magical world of the Karelian fairy tale, which has absorbed folk wisdom, comes to life in the drawings of Nina Noskovich and is ready to open its doors to little readers.
Spinners at the hole. Karelian fairy tale ,
Painter:
Nivkhs, Nanai, Ulchi, Udege and other peoples of the Far East have long lived on the banks of the wide and mighty Amur. And for centuries, their old people tell fairy tales to the children growing up in the camps. About how the boy Indiga overcame seven fears and not only saved his brother, but also acquired the heart of a brave man. As a hero Azmun on the back of a killer whale swam to the house of the Sea Master and begged the old man to send fish to the Nivkhs. How the hunter Choril turned into a bear, and his bride went to the Mountain Master himself to seek the truth ...
Far Eastern writer Dmitry Nagishkin carefully studied the oral creativity of small peoples and, using their plots and language, created an original work of art - the book "Amur Tales", a real ethnographic encyclopedia of the region.
The Khabarovsk artist Gennady Pavlishin also closely studied the unique artistic heritage of the indigenous peoples of the Far East. He watched how the Nivkhs of bone carvers worked, how beads were woven into the embroidered pattern of the Ulchi clothes, how the lace of the cut ornament appeared on the Nanai birch bark tuyeska. The artist creatively reworked the motives of folk art and not only conveyed the features of everyday life and culture with amazing precision, but also created a fantastically colorful world of illustrations, which forms an inseparable whole with the text of fairy tales.
In 1975, at the International Biennale of Illustration in Bratislava, for the Amur Tales, Gennady Pavlishin received one of the highest awards - the Golden Apple.
Nagishkin D. D. "Amur Tales" ,
Painter:
The Amur taiga conceals many wonders. The iron bird Corey flies over her, the Squeaky old woman hides in her thicket, and the keeper of the hearth Dulen looks after the people living among the forests. In difficult times, a mapa-bear, an amba-tiger or a queen-fish kaluga come to the aid of daredevils, and a sly fox can easily peep into the nearest hut, in a neighborly fashion.
Heroic legends about brave hunters, instructive stories about hardworking beauties and funny stories about the inhabitants of the taiga have been carefully recorded for years, processed by folklorists and lovers of antiquity. Khabarovsk artist Gennady Pavlishin breathed new life into the legends of small peoples of the Amur region. His illustrations - decorative, woven from precise ethnographic details - have created a unique and harmonious world of the Amur taiga fairy tales.
"Taiga tales" ,
Painter:
Many fairy tales of the peoples of the Far East became known to readers thanks to the creator of the Far Eastern school of ethnographers Yuri Sem and his wife Lydia, a philologist, specialist in the languages \u200b\u200bof the peoples of the Amur region and Sakhalin. For many years the Sem family collected folklore materials and household items. So, their collection of Nanai wooden spoons is well known, each of which is distinguished by its own ornament. It was the Nanai ornament that the famous Khabarovsk artist Gennady Pavlishin took as a basis, creating one of his most decorative and striking books - "Mergen and His Friends", a fairy tale once recorded by Yuri and Lydia Sem.
Mergan and his friends. Nanai fairy tale ,
Painter:
The book invites the young reader to the world of Karelian fairy tale folklore, where good always triumphs over evil, justice prevails, negative characters are punished, and positive characters find love and happiness. Here are the traditional plots of fairy tales and everyday life, as well as fairy tales about animals. All of them acquaint the reader with the archaic, but understandable, and in many respects close to modern man, worldview of the Karelians. Fairy tales were collected on the territory of Karelia in 1940-1960. Well-known folklorists U.S. Konkka, A.S.Stepanova and E.G. Karhu translated them into Russian and processed them for the children's audience. The famous Karelian graphic artist N.I.Bryukhanov illustrated the tales.
Karelian fairy tales ,
Painter:
The book will acquaint young readers with fairy tales of the westernmost region of our country - Karelia. Through the legends that have come down to us through the centuries, children will be able to learn about the harsh land of woodcutters and gunsmiths, its history, nature, and legends.
The book includes fairy tales: "Matti the merry fellow", "How the men went to the city", "Why is the sea water salty", "Woe" and others.
The Fairy Tale of the Peoples of the North in the Literary Processing by T. Mikheeva.
Far to the north lived the Crow and the Fox. The raven led the farm, but the cheating fox did not want to work, she was cunning and deceiving everything. But she was punished for her laziness and greed.
A magical fairy tale, filled with a charming northern flavor, comes to life in the bright and picturesque images of Victoria Kirdiy.
In the Arctic - near the cold seas of the Arctic Ocean, in Siberia and the Far East - along the northwestern coast of the Pacific Ocean, indigenous peoples have long lived: Chukchi, Eskimo, Orochi, Koryak, Mansi, Nivkh, Nanai ... And old people told their grandchildren fairy tales: about snow bunting, eider, guillemot, euraska, arctic fox and wolverine. About the inhabitants of the tundra and taiga unknown to the inhabitants of other places. Innocent and cunning, brave and cowardly, unreasonable and wise ... And all these qualities of the heroes of northern fairy tales were noticed and conveyed in his illustrations by the artist Evgeny Rachev.
"Raven Kutkha" (artist :)
The collection includes animal tales and fairy tales of the peoples of the North. In them, the brave and kind heroes are rewarded, while the unjust and cruel are defeated. The book teaches true friendship and the ability to appreciate what is. Lyrical illustrations by Kirill Ovchinnikov convey the national flavor and beauty of northern nature.
Retelling by N. Hesse and Z. Zadunaiskaya.
"The Swan Girl and Other Northern Tales" (artist: K. Ovchinnikov)
The Itelmens are a small ethnic group living on the western coast of Kamchatka.
In their rich folklore, a magical character is often found - the raven Kutkh, the creator of the world and all living things, or members of his family. Tales of the ancient people about kindness and evil, about wisdom and stupidity.
The collection includes three fairy tales: "The wingless gosling", "Two sisters" and "How the raven Kutkh rode on pink salmon".
Retelling by Mark Vatagin.
Wingless gosling. Itelmen folk tales , in Ozone
The young Karelian wanted to know what homesickness was, and left his native village to look for work. He only knew where it would lead! The beautiful Nasto grew up without a father, due to the intrigues of the sorceress Syuoyatar was captured by the waterman. And although the prince won the witch and his wife Nasto rescued from captivity, the beauty learned that there is no strength stronger than longing for home. One of the most famous and beloved Karelian fairy tales was illustrated by the remarkable Karelian artist Tamara Yufa.
The brother was taking his sister to the wedding with the prince, but the evil witch Syuoyatar jumped into their boat and tricked her into turning her sister into a black duck, and she disguised herself as a bride. But everything ended well: the deception was revealed, the sorceress was punished, and the prince brought a real bride into the palace.
Black duck. Karelian fairy tale
Painter:
The book includes two fairy tales: "How a raven and an owl decorated each other" and "Teals and foxes".
The character of the first tale, the raven, is hardworking and responsible. He neatly painted the owl with beautiful black spots, hoping in his heart that the owl would also make him handsome. However, the insidious and impatient owl, without thinking twice, made the raven black from head to tail.
The hero of the second tale, the fox, considered himself the most cunning in the world. But the friendly waterfowl teals taught the braggart a lesson, and even bathed him in the sea.
Fairy tales were illustrated by a wonderful artist Vadim Alekseevich Sinani.
Eskimo tales in the processing of G.A. Menovshchikov.
About an honest raven, an insidious owl and a stupid fox. Eskimo tales ,
The old wolverine and her husband got together to move to a new place, packed their things in bags. The husband went off to do the boat, and the wife sits on the shore, waiting for him. And then a fox in a boat floats by. You can't trust a cunning fox - everyone knows this, but the wolverine believed her and was almost left without bags of things, if not for the woodpecker. How he outwitted the fox and what he received as a gift from the wolverines, this tale tells. And the illustrations by Vadim Sinani acquaint the reader with the nature surrounding the Evenks and their national costumes.
Wolverine and a fox - Evenk folk tale , in Ozone
Eskimos have been living in the extreme north-east of our country for many, many years. On holidays, all the people in the camp gather in the largest yaranga and tell each other stories.
Retelling by G. Snegirev and V. Glotser.
Little hunter Tagikak. Eskimo folk tales , in Ozone (artist :)
Folk tales of mysterious, snowy and endless Yakutia are filled with amazing characters, good humor, miracles and magical transformations. How did the tip of the ermine's tail turn black, why the winter is longer and the summer is shorter, and how did people wear the sun in bags? Figurative, instructive and fascinating stories brilliantly illustrated by Lydia Ionova will tell about this and many other things, as well as about the traditions, way of life, customs and beliefs of the Yakuts.
"Yakut folk tales"
In Siberia, there are many tales and fairy tales about times long past, when our ancestors had just begun to populate this harsh, but rich in minerals, furs and timber land. Our ancestors were surrounded by an unknown world full of mysteries. It was then that Honey Beard, Popelova, Golden Baba, Moryana appeared in bedtime stories (or maybe they really existed) ... and next to them were ordinary people who were not afraid of trials. The book is about them. All the tales included in it were heard by the author-compiler from her grandmother Elena Vladimirovna Zhdanova, who was born in 1906 in Siberia and who lived there.
The book contains the best examples of creativity of one of the most famous storytellers of the Arkhangelsk region - Stepan Grigorievich Pisakhov. From his tales, you will learn how the Arkhangelsk peasants lived, how they went to sea, caught fish, rode on ice floes, dried the northern lights, how bears sold milk at fairs, and penguins came to work and walked the streets with a barrel organ. Do not trust? Read it!
“About our Arkhangelsk Territory so many falsehoods and falsehoods are said that I thought of saying everything as we have, - the author writes. - The whole dry truth. Whatever I say, everything is true. All around are our fellow countrymen, they won't let you lie. "
Perhaps the speech of the heroes of these fairy tales will seem unusual to you at first, but this is what the inhabitants of the region used to say. And we have carefully preserved this feature in the text.
Magical Pomor Tales continue the successful Magic Tales from Around the World series. In this book, we turn to the long-term wisdom of the Russian people inhabiting harsh places in the vicinity of the White Sea. This is a two-part edition that combines the literary processing of folk tales from two patriarchs of Russian literature - Boris Shergin and Stepan Pisakhov. Both of them were born and raised in Arkhangelsk, that is why in their fairy tales they recreate the atmosphere, life and even dialectical features of the inhabitants of the region so magnificently. Fairy tales became so popular that magnificent cartoons were shot based on their plots. And even those who do not know the names of the writers will certainly remember the ironic cartoons about the grumpy Perepilikha, the orange growing in the middle of the river, and the unlucky simpleton Ivan, who decided to marry the royal daughter. The book is complemented by magnificent illustrations by Dmitry Trubin, who, being a native of the same places as Boris Shergin and Stepan Pisakhov, perfectly conveyed the local flavor.
Before you is a collection of amazing, original and magical tales of the Pomor writer Boris Shergin. Shergin's tales combine subtle, sparkling poetry and the extraordinary, captivating simplicity of the Russian people. Kind, funny, instructive stories told by a real master bring joy not only to children, but also to adults. It is the best choice for family reading. The fairy tales were illustrated by the wonderful artist Anatoly Eliseev. More than one generation has grown up on books with his pictures. Eliseev's bright, funny illustrations very accurately convey the wonderful atmosphere of Shergin's fairy tales.
Pomeranian tales
Shergin B. V. "The Magic Ring" ,
Painter:
“How many fairy tales were told, how many epics were sung in old northern houses! Grandmothers and grandfathers showered their grandchildren with ancient verbal gold ... ”- wrote Boris Shergin in his diary. With great respect for folklore, he collected this "gold" of the Russian North - not only capacious, sharp words and phrases, but also intonations, the rhythm of the narrator's living voice, the manner of his performance, that is, the music of oral creativity itself. And only after that did the writer create his original fairy tales - leaving the folklore plot unchanged, he subordinated it to the laws of oral speech (for example, using a direct appeal to the reader or incomplete sentences) and at the same time supplemented with invented neologisms, modern details, sparkling humor. Perhaps that is why it is not easy to illustrate Boris Shergin. A sense of tact is necessary so as not to "replay" the text itself, but to supplement it gently and unobtrusively. Just as the artist Vladimir Chaplya did, creating drawings for the collection of selected fairy tales by Boris Shergin.
Shergin B. V. "The Magic Ring",
Pomeranian tales
Shergin B. V. "Martynko and other fairy tales"
The collection of fairy tales, ballads and fantasies offered to the reader by a Russian artist, poet, philosopher and spiritual ascetic in such a volume is undertaken for the first time and gives the most complete idea of \u200b\u200bthis side of the work of the Russian genius unknown during his life, who created his works in the first third of the XX century in the best traditions of the folk and a literary tale. They contain treasures of folk wisdom, examples of good teaching, the energy of striving from the past to the future - to the kingdom of universal love and prosperity.
E. Chestnyakov "Fairy tales, ballads, fantasies" ,
The children's (prosaic) version of the Karelian-Finnish epic "Kalevala" appeared in our country in 1953. It was in that year that a book was published containing a retelling of Alexandra Lyubarskaya, illustrated by Nikolai Kochergin.
For both the author of the text and the author of the illustrations, Kalevala has become a topic that they have been addressing for several decades, revising and supplementing the initial versions. The writer continued to polish the phrases, and the artist made more and more sheets, striving for the ultimate figurativeness of the drawing. As a result, N. Kochergin created two independent versions of the book: black and white and color. The first is considered stronger, more consistent with the northern theme of the epic, more piercing, or something. However, the black and white version is actually also a color version. It seems that it turned out to be black and white because the then printers simply could not reproduce the complex shades invented by the artist.
The publishing house "NIGMA" returns to the readers the black and white "Kalevala" in the form in which it was created by Nikolai Kochergin. At the same time, we considered it possible to include in the book full-page color illustrations made by the master for the later version of Kalevala.
Karelian-Finnish epic retelling for children by Alexandra Lyubarskaya.
About one hundred monochrome and color illustrations by Nikolai Kochergin.
Kalevala. Karelo-Finnish epic ,
Painter:
A monument of world literature - the Karelian-Finnish folk epic "Kalevala" is given in the classical translation by Leonid Belsky, in the last lifetime edition of the translator (1915). In terms of its artistic merit, this translation still remains unsurpassed.
The book is illustrated with works of easel graphics by the Karelian artist Tamara Yuf. For more than half a century, "Kalevala" has remained the main creative theme of the artist, it is the "Kalevala" sheets that brought her fame and recognition. The works were written in different years, are stored mainly in art museums and private collections around the world. Based on the epic, these works were never published together with the text of the epic, most were not published at all.
The publication of the book is timed to coincide with the 80th anniversary of Tamara Yuf.
Ukrainian and Belarusian folk tales
Fairy tales, carefully passed down from generation to generation, are an inescapable wealth of oral folk art. These tales - funny and kind, wise and instructive - are full of miracles, magic and fiction. Everything about them is extraordinary, even animals and birds in fairy tales
think and act like people, fully manifesting the qualities and character traits inherent in a person. This collection includes Ukrainian and Belarusian folk tales, rich, juicy language which fascinates more than one generation of readers. Vivid images of these works are recreated in the magnificent illustrations of the Russian artist Yevgeny Mikhailovich Rachev, who managed to expressively and accurately convey the peculiarities of the national color and the richness of the characters of the fairy-tale characters.
Compiled by L.
Pan Kotofey. Ukrainian and Belarusian folk tales ,
Painter:
Not only the well-known heroes - the hare, the wolf and the fox, the cat and the dog - live on the pages of Ukrainian folk tales. Here a club, a bast and an acorn help to save a chicken from the clutches of a ferret thief, a pie escapes from the house in the heat of the heat, and a straw goby easily catches forest animals with its tar barrel. One of the best Soviet illustrators Yevgeny Rachev created lively and expressive images of animals and, of course, dressed them up in bright national costumes: straw brill hats and wreaths of ribbons, high kuchma hats and wide trousers, belted with sashes ...
The collection includes both well-known and little-known Ukrainian folk tales - about animals, magic and everyday. Fairy tales are distinguished by a variety of plots, vivid images, expressive speech. Any of them is interesting to read, be it a magical story or close to real life.
The real decoration of the collection is the drawings of the most talented graphic artist Yevgeny Rachev, for the first time published with Ukrainian fairy tales in such a complete form. The drawings were created in the so-called early period of the artist's work, the last time they were published in 1955.
Translated from Ukrainian and retold by G. Petnikov, A. Nechaev, L. Gribova, V. Turkov.
Ukrainian folk tales
Painter:
Unusual and distinctive Belarusian fairy tales retelling by Margarita Dolotseva combine folk wisdom and unobtrusive instructiveness. And they also laugh merrily at greed and stupidity, no matter who they come from: from a cunning fox, who wanted to deceive the black grouse, or from a slothful bear that entered into battle with small mosquitoes.
The book was illustrated by the artist Mikhail Karpenko. His bright and funny drawings are made with a special love for children and, following the fairy tale, teach to distinguish between good and evil, find a way out of various situations, and also develop the imagination and logical thinking of the kid.
Fox and black grouse. Belarusian folk tales ,
Oh, and lazy Martin! Everything lies on the stove, does not go to work, and Maxim the Cat carries him food. The hut burned down, and then the stove collapsed ... Martin did not think long about what to do, and decided to marry so that his rich wife could build a new house for him. And in the bride he chose the princess herself!
And the cat Maxim set off for his master, Pan Martin, nicknamed Glinsky-Pepelinsky, to woo the royal daughter ...
The Belarusian folk tale is the sister of the famous work of the French writer Charles Perrault "Puss in Boots". It is full of good humor, and Grigory Petnikov's translation will make young readers smile more than once. The bright, imaginative illustrations of Mikhail Karpenko will introduce the children to a magical helper cat, who, thanks to his intellect and ingenuity, will find a way out of any difficulties and even defeat the Serpent Gorynych!
Maxim the cat. Belarusian folk tale ,
Artist: Karpenko Mikhail Mikhailovich
The mitten is one of the most famous Ukrainian folk tales. And thanks to the drawings of the wonderful artist-illustrator Evgeny Mikhailovich Rachev, it will become a real gift for the little reader.
A mitten. Ukrainian fairy tale ,
Painter:
The plot of the Ukrainian folk tale "Rukavichka" is similar to the plot of the Russian folk tale "Teremok": the grandfather gathered in the forest for firewood; walked and walked and did not notice how he lost his mitten. A mouse ran, saw a mitten and decided to settle in it. Then a frog galloped, a bunny ran, followed by a fox, after a fox - a wolf, a wild boar, a bear ... There was enough space, as always in a fairy tale, for everyone! ..
The book is illustrated by the famous artist Yevgeny Rachev. The drawings of the first and most famous version are given - the one that is now depicted in a drawing in art museums around the world. In this case, one drawing is published for the first time.
A funny tale about the Straw Goby, who turned out to be more cunning than the Bear, Wolf and Fox.
The illustrations were made by the artist Peter Repkin.
Thatched goby is a tar barrel. Ukrainian fairy tale ,
Painter:
"Kolosok" is an old Ukrainian tale about a hardworking cockerel and lazy little mice, Krut and Vert, which will teach important life lessons.
The book is illustrated by the outstanding Russian artist Yuri Alekseevich Vasnetsov. The works of this recognized master have long been included in the golden fund of children's literature.
Spikelet. Ukrainian fairy tale ,
Painter:
At first glance, the tales of different countries and peoples are very similar, they are all filled with miracles and teach good, but in each of them there is hidden centuries-old wisdom, which gives it a unique national flavor.
Amazing drawings by the talented Minsk artist Pavel Tatarnikov open for readers a bright, magical world of Belarusian fairy tales - a world in which dragons and brave knights, good wizards and insidious witches, extraordinary animals and enchanted princesses live.
In 2001, Tatarnikov was awarded the Golden Apple, the highest award of the International Biennale of Illustration in Bratislava, for his work on the collection "Tsareuna at the Kingdom of Paddland". This book is published in Russian for the first time. It will become a real gift for connoisseurs of book graphics, because especially for the Russian edition, the artist created many new wonderful drawings.
Retelling by V. Yagovdik.
Princess in the underworld. Belarusian folk tales ,
Why a badger and a fox live in holes, how Vasil overpowered a terrible, terrifying snake, where did the beast come from, and how to get rid of annoying guests - Belarusian folk tales on a variety of subjects are collected under the cover of this book: magic, everyday and about animals. Funny and ironic, wise and instructive, these stories have much in common with Russian fairy tales, but also differ a lot from them.
The illustrations of Anatoly Volkov, one of the most famous Belarusian artists of the last century, help to reveal the character of each fairy tale.
Tales of the peoples of the Caucasus
Avars are one of the many peoples in the North Caucasus. Their rich artistic traditions have evolved over many centuries. Each Avar village has its own folklore heritage, vivid and unique legends and legends. You will read some of them in the collection "The Magic Garden".
In the retelling of M.A. Bulatova, M.G. Vatagina, A. Kalinina.
Magic garden. Avar folk talesand, in Ozone
The collection of Armenian folk tales, translated by Irina Petrovna Tokmakova, includes magic and everyday stories. The plot motives of many of them are familiar to us from childhood: an invisible worker collects on the table and faithfully serves his master, half-sisters get to mysterious magicians, and a brave horseman wins the hand of a beauty. Deception here always turns into punishment, and stupidity is punished so that a person gains wisdom: a lazy princess becomes hard-working thanks to a resourceful peasant husband, and the masters of fish and animals help kind-hearted young men achieve their desired goal. The book was illustrated by Grigor Sepukhovich Khanjyan, a famous Armenian painter and book illustrator.
Dagestan has been famous for its multinationality since ancient times. More than 14 indigenous peoples live on its territory, one of which is the Laks. Varnishes traveled a lot around the world, they composed many fairy tales. About friendship and loyalty, about courage and justice, about the fact that good always triumphs over evil. This book acquaints young readers with a rich folklore creativity, filled with magic and wisdom of the ancient people. The collection includes fairy tales: "Sulmalaguz", "Brave donkey", "Grandma and the goat" and "Nunnuli".
Illustrations by Pyotr Repkin, a member of the Union of Artists of the USSR, Honored Artist of Russia, recreate the bright and unique world of Dagestan with its morals and customs.
Mazaev K. D. "Tales of the peoples of Dagestan" ,
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Georgian folk tale about how the Grasshopper, trying to save his friend Ant, sets off on a dangerous journey, where he meets various inhabitants of a mountain village. This simple but wise story teaches us patience and a desire to help each other. After all, true friendship will help you cope with any misfortune.
For preschool children.
The book contains illustrations by Grigory Filippovsky.
Grasshopper and Ant. Georgian folk tale ,
The Big Book of Georgian Fairy Tales and Legends is a unique book of wisdom that reflects ideas about the world order, traditions, and the way of life of the Georgian people. The illustrations of perhaps the most famous Georgian artist of our time, Nino Chakvetadze, give a special charm to the collection. Her illustrations are so cute, warm, cozy, sometimes naive, as if they come from childhood. The artist herself says about her works like this: "We all came out of childhood, and this fact makes me draw again and again what left a mark on my soul ...".
The collection of Tatar folk tales "White Serpent" is the first book in the series "Tales of the Great Silk Road". The heroes of mischievous, wise and kind Tatar fairy tales will open the colorful world of folk art, costumes, traditions and customs of the Tatars, show the geography of the Great Silk Road and modern Tatarstan, teach you to distinguish good from evil, ingenuity from cunning and deception. The book is intended for family reading and will appeal to both children and adults.
Arranged by Alena Karimova
"Red Dog" is a collection of Altai folk tales from the series "Tales of the Great Silk Road". Together with the fairy-tale heroes, young readers will walk along that part of the Great Silk Road that once crossed the lands of the modern Republic of Altai, look into the Kaichi-Mergen dwelling, admire the pristine beauty of Altai nature, find out what they are, Altai, - open, freedom-loving, honest people. This imaginary journey will be fun for the whole family.
Arranged by Irina Bogatyreva.
The collection of Tatar folk tales "Three Doves" from the series "Tales of the Great Silk Road" - a book colored with sunny illustrations by Maryam Saderdinova and magical maps of the Great Silk Road by artists Dmitry Makhashvili and Yulia Panipartova. The publication will tell children and adults about the history and geography of the Tatars, about their traditions and customs, about the language and folk costumes.
White serpent. Tatar folk tales
Ginger dog. Altai folk tales (painter: )
Three doves ... Tatar folk tales
The book "Sly Fox" includes eight colorful Chuvash folk tales, carefully collected by the folk writer of Chuvashia Mishha Yukhma. Each of them contains the originality and spirit of the Chuvash people. The fairy tales were literally transcribed by Alena Karimova and decorated with illustrations by Anastasia Malova. On the endpapers of the collection, readers will also find fascinating maps of the Great Silk Road and that part of it that passed through the territory of modern Chuvashia, the authors of which are Dmitry Makhashvili and Yulia Panipartova.
The book "Magic rug" includes five fairy tales, which are wonderful examples of folk art of Uzbekistan: a heroic tale, a tale about animals, magic, lyrical, philosophical tales. Each of them contains the originality and spirit of the East: they vividly and figuratively reflect oriental customs, traditions, and everyday life. Fairy tales in literary arrangement by Alena Karimova are decorated with illustrations by Olga Monina.
Sly Fox. Chuvash folk tales
Magic rug. Uzbek folk tales
Miracle in feathers. Mordovian tales (artist :)
Taiga songs. Tuvan fairy tales
The collection includes the best, polished over centuries, works of oral folk art. The book is divided into three sections. Simple, uncomplicated animal tales contain deep, vital ideas. Fairy tales, in which both folk philosophy and poetry, are interesting and instructive. In everyday fairy tales, human stinginess, stupidity and laziness are ridiculed. The protagonist of many fairy tales is an ordinary person.
Philologists from Crimea - Nuria Emirsuinova, Fera Seferova, Nariya Seydametova and Maye Abdulganieva - worked on the creation of a collection of Crimean Tatar fairy tales. The colorful illustrations of Maryam Saderdinova conveyed the beauty of the ornaments and costumes of the Crimean Tatars, the recognizable landscapes of the Crimea. On a journey along the magical maps of Crimea and the Great Silk Road, readers will meet with the heroes of Crimean Tatar fairy tales - an evil padishah, a cunning vizier, a brave batyr, a moon-faced beauty princess.
Wonderful charyk. Crimean Tatar folk tales
In the wonderful Mordovian fairy tales, arranged by Alena Karimova, you will meet wonderful heroes - the smart and beautiful Dubolgo Pichai, the smart and brave young man Rav Joldyamo, and the Miracle in the feathers will turn out to be a sweet, kind and resourceful girl. Many amazing stories happen to them. They meet the deity of water Vedyava and the mistress of the forest Viryava, the mysterious creature Kuygorozh and even bees the size of a horse ... Some images will remind you of fairy tales of other peoples, but others will amaze you with a bright bizarre fantasy.
The original Moksha and Erzya tales are a real repository of the folklore traditions of the Mordovians. The most diverse, with their own special mythology and poetics, sometimes close to Russian folk tales, these stories reflect the spirit of the time in which they were created.
The collection includes fairy tales about animals, magic-fantastic and everyday, accompanied by graphic illustrations by Pavel Alekseev.
A goat with curly legs. Tajik folk tale ,
Shah-Rooster. Tatar folk tale ,
Painter:
Tajik folk tales invite readers to travel to hot Central Asia, known for its centuries-old history and carefully preserved folklore traditions. Camel caravans go through the pages of this collection, here a wise and perceptive girl gives a lesson to a boastful and lazy rich man, strong bakhlavones fight against giant devas, and a cruel padishah and a greedy fox get what they deserve. Tajik fairy tales are not only fascinating, but also wise stories that teach to value kindness and devotion, truthfulness, curiosity and cheerfulness.
"Tajik folk tales"
Artist: Nikolaev Yuri Filippovich
The Dungans are a large people who have long lived in the territory of China, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. The folklore of the Dungan people is a real treasure trove of fairy tales.
The book is illustrated by the artist Andrey Andreevich Brey.
Narrated by Mark Germanovich Vatagin.
Who is afraid of hares? Dungan Tales ,
Painter:
I was looking for a dog for a strong friend. But the bunny is afraid of the wolf, the wolf is afraid of the bear, and the bear is afraid of the man. Then a man and a dog began to be friends, and together they are now afraid of no one! A short Mordovian fairy tale illustrated by Mikhail Karpenko will amuse and surprise the youngest readers.
Like a dog looking for a friend. Mordovian fairy tale , in Ozone
Artist: Karpenko Mikhail Mikhailovich
Once upon a time the dog lived alone. And so she wanted to find herself a reliable, loyal, courageous friend. At first she tried to make friends with the hare, but one night the dog barked at a rustle, and the hare got scared and said that he was afraid of wolves that might come running to bark. Then the dog decided to make friends with the wolf, thinking that he was definitely not afraid of anyone. But it turned out that the wolf is terrified of the bear. The dog went to the bear, and the bear also turned out to be cowardly: he was afraid that a man would skin him. The dog decided to go to the man. He allowed her to stay, fed her, built a warm kennel so that she would not freeze in the cold and would not get wet in the rains. And the dog began to guard the man, bark at strangers, and the man did not scold her for this. So the dog began to live with the person.
The fairy tale "How the dog was looking for a friend" is very popular among different nations and has many different interpretations. Dmitry Gorlov illustrated the Mordovian version of the tale. The artist's drawings are beautiful: his animals speak, get scared, run away, etc., that is, they behave as expected in fairy tales. At the same time, they are endowed with all natural plastic signs and look just like real ones.
The world of Russian folklore is a magical storehouse of folk wisdom and beauty of speech. Russian folk tales, created many centuries ago, still do not lose their relevance. They teach us kindness and responsiveness, ingenuity and courage. Retelling by A. Nechaev.
Happy family. Russian folk tales , in Ozone
The Bashkirs are a Turkic indigenous people of the Southern Urals, Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals. Their tales glorify the everyday wisdom of the Bashkir people, ancient customs and the beauty of the nature of the Urals.
Retelling by Anton Ivanov.
Mill by seven lakes. Bashkir folk tales , in Ozone (artist :)
The book contains the best examples of the fabulous creativity of the ancient people - the Bashkirs, settled mainly in the Cis-Urals and on the southern slopes of the Ural Mountains. Who are these people? How did they live and live? Through the tales of this people, young readers will be able to learn their legends, traditions and get to know the nature of the region. For example, find out how the largest lake in Bashkortostan, Aslykul, originated.
The book contains the best examples of the Bashkir's fairy-tale creativity: "Aminbek", "Golden Hands", "The Tale of Aslykul" and others.
There is a door in the meadow - all pine, planed, right in the middle of the green grass. And behind her ... If you open this door - just open the book - miracles begin. Baba Yaga's hut stands right on a pine tree, a greedy man holds the sun with a grip, and a lost girl on a moose runs away from a bear - she does not want to be a nanny for the bear. And for the artist Nikolai Popov, this "world outside the door" is not so much ethnographic (illustrated by Komi-Perm tales) or narrative, as picturesque: with its space and time, light and shadow, with its own special color - restrained, muffled, as if unsteady - truly magical.
Retelling by Lev Kuzmin.
The door in the meadow. Komi-Perm tales , in Ozone
Painter:
Fascinating fairy tales will teach children to see the beauty and magic in what surrounds them, to appreciate and love nature. The collection includes the following stories: "Gift", "Forest robbers" and "Son-crane".
The expressive and vivid illustrations of the remarkable artist Petr Petrovich Repkin will undoubtedly please the readers.
Batulla R. Son-crane. Tatar fairy tales , in Ozone
Painter:
Kind and wise fairy tales of Zuleikha Mingazova enchant with the novelty of the plot and bright national flavor. They successfully combine the modernity of what is happening and ancient knowledge about the world, nature, magical creatures from legends and myths.
Long, like the beards of the elders, unhurried, like camels in the Karakum desert, filled with oriental wisdom and mischievous cunning, Turkmen fairy tales fascinate and are remembered for a long time. Brave and smart beyond his years and not in height (he barely reaches half of a camel's ear), the boy Yarty-gulok became a good son to his parents and a defender of ordinary people from greedy and stupid bays and khans.
The artist Vasily Vlasov chose a style to match the text for the design of the book - his illustrations came out at the same time thoughtful and mischievous.
Literary adaptation by A. Alexandrova and M. Tuberovsky.
The book will acquaint young readers with the tales of the Kalmyks, the people living in the very southeast of our country. Through the legends that have come down to us through the centuries, children will be able to learn about the history and nature of Kalmykia, get acquainted with the traditions of the people living there. The book includes fairy tales: "The Brave Mazan", "The Left Eye of the Khan", "The Miserly Rich Man and a Foreigner", "Unconditional Reward" and others.
"A good fairy tale, a glorious tale begins, begins" - this is how the storyteller began his story, whom our ancestors loved to listen to. The compilers of this book, N. Hesse and Z. Zadunaiskaya, have chosen rare, little-known to the reader, tales of eighteen Slavic peoples. You will even find here Kashubian, Lusatian, Masurian and Moravian tales. Each has its own national flavor, but they all teach goodness and justice, stand on the side of honest people, ridicule the greedy and deceivers.
The book is complemented by inventive, ironic illustrations by Vasily Vlasov, an outstanding representative of the Leningrad school of graphics.
Retelling for children N. Hesse and Z. Zadunaiskaya.
“Not far, not near, not high, not low. Tales of the Slavs ", in Ozone
Painter:
This publication presents a Latvian folk tale in a retelling of the poet, translator, laureate of J. Rainis Prize Lyudmila Viktorovna Kopylova. This kind and wise tale of brotherly love and devotion will surely please both adults and children. The book is illustrated by the Honored Artist of the RSFSR Nikolai Mikhailovich Kochergin.
White deer. Latvian folk tale , in Ozone
Painter:
The book includes the tales of Maria Fedotova, one of the few authors who today writes in the Even language, a true connoisseur of Even folklore. Her fairy tales will acquaint young readers with the traditions of one of the small peoples of Yakutia - the Evens. Fairy tales are distinguished by their colorful images and genuine humor, which is so necessary for life in the harsh conditions of the North.
Even fairy tales of wise Nulgynet
Amazing Tuvan fairy tales tell about very ancient times, when everything was just beginning on earth, when giants-heroes and their huge heroic horses lived. Bogatyrs perform unprecedented feats, wise girls solve the most cunning riddles and are able to lead an army, animals and birds often help people.
Taiga songs. Tuvan folk tales
The tale will acquaint young readers with the folklore of Khakassia, tell about people, spirits and magical inhabitants of the left bank of the Yenisei.
"Tales of the peoples of Russia"
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TALE LIES, YES HINTS IN IT
Tell the peoples of Russia ... And how many peoples are there in Russia?
More than 80 peoples and nationalities live in the Russian Federation alone, the largest of our union republics.
And each nation has its own history, its own customs, its own ancient culture. Before the Great October Revolution, which united all the peoples of our country into a single family, they stood at very different stages of development. Some could be proud of a centuries-old writing system, masterpieces of world literature, while others - on the far outskirts of Russia - did not even have a written language. But everyone had folklore - oral folk art. All peoples had fairy tales - they were loved at all times, they love them today, they are loved equally by adults and children.
Much can be learned from fairy tales. They reflect the spirit of the people, their way of life, way of life, national character. The plot can be as fantastic as you like, but the details of the story are always real, accurate, corresponding to the land where the fairy tale lives, corresponding to the culture of the people - its creator. Historians and ethnographers succeed in restoring pictures of distant times using folklore materials - fairy tales, epics.
Let's pay attention, for example, to how fairy tales are "populated". Let us compare the Evenk "Boy-Orphan" and the Chechen "Great Sheikhs". In a northern fairy tale, an orphan boy is pursued by cannibals, and he, taking images of different animals, runs away. What a long flight across the endless and deserted expanses! And vice versa, how densely populated the southern land is, what a huge number of people are present in the satirical tale of the "great" sheikhs!
Let's take such a detail as food. In the fairy tales we are used to (Russian and Western), it goes without saying that the heroes eat, this is not specifically mentioned, except for those cases when the food is something meaningful in the plot (a royal feast, for example, or a heroic meal, when in one sitting the bull is eaten). Ivan Tsarevich wanders the earth, performs his exploits, and the narrator cares little about what he eats. The tales of the peoples of the North reflect a different way of life. There, a person lived surrounded by harsh nature, in a constant struggle for existence. Hunting was fraught with mortal risk, and people's lives depended on a successful hunt. That is why the Eskimo storyteller does not forget about food. “When we ate, we went to bed. We woke up and started eating again ”. In another fairy tale it is said very succinctly: “Ate. We lived. "
The most ancient tales capture the mythological ideas of peoples about the origin and structure of the world. All peoples had a belief in the afterlife, in the immortality of the soul. According to the ideas of most peoples, the world was divided into the upper world, in which the gods, celestials live, the middle world - the earth where people live, and the lower world, the underground (as well as the underwater). All these worlds did not differ significantly from each other. So, the inhabitants of heaven in a Tuvan fairy tale live in yurts and drink tea with flatbread. Ivan Tsarevich, once in the underwater world, must perform peasant work: uprooting stumps, raising virgin soil, growing bread ... Man created gods in his own image and likeness, and created otherworldly worlds in the image and likeness of his own world. And he inhabited his world with fantastic creatures who personified incomprehensible, often hostile forces of nature. Evil spirits exist in the tales of all peoples, they are usually very scary in appearance, humanlike, but their human appearance is distorted. This is, for example, a giant covered with wool, possessing tremendous strength, like a garbash in an Ingush tale or a one-eyed mus in a Kalmyk one. Folk fantasy seeks to make them even more terrible, incomprehensible, and here we have a barusi from the Nganasan fairy tale: he is one-legged, one-armed, one-eyed. Abaasy from a Yakut tale is eight-legged, and the only twisted arm grows from his chest. Even more terrible is Guin-Padchakh from the Chechen fairy tale: this goblin has a wide ax sticking out of his chest, and the goblin falls with his chest on a person sleeping in the forest. But no matter how terrible and strong the various monsters, giants, goblin are, - a person in a fairy tale always wins them with his mind, ingenuity, and, in addition, animals help the hero, who pay him good for good.
Scientists have long drawn attention to the similarity of plots in fairy tales of different peoples living very far from each other. This is explained not only by mutual influence, but also by the similar historical development of different peoples. The main fairytale plots are international: the hero's struggle with a multi-headed serpent (dragon), the boy's meeting with a giant cannibal, stepmother and stepdaughter (Cinderella), but the fairy tales themselves are always national, filled with numerous details of the life of the people, the land where the fairy tale lives. Let's compare two fairy tales of this book: Kalmyk - "The Great Khan and His Precious Friends" and Oroch - "Beauty and Wicked Pageliktu". At first glance, how little they have in common! But if we ignore the details, it turns out that the plot is based on the same plot: the hero drives out the slandered wife. We are interested not so much in this frequently encountered plot, but in the details that recreate the picture of the life of the people.
While talking about the cognitive side of the tale, about the ethnographic information that it contains. But this is only a small fraction of its useful load, the main thing in it is the ideological content: high morality, patriotism, humanism, kindness. Fairy tales glorify loyalty and honesty, valor, stamina, heroism, and the desire to serve the people. The hero of a fairy tale is always kind, generous. He not only rescues animals, which then help him to defeat the evil force, he is even able to dispose the evil force to himself, as Ivan Tsarevich does when he meets Baba Yaga ("Vasilisa the Wise and the Sea King"). The sympathies of the people are always on the side of the disadvantaged. The hero of a fairy tale is usually a poor man, a person oppressed by others: an orphan boy, a stepdaughter, a younger brother who is considered a fool by his elders. The people believe in the victory of good, and their heroes always come out victorious in a duel with evil forces, they also defeat the oppressors, sometimes they themselves become kings, khans. So naively the people embodied the eternal dream of justice.
The hero of a fairy tale may also be a king, but if he is not an enemy of the hero, then this is a conventional, fairytale king who has nothing in common with a real autocrat. Most often this is a tribute to a fairytale tradition. The Balkar proverb is typical: "There is no fairy tale without a khan." Moreover, the history of the Balkar people does not know the khans.
Avar tales
Avars (Greek Άβαροι, Ουαρχωννιται; Latin Avari; Old Russian Obra) are a nomadic people of Central Asian origin who migrated to Central Europe in the 6th century and created the Avar Khaganate state there (VI-IX centuries).
Adyghe fairy tales
Adygs (self-name - Adyge) - people in Russia and abroad, the indigenous population of Adygea and Krasnodar Territory, including the Black Sea coast from Anapa to Sochi - is a collective term of the Western Adyghe sub-ethnic groups.
Aleutian tales
Aleuts (self-name - unangan / unangan) - the indigenous population of the Aleutian Islands. Most of them live in the USA (Alaska), some in Russia (Kamchatka Territory).
Balkarian tales
The Balkars (Karach-Balk. Taulula - literally: "highlanders") are a Turkic-speaking people in the North Caucasus, the indigenous population of Kabardino-Balkaria, inhabiting mainly its mountainous and foothill (so-called Balkaria) regions in the upper reaches of the Khaznidon, Cherek- Balkarsky (Malkars), Cherek-Bezengievsky (Bezengians, Kholamtsy), Chegem (Chegems), Baksan (Baksans or in the past - Urusbians) and Malka. In fact, the Balkars are a single people with the Karachais, administratively divided into two parts. They belong to the Caucasian anthropological type of the large Caucasian race. They speak the Karachai-Balkar language of the Polovtsian-Kypchak group of the Turkic family. Dialectal differences are insignificant.
Bashkir fairy tales
The Bashkirs (Bashkir Bashortar) are a Turkic-speaking people living in the Republic of Bashkortostan and the historical region of the same name. Autochthonous (indigenous) people of the Southern Urals and Urals. The number in the world is about 2 million people. In Russia, according to the 2010 All-Russian Population Census, there are 1,584,554 Bashkirs. The national language is Bashkir. The traditional religion is Sunni Islam of the Hanafi madhhab.
Buryat Tales
Buryats (Buryat-Mongols; self-name Buryaduud) are a people in Russia, Mongolia and the PRC. Buryats are subdivided into a number of sub-ethnic groups - Bulagats, Ekhirits, Khorintsy, Khongodors, Selenga Buryats (Sartuls, Tsongols, Tabanguts), Khamnigans, as well as on a territorial basis, i.e. western, eastern, Shenahen. The Buryats living in the eastern part of Buryatia and the Trans-Baikal Territory are called eastern.
Dolgan fairy tales
Dolgans (self-name - Dolgan, tya-kikhi, Sakha) are a Turkic-speaking people in Russia (total 7,900 people, in the Taimyr Dolgan-Nenets municipal district of Krasnoyarsk Territory about 5500 people, in Yakutia about 1900 people). Believers are Orthodox.
Ingush fairy tales
Ingush (self-name - Ingush. GIalgIay - plural, GIalgIa - singular) - Vainakh people in the North Caucasus. They speak the Ingush language of the Nakh group of the North Caucasian family, writing based on the Cyrillic alphabet.
Kabardian tales
The Kabardians (Kabardian-Circassian Adyge) are a subethnos of the Circassians, the indigenous population of Kabardino-Balkaria, also live in Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, in Karachay-Cherkessia, Adygea and North Ossetia. In the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, 45.3% of the population are. They speak the Kabardino-Circassian language of the Abkhaz-Adyg group.
Kalmyk tales
Kalmyks (Kalm. Halmg, Halmgud, Mong. Halimag) - West Mongolian (Oirat) people living mainly in the Republic of Kalmykia - a subject of the Russian Federation. They speak Kalmyk and Russian. They are the descendants of the Oirat tribes who migrated in the late 16th - early 17th centuries from Central Asia to the Lower Volga and the Northern Caspian Sea. The number of modern Kalmyks in Russia is 183,372 people (All-Russian census 2010), there are also small diasporas abroad. The main religion among the believers of Kalmyks is Gelug Tibetan Buddhism.
Karelian fairy tales
Karels (common self-name - Karelian. Karjalaizet) - Finno-Ugric people, live mainly in Russia: in the Republic of Karelia, Leningrad region, Tver region and in eastern Finland.
Kerek Tales
Kereki (self-names ankalgakku - "seaside people", arakykku - from Chuk. Kerekit) - one of the Paleo-Asian peoples of Russia. According to the 2010 census, 4 people registered themselves as Kereks. (in 2002 - 8 people). In 1959 there were about 100 people. In the XX century they lived in settlements of the Beringovsky region of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (Meynypilgyno, Khatyrka, Beringovsky). They lived in several villages in separate families, mixed with the Chukchi, and were assimilated by them.
Ket tales
Kets (self-name keto, ket - "man", plural deng - "people", "people"; previously used ethnonyms Ostyaks, Yenisei Ostyaks, Yeniseytsy) - a small indigenous people of Siberia, living in the north of Krasnoyarsk Territory. They use the Ket language, which belongs to the group of Yenisei languages.
Koryak fairy tales
Koryaks (nymylans, chavchuvens, alutors) are the people, the indigenous population of the northern part of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Currently, they compactly live in the Kamchatka Territory, Magadan Region and the Chukotka Autonomous District of Russia.
Mansiysk tales
Mansi (Mans. Mensi, Moans; obsolete - Voguls, Vogulichi) - a small people in Russia, the indigenous population of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Ugra. The closest relatives of the Khanty. They speak the Mansi language, but due to active assimilation, about 60% use Russian in everyday life.
Mordovian tales
Mordva is a Finno-Ugric people, which is divided into two subethnos - Moksha and Erzya. Self-name Mokshan Moksha. mokshet, erzyan - erz. erzyat. They speak Moksha and Erzyan languages, belonging to the Mordovian subgroup. Ethnographic groups: Erzyan - Shoksha, Mokshan - Karatai. They live in the Russian Federation, about a third - in Mordovia, as well as in the adjacent regions - Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Tambov, Ryazan, Samara, Moscow. They belong to the indigenous population of Central Russia. Believers are mostly Orthodox, there are also adherents of the folk religion (the traditional religion of the Mokshans is Mokshen Koy), Lutherans and Molokans.
Nanai Tales
The Nanai (Nanai Nanai, Nani; Chinese 赫哲族; obsolete Golds) are a small indigenous people of the Far East, living along the banks of the Amur and its tributaries Ussuri and Sungari in Russia and China.
Nganasan tales
Nganasans (ngan. Nganasany - "people", self-name nyaa, nya - "comrade") are the Samoyed people in Siberia. The term nganasan (from nanas, nanasan - a person) was introduced by Soviet linguists in the 1930s as an erroneous generalization of the use of the word known to many peoples of the North with the meaning of “man” as an endoethnonym.
Negidal tales
Negidal (from Negidal. Yegidal - "coastal", "coastal", self-name: Elkan beyenin - local people; Amgun beyenin - people of the Amgun River) are a small Tungus-Manchu people in the Amur region.
Nenets fairy tales
The Nenets (Nenets, Nenei Neneche, Khasovo, Neschang; obsolete - Samoyeds, Yuraks) - Samoyed people inhabiting the Eurasian coast of the Arctic Ocean from the Kola Peninsula to Taimyr. In the 1st millennium A.D. e. migrated from the territory of southern Siberia to their modern habitat.
Nivkh Tales
Nivkh (nivkh. Nivakh, nivukh, nivkhgu, nyigvngun; obsolete gilyaks) are a small ethnic group in the territory of the Russian Federation. Self-names: nivkh - "man", nivkhgu - "people."
Nogai fairy tales
The Nogays (self-name - Nogai, plural - Nogailar) are a Turkic-speaking people in the North Caucasus. The population in the Russian Federation is 103.7 thousand people. (2010).
Oroch Tales
Orochi (self-name orochisel, oroch, and also nani (lost, old self-name, borrowed from the Amur Nanais: “na” - land, “ni” - person, translation - “local resident”; they usually called themselves by place of residence, by tribal affiliation )) - the people in Russia.
Ossetian fairy tales
Ossetians (Ironsk ir, irӕttӕ, iron adӕm, digor.digorӕ, digorænttæ; Old Russian yasi, singular yasin, yas) - people living in the Caucasus, descendants of Alans, the main population of Ossetia: republics of North Ossetia - Alania and South Ossetia. They also live in other regions of the Russian Federation, in Georgia, Turkey and other countries. The Ossetian language belongs to the Iranian group of the Indo-European language family; Ossetians are mostly bilingual (bilingualism is Ossetian-Russian, less often Ossetian-Georgian or Ossetian-Turkish). The total number in the world is up to 700 thousand people, of which in Russia - 528.5 thousand (according to the 2010 census)
Sami tales
Sami (Sami, Lapp, Lapp; self-name - Kild.Sam, S.-Sami sámit, sampelaš; Fin. Saamelaiset, Nynorsk Samar, Swedish Samer) - a small Finno-Ugric people; indigenous people of northern Europe. The Scandinavians and Russians called them "Lapps", "Loplians" or "Lop", from this name comes the name Laplandia (Lapponia, Lapponica), that is, "the land of the Lapps". The field of study, the field of study of which is ethnography, history, culture and languages \u200b\u200bof the Sami, is called "loparism" or "laponistics".
Selkup fairy tales
Selkups (Selkup.Sol'up, Sousse um, Chumyl-ӄup, Shel'up, Sheshum; obsolete - Samoyed Ostyaks) are a people living in the north of Western Siberia. Until the 1930s, they were called Ostyako-Samoads.
Komi Tales
The Komi Republic (Komi Komi Republic) is a republic within the Russian Federation, a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, and is a part of the Northwestern Federal District. Komi - a group of peoples living in the north of the Russian Federation: Komi-Zyryans (often just Komi), Komi-Izhemtsy, Komi-Permians, Komi-Yazvins.
Tatar fairy tales
Tatars (self-name - Tat. Tatars, tatar, plural Tatarlar, tatarlar) are a Turkic-speaking people living in the central regions of the European part of Russia, in the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, XUAR and the Far East.
Tofalar tales
Tofalars (previously they were called - Karagas, self-name - tofa, tofa, topa, tokha, tyva, which means "man") - the indigenous small people of Russia in Eastern Siberia.
Tuvan fairy tales
Tuvins (self-name - Tuva, plural - Tyvalar; outdated names: Soyots, Soyons, Uryankhais, Tannu-Tuvinians, Tannuvins) - people, the main population of Tuva (Tuva). They speak Tuvan, which is part of the Sayan group of Turkic languages. Believers are Buddhists; traditional cults (shamanism) are also preserved.
Udege tales
The Udegeis are one of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the Far East, anthropologically they belong to the Baikal type of Mongoloids. The language is Udege, belonging to the Amur group of the Tungus-Manchu languages, the most similar to Oroch, practically supplanted by the Russian language.
Ulch fairy tales
Ulchi (self-name - nani, ulcha - "local residents" (common for a number of peoples of the Amur region), outdated: manguns, olchi). Since 1926, the official name of Ulchi has been adopted.
Khanty Tales
Khanty (self-name - khanti, khande, kantek, obsolete Ostyaki) are a small indigenous Ugric people living in the north of Western Siberia. The self-name Khanty means people.
Chechen fairy tales
Chechens (self-called Nokhchiy) are a North Caucasian people living in the North Caucasus, the main population of Chechnya. Historically they also live in Khasavyurt, Novolaksky, Kazbekovsky, Babayurtovsky, Kizilyurtovsky, Kizlyarsky districts of Dagestan, Sunzhensky and Malgobeksky districts, Ingushetia, Akhmeta district of Georgia. The total number of Chechens in the world is 1,550,000. Anthropologically they belong to the Caucasian type of the Caucasian race.
Chukchi fairy tales
Chukchi, or luoravetlany (self-name - ԓygoravetԓiet, oravetԓiet), is a small indigenous people of the extreme northeast of Asia, scattered over a vast territory from the Bering Sea to the Indigirka River and from the Arctic Ocean to the Anadyr and Anyui rivers. According to the data of the All-Russian population census of 2002 - 15,767 people, according to the All-Russian population census of 2010 - 15,908 people.
Evenk tales
The Evenki (self-name - Evenkil, which became the official ethnonym in 1931, the old name - Tungus) - the indigenous people of the Russian Federation (Eastern Siberia). They also live in Mongolia and northeastern China. Separate groups of Evenks were known as Orochens, Birars, Manegrs, Solons. Language - Evenk, belongs to the Tungus-Manchu group of the Altai language family. There are three groups of dialects: northern, southern and eastern. Each dialect is subdivided into dialects.
Enets fairy tales
The Enets (self-designation Encho, Mogadi, Pebay, obsolete Yenisei Samoyeds) are a small Samoyed nation of less than 300 people. Believers are Orthodox, traditional beliefs are preserved. By language and culture, they are close to the Nganasans and the Nenets.
Eskimo tales
Eskimos (Eskimo. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ) are the indigenous people of the territory from Greenland and Nunavut (Canada) to Alaska (USA) and the eastern edge of Chukotka (Russia). The population is about 170 thousand people. The languages \u200b\u200bbelong to the Eskimo branch of the Eskimo-Aleutian family. Anthropologists believe that the Eskimos are arctic-type Mongoloids (arctic race). Their main self-name is Inuit. The word "Eskimo" (Eskimanzig - "raw food", "one who eats raw fish") belongs to the language of the Abenaki and Athabaskan Indian tribes. From the name of the American Eskimos, this word has become the self-name of both American and Asian Eskimos.
Yukaghir Tales
Yukaghirs (self-name Detkil, Odul, Wadu, Alai) - East Siberian people. They belong to the oldest (aboriginal) population of northeastern Siberia. The origin of the name "Yukagir" has not been precisely established, it may have been given to this people by the Russians, probably through the Evenks (Tungus), and in the 20th century it was fixed as an official name. Traditional activities are fishing (with the help of seines), hunting for wild deer, sled dog breeding.
Yakut fairy tales
Yakuts (pronunciation is widespread among the local population - Yakuts, self-name - Yakut Sakha; Yakut Sakhalar) - Turkic people, the indigenous population of Yakutia. The Yakut language belongs to the Turkic language group. There are many Mongolisms (about 30% of words of Mongolian origin), there are also about 10% of words of unknown origin; at a later time, Russianisms joined. About 94% of Yakuts genetically belong to the N1c1 haplogroup. The common ancestor of all Yakut N1c1 lived 1300 years ago. According to the results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census, 478.1 thousand Yakuts lived in Russia, mainly in Yakutia (466.5 thousand), as well as in Irkutsk, Magadan regions, Khabarovsk and Krasnoyarsk regions. The Yakuts are the most numerous (49.9% of the population) people in Yakutia (the second largest are Russians - 37.8%) and the largest of the indigenous peoples of Siberia within the borders of the Russian Federation.
A person gets acquainted with moral wealth, the experience of the people in early childhood, in a fairy tale, in the first game. The rich traditions inherited are unique traditions that need to be protected. Having lost the spiritual traditions of his people, a person loses in himself a moral support, a spiritual core. What has been put into the soul since childhood is then irreplaceable.
In modern society, there are acute problems of moral education, respect for historical monuments, the formation of patriotic feelings. And what the child hears in childhood depends on his further conscious attitude to the world around him, therefore, the system of upbringing and education should provide for the formation of a child's feelings of belonging to the traditions, spiritual and historical values \u200b\u200bof his big and small homeland. Already at preschool age, the child actively absorbs experience, turns it into a habit, into a norm of behavior. Music, fairy tales, proverbs and sayings, ethnic games convey the character of the nation, the spirit of the era.
All ethnic songs, fairy tales are rich in inexhaustible love for their world, their people, family. They teach the child to be kind, fair, honest, to treat elders with respect, teaches that the beautiful can overcome evil. The worship of a working man is also traced, be it a fisherman, a plowman, a musician, etc. - in those trades and occupations that are characteristic of a given people, a given area; praised the power of mutual assistance, and joint work.
Folk (ethnic) games are close to the emotional, thirsty for active nature of the child. Despite the fact that there is a lot of fun, movement in the games, their rules are strict: this teaches children not to disturb the order, to be able to negotiate. For centuries, games have been the only means of physical, mental and moral education.
Many wise proverbs and sayings strengthen the moral character of the people. Over the centuries, a great many people have taken part in their creation and polishing.
Fiction and imagination create a world of fairy tales in which good always triumphs over evil. Fairy tales, fairy tales about animals help to better understand the surrounding reality, to understand the relationships of people, the vices of people: greed, stupidity, disobedience, self-interest, etc. are ridiculed.
Ethnic folklore of different peoples, despite the different way of life, culture is similar to each other, there are practically the same proverbs and fairy tales. For example: the Russian and Greek fairy tales "Hen and Cockerel", the Greek fairy tale "Anfusa - golden braids" is similar to the Brothers Grimm fairy tale "Rapunzel" and others, the Adyghe fairy tale "Faruz" - with "Cinderella".
In these tales, truth triumphs, the victory of good over evil. The optimism of fairy tales is close to child psychology and it enhances the educational value of folk pedagogical tools.
There is imagery in fairy tales, which facilitates the perception of children who have not yet formed abstract thinking. The characters clearly show such traits as courage, observation, a desire to help the weak, etc. In fairy tales there are bright, vivid images.
One of the most important features of fairy tales is didacticism. Fairy tales of all peoples are always instructive and edifying. The people share their wisdom with the younger generation: to be obedient (Estonian fairy tale "Forbidden Knot"), not to be greedy (Greek fairy tale "Cock and hen"), not to be cowardly (Estonian fairy tale "Why is a hare's lip cut"), etc. ...
Each nation wish its child to be honest, hardworking, happy. The art of nations teaches a person to value life, to be steadfast in the fight against lies, cunning, and evil.
Fairy tales also form gender concepts and moral values. For girls, these are beauties, needlewomen, clever; for boys, he is a brave, strong, honest, hardworking hero. The ideal formed in childhood largely shapes his personality in the future.
Our kindergarten has developed and tested project "Fairy Tales of Krasnaya Polyana Village" (Attachment 1), within the framework of which proverbs, sayings, fairy tales of the peoples living in the village (Greek, Adyghe, Estonian nationality) were selected, which are understandable for older preschool children. As a result of the project, (appendix 2), which includes the following tales: Adyghe tales: "Giant Bull", "Faruz"; Greek fairy tales: "The Rooster and the Hen", "The Embroiderer of Birds", "Anfusa - Golden Braids"; Estonian fairy tales: "Why the hare's lip is cut open", "The wolf and the sheep", "Magic knots", "how the master became a horse", "The young blacksmith". All fairy tales are illustrated by older preschool children. The book of fairy tales continues to grow.
This book of fairy tales is intended for reading by children 5-7 years old. The selected ethnic fairy tales are accessible for children to understand, reveal to them the world (life and culture) of different peoples: Adygs, Estonians, Greeks. In ethnic fairy tales, the life of peoples is easily traced. It is easy to trace the crafts of nationalities: fishing, weaving, hunting, etc.
In fairy tales, words are often found that are inaccessible to children. For example, in Adyghe fairy tales, words are often found that reflect the way of life of the people: aul, marj, papakha, shepherd, etc. Therefore, before reading a fairy tale to a child, it is necessary to conduct a short conversation with the child about the people, their life, explaining unfamiliar words (for example "Ethnic Dictionary" (Appendix 3), in which not only the interpretation of words is selected, but also illustrations). Without such preliminary work, a fairy tale may seem boring, pale, incomprehensible to the kid, such work will bring the child closer to the ethnic world. Explaining these unfamiliar words to a child, an adult carries him into the ethnic world. The child develops an elementary ethnic vocabulary, broadens his horizons and vocabulary.
When introducing children to ethnic fairy tales, you must adhere to the following algorithm:
1. The teacher gets acquainted with the fairy tale, noting unfamiliar ethnic words.
2. Search for a definition of these words (for example: cannel is a musical instrument of the Estonian people), an accessible explanation for preschool children.
3. If necessary, illustrations of images are selected to define the ethnic word.
4. While reading the ethnic fairy tale to children, it is necessary to briefly acquaint with new words, giving basic information about the life and culture of the nationality. (For example, to tell that the Adyghe people lived in small settlements called AUL (image demonstration), they kept sheep, cows, which they grazed high in the CHABANY mountains (image demonstration). And when they turned to a stranger, they said MARJ. the word has no translation, most likely it was used to attract attention.). When reading fairy tales, you should not replace words with Russian, because then the originality of the tale is lost.
5. After reading, a short conversation with the children is conducted about what they have learned from the fairy tale, knowledge about the life and culture of the nationality, about the meaning of new words is consolidated.
6. During the conversation, you can also discuss which episode was most remembered, why it seemed the most vivid, after which the children are invited to draw a favorite excerpt from a fairy tale, or choose attributes and play a dramatization of the passage.
The method of working with ethnic tales is similar to the method of acquaintance with author's or Russian fairy tales.
Requirements for fairy tales in the younger group:
- simple perception;
- bright, dynamic plot;
- short in content;
- conversation after reading the tale: did they like them, what they are.
Requirements for fairy tales in the middle group:
- every month you need to introduce a new fairy tale;
- acquaintance with new words, an explanation that children can understand;
- a conversation after reading a fairy tale: did the heroes like them, what they are, what actions they did, did the heroes do the right thing.
Requirements for fairy tales in the senior group:
- the volume of fairy tales increases significantly;
Requirements for a fairy tale in a preparatory group for school:
- a large volume of the tale, which can be read in parts (several days);
- conversation after reading: a motivated attitude towards the heroes of fairy tales;
- determination of the type of fairy tale (about animals, household, fairy tale);
- determination of the structure of the tale (beginning, repetitions, ending).
With such a structure of work with ethnic fairy tales, they will serve not only for entertainment, but will also carry cognitive meaning, develop imagination, and form a tolerant attitude towards the culture of different peoples.
Bibliography:
1. Children's literature. Textbook for pedagogical schools. Ed. E.E. Zubareva - M .: Education, 1989
2. Pasternak N. Fairy tales are necessary for the child as air // Preschool education. - № 8-2008
3. Baturina G.I. Kuzina T.F. Folk pedagogy in the upbringing of preschoolers. M. 1995
Attachment 1
Kindergarten-based project
"Living book of fairy tales from Krasnaya Polyana village"
Relevance. There are 17 nationalities in our village, 3 of them: Russians, Greeks, Estonians - the nationalities who founded our village. The formation of moral and patriotic feelings on the basis of the regional component, the formation of tolerant feelings is one of the leading tasks of the activities of our kindergarten.
At the same time, oral folk art accompanies the child from early childhood. The acquaintance with the world around begins with nursery rhymes, the concept of good and evil is formed in fairy tales, lullabies soothe. Each nation has its own fairy tales, its own lullabies. There is a great creative and educational potential in oral folk art. And the education of love for the Motherland is impossible without instilling love and respect for one's "small Motherland", its culture and traditions. The introduction of children to the source of folk culture is important in the moral and patriotic education of a preschooler's personality.
Objective of the project: active involvement of children in the development of oral folk art by children of the peoples who founded the Krasnaya Polyana village and the manifestation of creativity in expression from the read in the "Living Book of Fairy Tales of the Krasnaya Polyana Village" together with adults.
Tasks:
1. Collect nursery rhymes, jokes, lullabies, fairy tales of the peoples of the Krasnaya Polyana village in close contact with the parents of the kindergarten pupils.
2. Select works that are understandable for preschool children.
3. To organize joint activities (adults-children) to create a "Living Book of Fairy Tales from Krasnaya Polyana Village", compiled by adults with children of all groups.
The target audience: children 5-7 years old, parents, kindergarten teachers.
Project implementation plan
1. Preparatory:
1.1. Collecting material on the oral folk art of the peoples of the Krasnaya Polyana village with the involvement of parents;
1.2. Selection of methods for acquaintance of preschool children with oral folk art, ethnic fairy tales.
2. Organizational:
2.1. Conducting a consultation for teachers on the method of acquainting children with oral folk art;
2.2. Conduct a drawing competition "Live Pages" in nominations;
2.3. Organize joint activities (adults-children) to create a "Living Book of Fairy Tales of the Krasnaya Polyana Village", compiled by adults with children in groups;
2.4. Develop and conduct a quiz "Fairy Tales of Krasnaya Polyana Village";
2.5. Conducting a lecture hall for parents "Reading fairy tales to children";
3. Final: Creation of the book "The Living Book of Fairy Tales of the Krasnaya Polyana Village", illustrated with works by children.
Expected results:
The implementation of the project will contribute to the formation and development of children:
- interest in folklore (proverbs, sayings, fairy tales, etc.)
- love and pride for a small homeland
- creativity
The implementation of the project will contribute to the formation and development of teachers:
- interest in national folk art
- knowledge of fairy tales, nursery rhymes, songs and other nationalities who founded the village
- increasing the level of professional competence in the field - the use of oral folk art
The implementation of the project will contribute to the formation and development of parents:
- an idea of \u200b\u200bthe features of fairy tales of different nationalities and the possibilities of their use
- desire to join together with children in joint activities
Used Books:
1. N.K. Andrienko, S.I. Semenaka, E.A. Tupichkina "Spiritual and moral education and social development of preschoolers: programs, pedagogical projects: teaching aid - Armavir RIO AGPA, 2014.
The myth of the "Russian" people would not have been valid if it had not taken place as a poet Pushkin. A poet who twisted the Iranian fairy tales and fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm into a new, "Russian" manner. It is extremely difficult to come up with a history of a people who do not even have their own epic. More precisely, how to put it more correctly: it is in no way possible to prove the Moscow myth about the nation "Russians", the thousand-year history of the Third Rome, without laying a basis for it - the foundation that folk legends and fairy tales act on all over the world.
A bit of history ...
The year 1439 can and should be called the starting point, the beginning of Muscovy. It was in this year that the Moscow impostor Vasily the Dark led his country forever into the power of the Darkness of Ignorance and Obscurantism, refusing to follow a single path with the entire Christian world. Vasily not only left the path of progress, but also laid the foundation for the construction of a new myth: the ideology of "Moscow - the Third Rome" - the kingdom of truly faithful believers - the "Rus", who were renamed "Orthodox" 200 years later.
The myth of "Moscow" - the city-mosque, but at the same time, no matter how surprising it may seem, the city of the stronghold and the Christian world of "Third Rome", was originally put on the interpretation of the Old Testament prophecies of Ezekiel created by the monk Philotheus about the Third Romeian kingdom, which was embodied in Moscow - Moscow. It should be noted that Philotheus was not driven by bad intentions, he was just trying to stop the bloodshed organized by the Moscow despot Ivan III with his own labor. He was sure that with his interpretation he could stop the Moscow satrap, motivating him with the fact that he should not destroy Christians, but become their defender. And I must say, from a certain point of view, Filofey achieved success, his doctrine became the basis of the ideology "Moscow - the Third Rome", the goal of which is world domination.
The whole essence of Moscow's policy is permeated with the idea of \u200b\u200bPhilotheus, but it must be admitted that in its modern form it appeared before us only after the end of the war, nicknamed "Patriotic". Only then they began to actively modify and strengthen it with a special meaning. But, as it turned out, there was practically nothing to strengthen. Muscovy in the XIX did not speak a single language. Türkic words and phrases still dominated in everyday life among ordinary Muscovites, over Ukrainian - Russian - words that became the basis of the state remake - the Russian language.
The remake - the imperial Moscow-Third-Russian-Russian language - had to be legalized, systematized and popularized. And how could it be popularized among the masses, if there was no main popularization tool they understood - fairy tales, and indeed any worthwhile entertainment literature - fiction.
It was with the aim of strengthening the myth of the ancient "Russian" people that the state program was launched to stimulate the creation of literary works in the still unpopular Russian language. Particular attention was paid to fairy tales. Especially tales written not in prose, but in poetry, largely because such a form was better remembered and spread. One of the most significant figures in this field was the great Moscow poet, not a small part of the Tatar - Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.
Context
Myths of the "Third Rome": nomadic Russia
Observer 09/15/2017Insanity grows stronger: Russia or Muscovy? (Weekly 2000)
Weekly 2000 23.02.2016Muscovy has never been Russian
Observer 10/13/2017Who surrendered Russia to Batu?
Observer 12/05/2017 In his article "On the insignificance of Russian literature", dated 1834, fully confirming my words, Pushkin wrote: "The clergy, spared by the amazing sharpness of the Tatars, alone - for two gloomy centuries - fed the pale sparks of Byzantine education. In the silence of the monasteries, the monks kept their continuous chronicle. In their epistles, the bishops conversed with princes and boyars, comforting their hearts in difficult times of temptation and hopelessness. But the inner life of the enslaved people did not develop. The Tatars were not like the Moors. Having conquered Russia, they gave her neither algebra nor Aristotle. The overthrow of the yoke, the disputes between the grand duchy and the fiefdoms, autocracy with the liberties of cities, autocracy with the boyars and conquests with national identity did not favor the free development of education. Europe was flooded with an incredible multitude of poems, legends, satyrs, romances, mysteries, etc., but our ancient archives and vivliophics, apart from chronicles, provide almost no food for the curiosity of prospectors. Several fairy tales and songs, constantly updated by oral tradition, have preserved the half-ironed features of the nationality, and "The Lay of Igor's Host" (in which at least 45 Turkisms were counted - ed.) rises as a solitary monument in the desert of our ancient literature. "If we forget that the ancient Russian literature, the essence is - Ukrainian, and that the Tatar yoke is also a great Moscow myth, then what remains in the bottom line? A living, organic culture of the same Rus of Ukraine, had at least a few literary sources presented. Muscovy was dumb. There was no epic, no epics, no fairy tales, legends. It was precisely them that Pushkin urgently needed to create!
What were the "Russian" fairy tales before Pushkin
Actually, so that Pushkin came to completely empty space, it is not so. At that time, the Moscow propaganda machine had already printed, or more precisely, misinterpreted, a number of foreign epics in its own way. One of such epics can be considered the work "The Tale of the Valiant Knight Bove Gvidonovich", which appeared in Muscovy in the 16th century. As Wikipedia testifies: "The story is an analogue of the medieval French novel about the exploits of the knight Beauvais d" Anton, also known from the 16th century in popular Italian editions of poetry and prose. “Dated to the first half of the 13th century, written in the Anglo-Norman dialect”.
Here is a small excerpt describing the storyline of the work: “The tale of the valiant knight Bova Gvidonovich, who, after fleeing from home from the evil mother Militrisa Kirbityevna and the stepfather of King Dodon, ends up with King Zenzivy Andronovich and falls in love with his daughter Druzhevna. In honor of her, he performs miracles of bravery, defeats one whole army of contenders for the hand of Druzhevna - kings Markobrun and Lukoper Saltanovich. " It is noteworthy that the names used in this work, published in Italian, were subsequently actively used by Pushkin. Bova corresponds to Italian. Buova, Guidon - duke Guido d "Antoni, uncle Bova Simbalda - Sinebaldo, Dodon - Duodo di Maganza, Druzhevna - Drusiniana. What is also very important, although this leads to the side of our investigation. The main thread of the narrative necessarily passes through the theme of religion, constantly pointing to the orthodoxy (Orthodoxy) of the protagonist, which is largely borrowed from the legend of the torment of St. George.
The next no less important work related to "Russian" fairy tales is "The Tale of Eruslan Lazarevich". Let's not go far and turn to the same "Wikipedia" to get the information we are interested in: "The name of Eruslan Lazarevich and some plots (the search for the heroic horse Arash - cf. Rakhsh, the battle of Eruslan with his son) go back to the Iranian epic about Rustam (" Shakhname “). The motives of the Iranian epic were borrowed through the Turkic mediation: Arslan aka Ruslan ("lion") - the Turkic nickname of Rustam, the father of Eruslan Zalazar - the father of Rustam Zal-zar. " In other words, we see two vivid examples of borrowing the epics of the West and the East, rewritten with only one goal - to strengthen the future myth of a single "Russian" people.
Pushkin's contribution to the proof of the myth
The role of Pushkin in the formation of Russia is rather modest; he is regarded only as the founder of the modern Russian literary language. What contributed to the choice of this direction? In many respects, the activity of the autocracy, aimed at the search and formation of the national idea of \u200b\u200bRussia, which even today cannot be formulated at the state official level. Nevertheless, the propaganda slogan of the times of Pushkin was best formulated by Count Uvarov, and it sounded like this: "Autocracy, Orthodoxy, nationality." In fact, it was a deciphering of the imperial flag of Russia, where: in the basis: AkKhan - the White Tsar, above him - life - God goes by gold, and finishes the description of the "Russian world" lying on the outskirts of its mythical "Russian" people. At the same time, it should be noted that the colors of the imperial flag of Russia are a kind of tracing of the colors of the Palaeologus family - the last emperors of Byzantium, with whom the Moscow impostors ascribe to themselves.
But back to Pushkin! So, the activity of not only the great poet, but also many others, writers, historians and other fabulists, was directed at the formation of the myth of that very "united nationality". In many ways, they invented a new fairy-tale world, openly mixing the primordially Moscow - Turkic epos and history, with the history and epos of Russia. Pushkin took up the compilation of Turkic folk tales and epics with the tales of Russia, abundantly adding to them the storylines of the Brothers Grimm and other popular European fairy tales. Thanks to which, in many ways, the myth of the "Russian" nationality arose.
His first work, which did not receive wide publicity, Pushkin wrote based on the above-mentioned "Russian" fairy tale, the basis for which, as you remember, was a French knightly novel. From a fairy tale popular at that time in Muscovy, Pushkin took names in his "Bova". Bova himself, as well as Dodon, Militrisa and Polkan. But he got a little confused with the storyline, trying to introduce into it simply an unbearable number of allegories. Why, most likely, he never finished his tale.
Here is one of the passages in which Pushkin tried to make the prototype of Dodon - the emperor of France, Napoleon. “You have heard, good people, O tsar, that for twenty whole years I did not take off my arms, I did not dismount my zealous horse, I flew everywhere with victory, I drowned the baptized world in blood, I did not spare the unbaptized, And I was cast down into nothingness by Alexander, a formidable angel , He spends his life in humiliation And, forgotten by all, now calls Elba Emperor: This is how Tsar Dodon was ”...
The plot of the first big fairy tale written by Pushkin is much more intricate, meaningful and ideological. The tale is called Ruslan and Lyudmila. Ruslan, a popular Turkic name meaning "Leo", is used by Pushkin for a number of reasons: firstly, it was consonant with Russia, and secondly, it acted as a kind of bridge to the Turkic roots of Muscovy. With Lyudmila, everything is much more complicated. It seems to be like a Slavic name, in fact it was first used by the poet Vasily Zhukovsky. He named him one of his ballads, which he wrote in 1808.
From the very first lines, Pushkin sends the reader to the fairy-tale world of Rus invented by him. Rus, in which he found a place and Lukomorya - the mythical ancestral home of the Ugrians, one of the nationalities inhabiting Muscovy since ancient times. Pushkin not only creates a new "Russian" world, but also, not being particularly embarrassed, inhabits it with the characters of all fairy tales he hears: French, Ukrainian, Finnish, Turkic, as if deliberately preparing for himself a work plan for the implementation of the myth. There is a Celtic-Russian oak and Finnish Baba Yaga and a Turkic Koschey.
The fairy tale invented by Pushkin is in many ways a romanticization of the "History of the Russian State" by another no less significant builder of the Third Rome, also a Tatar-Karamzin. “With friends, in a high gridnitsa, Vladimir the sun feasted; He betrayed his youngest daughter For the brave prince Ruslan "... At the table with Ruslan are sitting three of his rivals, a contender for Lyudmila's hand:" One is Rogdai, a brave warrior, With a sword he pushed the boundaries of the Rich Kiev fields; The other is Farlaf, the arrogant screamer, In feasts not defeated by anyone, But a modest warrior among swords; The last, full of passionate thought, Young Khazar Khan Ratmir "...
I cannot help but note that the plot of Pushkin's fairy tale has something in common with the legend about the choice of religion by the Kiev prince Vladimir: Ruslan (Pushkin gives this name as a primordially "Russian") is the Russian faith, Farlaf (Swedish name, found in one of Oleg's warriors) - represents Rome, Rogday - Islam. The Khazar prince with the only typical Slavic name Ratmir (again to the question of mixing concepts) is Judaism. The prince, of course, gives preference to the Russian faith, but only the bride does not reach Ruslan. The sorcerer Chernomor (like a genie from "A Thousand and One Nights"), who can be easily associated with Batu, takes the Russian faith in full, from where Ruslan goes to rescue her. From this point of view, further history generally takes on very interesting outlines, although it still shows an obvious interweaving of plot lines: the aforementioned "Thousand and One Nights", Western chivalric novels and short stories, with their abducted princesses and knights in shining armor, killing snakes , a fairy tale about Eruslan Lazarevich, which, of course, became the basis for Pushkin's literary research.
The names of Tsar Saltan, or to put it simply - Sultan, and Gvidon - Guido, have already been used by Moscow fabulists in perverting the French fairy tale about Bove Gvidonovich, to which Pushkin was not indifferent. Another thing is the name of the Turkic warrior - "batyr", whose transformation from the light hand of Pushkin into a "Russian" hero became simply a masterpiece. Pushkin, using all his arsenal of possibilities, weaved this Turkism into the canvas of the “Russian” epic so organically that it simply became inseparable from it. As for the storyline itself, at the end of the 50s, G.P.Snesarev, a member of the Khorezm archaeological and ethnographic expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences, described a Turkic legend, which practically did not differ from Pushkin's “Tale of Tsar Saltan” in the storyline. In this Türkic legend there are motives of the deceit of the king's older wives, and the substitution of a puppy for a boy, and a cat for a girl, and the expulsion of his younger wife by the king, and the exposure of slander, and the grown-up son of the king, and the expulsion of older wives.
Separately, it is worth noting the comparison carried out by Snesarev, the images of Pushkin's swan princess and the bet from the Khorezm legend, with the help of which the son of the padishah builds the Golden City. Snesarev claims without any doubts that the swan princess is "a Russified image of the Eastern bet." But this is not the only mention of Pushkin's borrowing of the storyline in Turkic legends. I. M. Oransky in his article “Another Central Asian version of the“ Tale of Tsar Saltan ”reports on a fairy tale he recorded in the Gissar valley of the Tajik SSR, which, in terms of the plot and some motives, again does not differ from Pushkin's“ The Tale of Tsar Saltan ”. N.N. Tumanovich in his article “Towards Central Asian Variants of The Tale of Tsar Saltan” talks about another Tajik version of the plot of Pushkin’s fairy tale, preserved in the manuscript collection of the Leningrad Branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Karakalpak folklorists K. Aimbetov and K. Maksetov speak out about the plot coincidences between Alexander Pushkin's “Tales of Tsar Saltan” and the Karakalpak folk epic poem “Sharyar”.
Of all the Central Asian plots known to science, similar to the plot of Pushkin's fairy tale, let us present, for example, two: the plot of the Uzbek fairy tale "Hasan and Zukhra" and the Karakalpak epic poem "Sharyar". Thus, in the Uzbek fairy tale "Hasan and Zukhra" it is briefly said that: "The Shah is looking for a forty-first wife - none of his forty wives gave birth to an heir for him. Through his vizier, he learns that three poor girls-sisters, sitting under a mulberry tree, were talking and dreaming about what they would do if the king took them as wives; the elder Nasiba promised to weave fine clothes for the shah; medium, Gulbahor - make him delicious pilaf; younger sister, Zulfiya - give birth to a boy and a girl and call them Hasan and Zukhra. Upon learning of all this, the shah immediately decided to marry the youngest of the sisters. The shah's forty wives, fearing that in the event of the birth of an heir, the khan would forget about them and give all his love to his new, forty-first wife, conspire against her. Zulfiya, as promised, gave birth to a boy and a girl. The shah was out hunting at that time. The Shah's wives, with the help of an old witch woman, hid the newborns in a sack, and instead of them they put a kid and a goat in the cradle.
The old woman told Zulfiya that these were her children. The young mother burst into burning tears. The Shah's wives informed him about the birth of kid children. The old witch woman, meanwhile, threw the sack with Zulfiya's children onto the road. Here they were found and picked up by the caravan leader, a childless man. He took the children to him and gave them the names Hasan and Zuhra. As the children grew up, the adoptive father told them their story. Once on a hunt, the Shah, having met with the leader of the caravan, also learned about the history of the children found in the desert. The counselor's wife drew attention to the great similarity between the Shah and Hasan and advised the bishop to question his wife about the events of twelve years ago. The Shah ordered to bring Zulfiya out of the dungeon, listened to her story and interrogated the other wives. The secret was revealed. The Shah made a forty-day feast in honor of his children, Hasan and Zukhra. Everyone is happy. Hasan and Zukhra care about those who raised them - about the caravan-bashi and his wife. "
In the Uzbek fairy tale "Takhir and Zukhra" there is an episode with a chest: the shah, in order to separate Takhir and his daughter Zukhra, ordered to seize Takhir, put him in the chest and throw him into the river. The chest floated towards Rum - Byzantium. The similarity of the subjects of the ancient epic poem of the Karakalpaks "Sharyar" and Pushkin's "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" is also surprising. “Khan Darapsha, despite the fact that he was married nine times, had no heir. The disappointed king leaves the throne, and, dressed in simple clothes, goes as a pilgrim to Mecca. One night, in search of a lodging for the night, he looked into the luminous window and, seeing three beauties there, involuntarily overheard their conversation. The girls were spinning and dreaming: the eldest that if she became the wife of Khan Darapsha, she would weave piles of satin from one cocoon and sew tents from it for his entire army; the middle one said that she would bake a mountain of cakes from one grain for the forty thousand soldiers of the khan; and the youngest promised to give birth to two twins to the khan.
Khan married all three girls in the hope that one of them would give him an heir. The wedding "toy" has died down. The two older wives did not fulfill their promises, which caused the khan's wrath and were expelled. Gulynar's younger wife conceived and gave birth to twins: a boy and a girl. Khan was on the hunt waiting for news of his pregnant wife. Nine former wives of the khan, overwhelmed with envy, with the help of an old witch woman, planted a puppy and a kitten for Gulshara, and the newborn twins were thrown into the pond. When the khan returned from the hunt, his wives informed him that Gulshara had given birth to a puppy and a kitten. The enraged khan ordered to expel the younger wife into the steppe.
One of the slaves - the servants of the khan's wives - Shiruan accidentally found at the bottom of the pond and pulled out two babies with gleaming gold and silver forelocks. But the insidious wives, having learned about this, beat her and made her silent, and they tried to kill the children with the help of the butcher Kodar. But slave Karaman saved them. Children with wonderful forelocks were brought up by the owners of Karaman - a childless khan couple from another property - Shasuar and Akdaulet. Forty wise men predict heroic deeds for a boy, wisdom for a girl and advise to call them Saryar and Anjim. "
In addition, there are some coincidences in Sharyar and Pushkin's fairy tale. For example, Sharyar, like Guidon, misses his father, his native land; the insidious old woman praises Sharyara, the daughter of the owner of the magical city of Takhta, sarin Zhuldyzshi - Kundyzshu, like Babarikha, describing the overseas princess to Tsar Saltan, who "obscures the light of God during the day, illuminates the earth at night, The moon shines under the scythe, And a star burns in her forehead." The walls of buildings in the magical city of Takhta sarin are made of gold, silver, marble, etc. At Pushkin, merchants tell Tsar Saltan about a city with golden-domed churches, a crystal palace, and a squirrel that gnaws nuts with golden shells. The name of the owner of the city is Takhta sarin Zhuldyz-khan or Zhuldyzsha (Khan-star, or Star), for the Pushkin princess-swan “a star burns in her forehead”.
Listen up! "The moon shines under the scythe" ("A month shines under the scythe, And a star burns in the forehead"; "Under the scythe, the moon shines, And a star burns in the forehead"). It is the moon under the scythe that indicates the close connection of Pushkin's fairy tale with the tales and legends used by the poet.
Pushkin frankly stole the plot of "The Tale of the Golden Cockerel" from the legend about the Arab astrologer. Anna Akhmatova, at one time, established that the source of Pushkin's "The Tale of the Golden Cockerel" is Washington Irving's story "The Legend of the Arab Astrologer", which Pushkin could familiarize himself with thanks to the French edition of the book "Alhambra" by American writer Washington Irving in 1832. At the same time, it should be recognized that in Pushkin's fairy tale, there are also Turkic-Moscow components that are familiar to him. The Shamakhan queen of Pushkin is undoubtedly connected with Azerbaijan, the city of Shemakha, but she was written after the poet's visit to Orenburg, where he could personally hear and see what he subsequently wrote into the literary plot line.
Summing up ...
The expression "Scratch the Russian - you will find a Tatar" came to us from the French language, and in the original it sounds like this: "Grattez le Russe, et vous verrez un Tartare". These words, despite the fact that they were attributed to Napoleon, belong to Astolphe de Custine, and are a short version of a fragment of his famous work Russia in 1839 (“La Russie en 1839”): “After all, a little over a hundred years ago they were real Tatars ... And under the outer veneer of European elegance, most of these upstart civilizations retained their bearskin - they only put it on with fur inside. But it is enough to scrape them a little - and you will see how the wool crawls out and puffs up. "
Why am I writing this? Moreover, Russia is a truly amazing country, whose people, its ethnic composition, history, aspirations and hopes are a state secret. Do you think I am emphasizing the Tatar origin of Pushkin, Karamzin and in general the people inhabiting Muscovy in general in order to offend them? Insult? You are absolutely wrong. It really is both incomprehensible and unpleasant to me to look at how a really large, huge, cultured people became hostage to religious fanatics who actually destroyed their identity, forced them to abandon their culture, history, and language. From their legends and fairy tales. And all for what? For the Moscow myth of the "Third Rome"? For the sake of becoming an instrument in the hands of despots and tyrants? Is your own priceless life worth putting on the altar of tyranny, ignorance and obscurantism? Is it possible to live differently, without abandoning your ancestors, from your roots?
Is it possible to live in a country where there is no need to pretend to be "Russian" in order for the country to take place? Or should everyone around, yourself and your children lie about the fact that you are "Russian"? Which is better: to be yourself or as a crazy transsexual who cannot decide on gender in any way, to do surgery after surgery just in order not to be like everyone else, not to be yourself?
InoSMI materials contain assessments exclusively of foreign mass media and do not reflect the position of the Inosmi editorial board.
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