Traditional occupations of the Yakuts. Yakuts (general information)

Yakuts(from Evenk yakols), sakha (self name)- people in the Russian Federation, the indigenous population of Yakutia. The main groups of Yakuts are Amga-Lena (between the Lena, the lower Aldan and Amga, as well as on the adjacent left bank of the Lena), Vilyui (in the Vilyui basin), Olekma (in the Olekma basin), northern (in the tundra zone of the Anabar, Olenek, Kolyma river basins) , Yana, Indigirka). They speak the Yakut language of the Turkic group of the Altai family, which has groups of dialects: central, Vilyui, north-western, Taimyr. Believers - Orthodox.

Historical background

Both the Tungus population of taiga Siberia and the Turkic-Mongol tribes that settled in Siberia in the 10th-13th centuries took part in the ethnogenesis of the Yakuts. and assimilated the local population. The ethnogenesis of the Yakuts ended by the 17th century.

In the north-east of Siberia, by the time the Russian Cossacks and industrialists arrived there, the Yakuts (Sakha) were the most numerous people who occupied a prominent place among other peoples in terms of cultural development.

The ancestors of the Yakuts lived much further south, in the Baikal region. According to the corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences A.P. Derevianko, the movement of the ancestors of the Yakuts to the north began, apparently, in the VIII-IX centuries, when the legendary ancestors of the Yakuts settled in the Baikal region - the Kurykans, the Turkic-speaking peoples, information about which was preserved for us by the runic Orkhon inscriptions. The exodus of the Yakuts, crowded to the north by their stronger neighbors, the Mongols - newcomers to the Lena from the Trans-Baikal steppes, intensified in the 12th-13th centuries. and ended around the XIV-XV centuries.

According to the legends recorded at the beginning of the eighteenth century. a member of the government expedition to explore Siberia, Jacob Lin-denau, a companion of Academicians Miller and Gmelin, the last settlers from the south came to the Lena at the end of the 16th century. headed by Badzhey, the grandfather of the famous tribal leader (toyon) Tygyn. A.P. Derevianko believes that with such a movement of tribes to the north, representatives of different nationalities, not only Turkic, but also Mongolian, also penetrated there. And for centuries there was a complex process of merging different cultures, which, moreover, were enriched on the spot with the skills and abilities of the indigenous Tungus and Yukaghir tribes. This is how the modern Yakut people gradually formed.

By the beginning of contacts with the Russians (1620s), the Yakuts were divided into 35-40 exogamous "tribes" (Dyon, Aimakh, Russian "volosts"), the largest were Kangalas and Namts on the left bank of the Lena, Megins, Borogons, Betuns, Baturus - between Lena and Amga, numbering up to 2000-5000 people.

The tribes were often at odds with each other, divided into smaller clan groups - "paternal clans" (aga-uusa) and "maternal clans" (iye-uusa), that is, apparently, dating back to different wives of the progenitor. There were customs of blood feud, usually replaced by ransom, military initiation of boys, collective fishing (in the north - catching geese), hospitality, and exchange of gifts (belekh). The military aristocracy stood out - toyons, who ruled the clan with the help of the elders and acted as military leaders. They owned slaves (kulut, bokan), 1-3, rarely up to 20 people in a family. Slaves had families, often lived in separate yurts, men often served in the toyon's military squad. Professional traders appeared - the so-called townspeople (that is, people who traveled to the city). Livestock was in private ownership, hunting, pasture land, hayfields, etc. - mainly in the community. The Russian administration tried to slow down the development of private ownership of land. Under the Russian government, the Yakuts were divided into "clans" (aga-uusa), ruled by elective "princes" (kines) and united in naslegs. The nasleg was headed by an elected "grand prince" (ulakhan kinesis) and a "clan administration" of clan elders. The community members gathered at tribal and inherited gatherings (munnyakh). The people were united in uluses headed by an elected ulus head and a "foreign council". These associations date back to other tribes: Meginsky, Borogonsky, Baturusky, Namsky, West and East Kangalassky uluses, Betyunsky, Batulinsky, Ospetsky naslegi, etc.

Life and economy

Traditional culture is most fully represented by the Amga-Lena and Vilyui Yakuts. The northern Yakuts are close in culture to the Evenks and Yukagirs, the Olyokminsky are strongly acculturated by the Russians.

The family is small (kergen, yal). Until the 19th century. polygamy survived, and the wives often lived separately and each ran their own household. Kalym usually consisted of cattle, part of it (kurum) was intended for a wedding feast. For the bride, they gave a dowry, which in value was about half of the kalym - mainly items of clothing and utensils.

The main traditional occupations are horse breeding (in Russian documents of the 17th century the Yakuts were called "equestrian people") and cattle breeding. The horses were looked after by men, the cattle by women. In the north, deer were bred. The cattle were kept on pasture in summer and in barns (khotons) in winter. Haymaking was known before the arrival of the Russians. Yakut cattle breeds were distinguished by their endurance, but they were unproductive.

Fishing was also developed. They fished mainly in the summer, but also in the winter in the ice hole; in the fall, a collective non-water game was arranged with the division of production between all participants. For the poor, who had no livestock, fishing was the main occupation (in the documents of the 17th century, the term "fisherman" - balyksyt - is used in the meaning of "poor man"), some tribes also specialized in it - the so-called "foot Yakuts" - Osekui, Ontuls, kokui, Kirikians, Kyrgyz, orgots and others.

Hunting was especially widespread in the north, constituting here the main source of food (arctic fox, hare, reindeer, elk, bird). In the taiga, before the arrival of the Russians, both meat and fur hunting (bear, elk, squirrel, fox, hare, bird, etc.) were known; later, due to a decrease in the number of animals, its importance dropped. Specific hunting techniques are characteristic: with a bull (the hunter sneaks up on the prey, hiding behind the bull), the horse chasing the animal along the trail, sometimes with dogs.

There was gathering - the collection of pine and larch sapwood (the inner layer of bark), harvested for the winter in a dried form, roots (saran, chakana, etc.), greens (wild onions, horseradish, sorrel), raspberries, which were considered unclean, were not used from berries.

Agriculture (barley, to a lesser extent wheat) was borrowed from the Russians at the end of the 17th century, until the middle of the 19th century. was very poorly developed; its spread (especially in the Olekminsky district) was facilitated by Russian exiled settlers.

Processing of wood (artistic carving, coloring with alder broth), birch bark, fur, leather was developed; crockery was made of leather, rugs were made of horse and cow skins, sewn in a checkerboard pattern, blankets were made of hare fur, etc .; from horsehair they twisted the cords with their hands, weaved, embroidered. Spinning, weaving and felting were absent. The production of molded ceramics, which distinguished the Yakuts from other peoples of Siberia, has survived. Smelting and forging of iron were developed, which had a commercial value, smelting and minting of silver, copper, etc., from the 19th century. - carving on a mammoth bone.

They moved mainly on horseback, and the goods were transported in a pack. Known were skis lined with horse kamus, sledges (silis syarga, later - sleds of the type of Russian firewood), usually harnessed to bulls, in the north - reindeer straight-dust sleds; types of boats are common with the Evenks - birch bark (tyy) or flat-bottomed planks; sailing ships-karbas are borrowed from the Russians.

Dwelling

Winter settlements (kystyk) were located near mows, consisted of 1-3 yurts, summer settlements near pastures, numbered up to 10 yurts. The winter yurt (booth, dyie) had inclined walls of standing thin logs on a rectangular log frame and a low gable roof. The walls were covered with clay and manure on the outside, the roof over the log flooring was covered with bark and earth. The house was placed on the cardinal points, the entrance was on the east side, the windows were on the south and west, the roof was oriented from north to south. To the right of the entrance, in the northeastern corner, there was a hearth (sediment) - a pipe made of poles coated with clay, which went out through the roof. Plank bunks (oron) were arranged along the walls. The most honorable was the southwest corner. The master's place was located at the western wall. The bunks to the left of the entrance were intended for male youth, workers, on the right, at the hearth, for women. A table (ostuol) and stools were placed in the front corner. On the north side, a stable (khoton) was attached to the yurt, often under the same roof as the dwelling; the door to it from the yurt was behind the hearth. In front of the entrance to the yurt, a shed or canopy was arranged. The yurt was surrounded by a low embankment, often with a fence. There was a hitching post near the house, often decorated with carvings.

Summer yurts differed little from winter ones. Instead of a khoton, a stable for calves (titik), sheds, etc. were placed at a distance. There was a conical structure of poles covered with birch bark (urasa), in the north - turf (kalyman, holuman). Since the end of the XVIII century. polygonal log yurts with pyramidal roofs are known. From the 2nd half of the 18th century. Russian huts spread.

clothing

Traditional men's and women's clothing - short leather trousers, fur belly, leather leggings, single-breasted caftan (sleep), in winter - fur, in summer - from horse or cow hide with wool inside, the rich - from fabric. Later, fabric shirts with a turn-down collar (yrbakhs) appeared. Men girded with a leather belt with a knife and flint, while the rich - with silver and copper plaques. Women's wedding fur long caftan (sangyyakh) embroidered with red and green cloth and gold lace is typical; an elegant women's fur hat made of expensive fur descending to the back and shoulders, with a high cloth, velvet or brocade top with a silver plaque (tuosakhta) and other adornments sewn onto it. Women's silver and gold jewelry is widespread. Shoes - winter high boots made of reindeer or horse skins with the wool outward (eterbes), summer boots made of soft leather (saar) with a top covered with cloth, for women - with applique, long fur stockings.

Food

The main food is dairy, especially in summer: from mare's milk - kumis, from cow's - yogurt (suorat, sora), cream (kyuerchekh), butter; they drank butter melted or with kumis; Suorat was harvested for the winter frozen (tar) with the addition of berries, roots, etc .; from it with the addition of water, flour, roots, pine sapwood, etc., a stew (butugas) was prepared. Fish food played a major role for the poor and in the northern regions, where there were no livestock, meat was consumed mainly by the rich. Horse meat was especially appreciated. In the XIX century. barley flour comes into use: unleavened flat cakes, pancakes, salamat stew were made from it. Vegetables were known in the Olekminsky district.

Religion

Orthodoxy spread in the 18th-19th centuries. The Christian cult was combined with belief in good and evil spirits, spirits of dead shamans, host spirits, etc. The elements of totemism have been preserved: the clan had a patron animal, which was forbidden to be killed, called by name, etc. The world consisted of several tiers, the head of the upper one was considered Yuryung aiy toyon, the lower one - Ala buurai toyon and others. The cult of the female fertility deity Aiyysyt was important. Horses were sacrificed to the spirits living in the upper world, and cows in the lower world. The main holiday is the spring-summer kumys festival (Ysyakh), accompanied by libations of kumis from large wooden cups (choroon), games, sports, etc.

Has been developed. Shaman tambourines (dungyur) are close to Evenk ones.

Culture and education

In folklore, a heroic epic (olonkho) was developed, performed in recitative by special storytellers (olonkhosut) with a large crowd of people; historical legends, fairy tales, especially animal tales, proverbs, songs. Traditional musical instruments - jew's harp (khomus), violin (kyryimpa), percussion. Of the dances, the round dance osuokhai, game dances, etc. are widespread.

School education has been conducted since the 18th century. in Russian. Writing in the Yakut language since the middle of the 19th century. At the beginning of the XX century. the intelligentsia is being formed.

Links

1. V.N. Ivanov Yakuts // Peoples of Russia : website.
2. The ancient history of the Yakuts // Dixon : website.

The Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation has registered an organization of believers in the traditional pantheon of the gods of Yakutia - "Religion Aar Aiyy". Thus, Russia officially recognized the ancient religion of the Yakut people, which was widespread in the region until the end of the 17th century, when the people of Yakutia began to massively convert to Orthodoxy. Today followers of aiyy speak about the restoration of the traditions of their faith, the northern branch - the cult of the deified sky, reports the portal SmartNews.

According to the head of the "Religion Aar Aiyy" organization, Augustina Yakovleva, the final registration took place in May this year. "How many people believe in aiyy now, we do not know. Our religion is very ancient, but with the arrival of Christianity in Yakutia, it lost many believers, but the people have always had followers of aiyy. Previously, we did not have a written language, and people passed all the information from mouth to mouth. And by the time the letter appeared in Yakutia, Orthodoxy had come here - in the middle of the 17th century, "she told the portal.

In 2011, three religious groups were registered in Yakutia - in Yakutsk, the villages of Suntar and Khatyn-Ssy. In 2014, they united and became the founders of the centralized religious organization of the Republic of Sakha Aar Aiyy.

"The peculiarity of our religion is that we recognize the higher powers, and the most important God, the creator of the world, is Yuryung Aiyy toyon. He has twelve helper gods. Each of them has his own function. During prayer, we pay honor first to the highest gods, and then to earthly good spirits. We turn to all earthly spirits through fire, because Yakutia is a cold region, and we could not live without fire. The most important kind spirit of the earth is fire. Then there are the spirits of all waters and lakes, taiga, the spirit of Yakutia and Others. It is believed that our faith is the northern branch of Tengrianism. But our religion does not completely correspond to any other. We pray to the higher powers in the open air, we have no temples, "said Tamara Timofeeva, assistant head of the new religious organization.

The world in the representation of the followers of aiyy is divided into three parts: the underworld - Allaraa Doydu, where evil spirits live, the middle world - Orto Doydu, where people live, and the upper world - Yuhee Doydu, the place where the gods reside. Such a universe is embodied in the Great Tree. Its crown is the upper world, the trunk is the middle one, and the roots, respectively, are the lower world. It is believed that the aiyy gods do not accept sacrifices, and they are given dairy products and plants.

The supreme god - Yuryung Aiyy toyon, the creator of the world, people and demons that inhabit the lower world, animals and plants, embodies the sky. Joshogei Toyon is the patron god of horses, his image is closely related to the sun. Shuge toyon is a god who pursues evil forces in heaven and earth, the master of thunder and lightning. Ayysyt is a goddess who patronizes childbirth and pregnant women. Ieyiehsit - goddess - patroness of happy people, mediator between gods and people. Bilge Khaan is the god of knowledge. Chyngys Khaan is the god of fate. Ulu toyon is the god of death. There are also minor gods and spirits - forces of a lower order.

"The creation of the site is associated with the religion of the Sakha people, which not only preserved traditional rituals, but also the language. We expect that in the future the site will become a visiting card of the culture of the indigenous peoples of Yakutia, who maintain a spiritual connection with their ancestors," a representative of the republican ministry said at the time for entrepreneurship, tourism development and employment, which initiated the creation of the site.

Tengrianism is a system of religious beliefs of the ancient Mongols and Turks. The etymology of the word goes back to Tengri - the deified sky. Tengrianism arose on the basis of a popular worldview that embodied early religious and mythological ideas related to the relationship of man to the surrounding nature and its elemental forces. A peculiar and characteristic feature of this religion is the kinship of man with the surrounding world, nature.

"Tengrianism was engendered by the deification of nature and the veneration of the spirits of ancestors. The Turks and Mongols worshiped objects and phenomena of the surrounding world not out of fear of incomprehensible and formidable natural forces, but out of a feeling of gratitude to nature for the fact that, despite sudden outbursts of her unbridled anger, she more often it is affectionate and generous. They knew how to look at nature as an animated creature, "said the representative of the department.

According to him, some scholars who studied Tengrianism came to the conclusion that by the XII-XIII centuries this doctrine took the form of a complete concept with ontology (the doctrine of a single deity), cosmology (the concept of three worlds with the possibilities of mutual communication), mythology and demonology ( distinguishing ancestral spirits from the spirits of nature).

"Tengrianism was so different from Buddhism, Islam and Christianity that spiritual contacts between representatives of these religions could not be possible. Monotheism, worship of ancestral spirits, pantheism (worship of the spirits of nature), magic, shamanism and even elements of totemism are intricately and surprisingly organically intertwined. . The only religion with which Tengrism had much in common was the Japanese national religion - Shintoism, "the representative of the republican ministry concluded.

As at birth gatherings, the main role belongs to the elders, so in the family the first role belongs to the elder: "who is older is the head, and the most important is the father." The decrepitude of the parents, however, leads to the transfer of power in the family to the eldest of the rest, and then the situation of the parents becomes extremely difficult.

Exogamy and a lasting marriage finally destroyed the independence of the Yakut woman, excluding her from the family members. Outside the family, there was no place for her, and at the head of the new family was her master - her husband, whose treatment is often distinguished by severity; a wife is only a disenfranchised worker. The girl's position after the death of her parents is also difficult: she is doomed to eternal submission and reproaches to all her relatives. An orphaned daughter or a young childless widow is forced to wander from one guardian to another, or live with one of them as a wordless worker.

The wife is usually paid a kalym. Parents marry their children sometimes at a very early age. The bride's participation in the conspiracy is very weak; rarely when asked about her consent, and this is already a recent innovation. Violation of marital fidelity by a wife is usually condemned only in words, but in essence, except for the husband, everyone looks at it condescendingly. Yakuts generally do not see anything immoral in illegal love, unless no one suffers material damage from it.

The birth of an illegal child by a girl is not considered a shame; her parents reproach her only because the size of the kalym may decrease during marriage. The feeling of love, however, is familiar; they know how to appreciate him, as can be seen in Yakut songs and epics, where the description of love scenes is distinguished by bright passionate color. The entry of the bride into the groom's house is often accompanied by rituals that simulate the abduction of the bride. All this, obviously, are relics of the past, when brides were taken from someone else's family by taking away.

The Yakuts are glad to children, because they pin their hopes on them as future breadwinners and support in old age. The abundance of children is considered a blessing of God and Yakut marriages are generally quite fruitful. There is almost no childcare: in the summer they are completely on their own. The Yakuts teach children to work gradually, from early childhood; from the age of 10, a Yakut child begins to be considered as a semi-adult. Yakut children are diligent and understandable to sciences; in the Yakut gymnasium, especially in the lower grades, they are ahead of the Russians. All diseases, according to the Yakuts, originate from evil spirits (er); their treatment should consist in expelling the spirits from the body or appeasing these uninvited guests (by means of fire or various shamanic rituals).

YAKUTY (self-name - Sakha), the people in the Russian Federation (382 thousand people), the indigenous population of Yakutia (365 thousand people). The language of the Yakut Uyghur group of Turkic languages. Believers are Orthodox.

Tongue

They speak the Yakut language of the Turkic group of the Altai family of languages. The dialects are combined into the central, Vilyui, northwestern and Taimyr groups. 65% of Yakuts speak Russian.

Origin

In the ethnogenesis of the Yakuts, both local Tungus-speaking elements and Turkic-Mongol tribes (Xiongnu, Türks-Tugu, Kypchaks, Uighurs, Khakases, Kurykans, Mongols, Buryats), settled in Siberia in the X-XIII centuries, took part. and assimilated the local population. The ethnos was finally formed by the 17th century. By the beginning of contacts with the Russians (1620s), the Yakuts lived in the Amga-Lena interfluve, on the Vilyui, at the mouth of the Olekma, in the upper reaches of the Yana. Traditional culture is most fully represented among the Amga-Lena and Vilyui Yakuts. The northern Yakuts are close in culture to the Evenks and Yukagirs, the Olyokminskys are highly cultured by the Russians.

Farm

Yakuts-hunters

The main traditional occupation of the Yakuts is horse breeding and cattle breeding. In Russian sources of the 17th century. Yakuts are called "horse people". The horses were looked after by men, and the cattle by women. The cattle were kept on pasture in summer and in barns (khotons) in winter. Haymaking was known even before the arrival of the Russians. They bred special breeds of cows and horses, adapted to the harsh climatic conditions. conditions of the North. Local cattle were notable for their endurance and unpretentiousness, but they were unproductive, milked only in summer. Cattle occupies a special place in the Yakut culture; special rituals are dedicated to it. Burials of Yakuts with a horse are known. An important role in the Yakut epic is assigned to her image. The northern Yakuts adopted reindeer husbandry from the Tungus peoples.

Hunting

Both meat hunting for large game (elk, wild deer, bear, wild boar and others) and fur hunting (fox, arctic fox, sable, squirrel, ermine, muskrat, marten, wolverine and others) were developed. Specific hunting techniques are characteristic: with a bull (the hunter sneaks up on the prey, hiding behind the bull, which he drives in front of him), the horse chasing the animal along the trail, sometimes with dogs. Hunting tools - bow with arrows, spear. We used notches, fences, trapping pits, snares, traps, crossbows (aya), mouth (sokhso); from the 17th century. - firearms. Subsequently, due to the decrease in the number of animals, the importance of hunting fell.

Fishing

Fishing was of great importance: river fishing (fishing for sturgeon, chir, muksun, nelma, whitefish, grayling, tugun and others) and lake fishing (minnow, crucian carp, pike and others). Fish were caught with tops, snouts (tuu), a net (ilim), a horsehair net (baady), and they beat them with a spear (atara). Fishing was carried out mainly in summer. In the fall, they arranged a collective net with the division of the booty between the participants. In winter, they caught fish in the ice-hole. For the Yakuts, who did not have livestock, fishing was the main economic occupation: in the documents of the 17th century. the term "balysyt" ("fisherman") was used in the meaning of "poor man". Some tribes also specialized in fishing - the so-called "foot" Yakuts - Osekui, Ontuls, Kokui, Kirikians, Kyrgyz, Orgots and others.

Collecting and farming

There was gathering: harvesting pine and deciduous sapwood, collecting roots (sarana, chakana and others), greens (wild onions, horseradish, sorrel), and to a lesser extent berries (raspberries were not consumed, they were considered unclean). Agriculture was borrowed from the Russians at the end of the 17th century. Until the middle of the XIX century. it was poorly developed. The spread of agriculture (especially in the Amginsky and Olekminsky suburbs) was facilitated by the Russian exiled settlers. They cultivated special varieties of wheat, rye, barley, which had time to ripen in a short and hot summer, and garden crops were grown.

During the years of Soviet power, the Yakuts developed new branches of the economy: cage farming, small-scale animal husbandry, poultry farming. They moved mainly on horseback, and the goods were transported in a pack.

Everyday life

There were known skis lined with horse kamus, sleds (silis syarga) with runners made of wood with a rhizome, which had a natural curvature; later - a sled of the type of Russikh wood, in which bulls were usually harnessed, among the northern Yakuts - reindeer straight-dust sleds. Water transport: raft (aal), boats - dugout (onocho), shuttle (tyy), birch bark boat (tuos tyy), others. The Yakuts counted time according to the lunisolar calendar. The year (syl) was divided into 12 months of 30 days each: January - tohsunnyu (ninth), February - olunnyu (tenth), March - kulun tutar (month of feeding foals), April - muus is outdated (month of ice drift), May - yam yya (month of milking cows), June - bes yya (month of harvesting pine sapwood), July - from yya (month of haymaking), August - atyrdyakh yya (month of haystacking), September - balagan yya (month of moving from summer to winter roads), October - altynnyi (sixth), November - setinnyi (seventh), December - ahsynny (eighth). The new year came in May. Weather forecasters (dylyty) were in charge of the national calendar.

Craft

Among the traditional crafts of the Yakuts are blacksmithing, jewelry, processing wood, birch bark, bones, leather, fur, in contrast to other peoples of Siberia - molded ceramics. Crockery was made of leather, horsehair was woven, cords were twisted, and they were embroidered. Yakut blacksmiths (timir uuga) smelted iron in cheese-blowing forges. Since the beginning of the twentieth century. forged items from purchased iron. Blacksmithing also had a commercial value. Yakut jewelers (kemus uuga) made women's jewelry, horse harness, dishes, cult objects and others from gold, silver (partially melting Russian coins) and copper; they knew the chasing and blackening of silver. Artistic woodcarving (ornamentation of serge hitching posts, choron cups for kumis and others), embroidery, applique work, horsehair weaving and others were developed. In the XIX century. mammoth bone carving became widespread. The ornamentation is dominated by curls, palmettes, meanders. A two-horned motive on saddlecloths is characteristic.

Dwelling

yakut

The Yakuts had several seasonal settlements: winter (kystyk), summer (sayylyk) and autumn (otor). Winter settlements were located near mows, consisted of 1–3 yurts, summer (up to 10 yurts) - near pastures. The winter dwelling (booth kypynny dye), where they lived from September to April, had sloping walls made of thin logs on a log frame and a low gable roof. The walls were covered with clay and manure, the roof over the log flooring was covered with bark and earth. Since the XVIII century. polygonal log yurts with a pyramidal roof are also widespread. The entrance (aan) was made in the eastern wall, the windows (tyunnyuk) - in the southern and western, the roof was oriented from north to south. In the northeastern corner, to the right of the entrance, a chuvala (opoh) -type hearth was arranged, plank bunks (oron) were built along the walls, and a bunk going from the middle of the southern wall to the western corner was considered honorable. Together with the adjoining part of the western bunk, it formed an honorable corner. Further to the north was the owner's place. The bunks to the left of the entrance were intended for young men and workers, on the right, at the hearth, for women. A table (ostuol) and stools were placed in the front corner; from other furnishings there were chests and boxes. On the north side, a stable (khoton) of the same design was attached to the yurt. The entrance to it from the yurt was behind the hearth. A shed or canopy (kyule) was erected in front of the entrance to the yurt. The yurt was surrounded by a low embankment, often with a fence. A hitching post was placed near the house, often decorated with rich carvings. From the 2nd half of the 18th century. as a winter dwelling among the Yakuts, Russian huts with a stove spread. The summer dwelling (uraga sayyngy dye), in which they lived from May to August, was a cylindro-conical structure covered with birch bark made of poles (on a frame of four poles, fastened at the top with a square frame). In the North, frame buildings covered with sod (holuman) were known. In the villages there were outbuildings and structures: barns (ampaar), glaciers (buluus), cellars for storing dairy products (tar iine), smoking dugouts, mills. At a distance from the summer dwelling, they set up a shed for calves (titik), erected sheds, and more.

clothing

The national clothing of the Yakuts consists of a single-breasted caftan (sleep), in winter - fur, in summer - from cow or horse hide with wool inside, the rich - from fabric, it was sewn from 4 wedges with additional wedges at the belt and wide sleeves gathered at the shoulders; short leather pants (syaya), leather leggings (sotoro), fur socks (keenche). Later, fabric shirts with a turn-down collar (yrbakhs) appeared. Men girded with a simple belt, the rich with silver and copper plaques. Women's wedding fur coats (sangyyakh) - toe-length, widening downwards, on a yoke, with sewn-in sleeves with small puffs and a fur shawl collar. The sides, hem and sleeves were bordered by wide stripes of red and green cloth, lace. Fur coats were richly decorated with silver jewelry, beads, fringes. They were highly valued and passed on by inheritance, mainly in Toyon families. A women's wedding headdress (djabakka) was sewn from sable or beaver fur. It had the appearance of a cap descending on the shoulders, with a high top made of red or black cloth, velvet or brocade, densely trimmed with beads, braid, plaques, and certainly with a large silver heart-shaped plaque (tuosakhta) over the forehead. The oldest djabakkas are decorated with a sultan made of bird feathers. Women's clothing was complemented by a belt (kur), chest (ilin kebiher), back (kelin kebiher), neck (mooi simege) jewelry, earrings (ytarga), bracelets (begeh), knuckles (suhuyeh simege), rings (bihileh) made of silver, often gold, engraved. Shoes - winter high boots made of reindeer or horse skins with fur outside (eterbes), summer boots made of suede (saar) with tops covered with cloth, for women - with applique.

Yakuts - This is the indigenous population of Yakutia (Republic of Sakha). The statistics from the latest census are as follows
Population - 959689 people.
Language - Turkic group of languages \u200b\u200b(Yakut)
Religion - Orthodox and traditional faith.
Race - Mongoloid
Kindred peoples include Dolgans, Tuvans, Kirghiz, Altai, Khakass, Shors
Ethnicity - Dolgans
Descended from the Turkic-Mongol people.

History: the origin of the Yakut people.

The first records of the ancestors of this people were found in the fourteenth century. A nomadic tribe of Kurykans lived in Transbaikalia. Scientists suggest that from the XII-XIV centuries the Yakuts migrated from Lake Baikal to the Lena, Aldan and Vailuy, where they settled and drove out the Tungus and Odules. The Yakut people from ancient times were considered excellent herders. Breeding of cows, horses. Yakuts are hunters by nature. They fished excellently, understood military affairs, were famous for blacksmithing. Archaeologists believe that the Yakut people appeared as a result of the addition of trick-speaking settlers from local tribes to the Lena basin in their settlement. In 1620, the Yakut people joined the Russian state - this accelerated the development of the people.

Religion

This nation has its own tradition, before joining the state of Russia they professed "Aar Aiyy". This religion assumes the belief that the Yakuts are the children of Tanara - God and Relatives of the Twelve White Aiyy. Ever since conception, the child is surrounded by spirits, or as the Yakuts call them - "Ichchi" and there are also celestials who are also surrounded by the still born child. Religion is documented in the department of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Yakutia. In the 18th century, Yakutia was subjected to universal Christianity, but the people treat this with the hope of certain religions from the state of Russia.
Sakhalyar
Sakhalyar is a mixture of the races of the Yakuts and the European people. This term appeared after the annexation of Yakutia to Russia. Distinctive features of mestizo are similarities with the Slavic race, sometimes you don't even recognize Yakut roots in them.

Yakut traditions

1. Obligatory traditional rite - Blessing of Aiyy at celebrations, holidays and in nature. Blessings are prayers.
2. The rite of air burial is the suspension of the body of a dead person in the air. The rite of giving the deceased air, spirit, light, wood.
3. The Ysyakh holiday, the day praising the White Aiyy, is the most important holiday.
4. "Bayanay" - the spirit of hunting and luck. He is appeased when hunting or fishing.
5. People enter into marriage from 16 to 25 years of age. Kalym is paid for the bride. If the family is not rich, then the bride can be stolen, and then work for her helping the family of the future wife.
6. The singing, which the Yakuts refer to as "olonkho" resembles opera singing since 2005, is considered a UNESCO heritage.
7. All Yakut people venerate trees as the spirit of the landowner Aan Dar-khan Khotun lives there.
8. When climbing the mountains, the Yakuts traditionally sacrificed fish and animals to forest spirits.

Yakut national jumps

a sport that is held at the Ysyakh national holiday. The Children of Asia International Games are divided into:
"Kylyy" - eleven jumps without stopping, the beginning of the jump on one leg, and the landing should be on both legs.
"Ystaa" - eleven successive jumps from foot to foot and you need to land on both feet.
"Kuobah" - eleven jumps without stopping, pushing off with two feet at once from a place or landing on two feet with a running start.
It's important to know about the rules. Since if the third competition is not completed, the results will be canceled.

Yakut cuisine

The traditions of the Yakut people are also associated with their cuisine. For example, cooking crucian carp. The fish is not gutted, only the scales are removed, a small incision is made on the side, part of the intestine is cut off, the gallbladder is removed. In this form, the fish is boiled or fried. Giblets soup is popular among the people. This waste-free preparation applies to all meals. Beef or horse meat.

Traditions have been accumulating since its "origin of the Yakut people". These northern rites are interesting and mysterious, accumulated after centuries of their history. For other peoples, their life is so unattainable and incomprehensible, but for the Yakuts it is the memory of their ancestors, a small tribute in honor of their existence.