Declensions of Latin words. Cases and types of declensions

Latin is (that is, it has a wide range of affixes) which belongs to the Italic group. Its peculiarity is the free order of words when constructing a sentence. Nouns are inflected for number and adjectives (including participles) are inflected for number, case and gender; verbs are inflected according to person, number, tense, voice and mood. Thus, declension in Latin is a frequently used category. The verb inflections (endings and suffixes) of Latin are among the most diverse among the Indo-European languages. Latin is considered a classic in linguistics.

A Brief History of the Latin Language

Latin was originally spoken in Lazio, Italy. Thanks to the power of the Roman Republic, Latin became the dominant language, first in Italy and then throughout the Roman Empire. Vernacular Latin was reborn into Romance languages such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French contributed many words to the English language. Latin and ancient Greek roots and terms are used in theology, biology and medicine. By the end of the Roman Republic (75 BC), Old Latin had developed into a classical language. Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form. It is attested in inscriptions and the works of Roman playwrights such as Plautus and Terence.

Late Latin writing arose and took shape around the third century AD. Medieval Latin was used from the 9th century until the Renaissance. Further, as modern Latin appeared, it began to evolve. Latin was the language of international communication, science, and theology. Latin was the language of science until the 18th century, when other European languages began to supplant it. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the official language of the Holy See and the Latin Rite of the entire Catholic Church.

Influence of Latin on other languages

The Latin language in its colloquial form, which is called Vulgar Latin (in the understanding - “folk”), became the ancestral language for other national European languages, united into one language branch called Romance. Despite the similarity of origin of these languages, there are currently significant differences between them, which formed as Latin developed in the conquered lands over a number of centuries. Latin, as a primary language, was greatly modified under the influence of local indigenous languages and dialects.

Brief description of Latin grammar

Latin is a synthetic, inflected language in language classification terminology. That is, a language in which word formation using inflections dominates. Inflections represent words or endings. Latin words include a lexical semantic element and endings indicating the grammatical use of the word. The fusion of a root, which carries the meaning of a word, and an ending creates very compact sentence elements: for example, amō, "I love", is derived from the semantic element, am- "to love", and the ending -ō, indicating that it is a first person singular verb , and which is a suffix.

Declension of nouns in Latin

An ordinary Latin noun belongs to one of the five main groups of declensions, that is, having the same ending forms. The declension of a Latin noun is determined by the genitive singular. That is, it is necessary to know the genitive case of the noun. Also, each case has its own endings. Latin noun declension includes the following.

The first includes feminine nouns, as well as masculine ones, naming a person’s occupation or nationality. The 1st declension of the Latin language is determined in the singular genitive case by the ending -ae. For example: persa - Persian; agricŏla - peasant. Basically, the first declension is -a.
The 2nd declension in Latin usually ends with the letter - o. Identified in the singular genitive case by ending -i. The second declension includes masculine nouns ending in -us, -er, neuter nouns ending in -um and a small group of feminine lexemes ending in -us.
The 3rd declension in Latin is a fairly versatile group of nouns. They can be divided into three main categories.
1. Consonant.
2. Vowel.
3. Mixed. Students are advised to thoroughly master the first three categories.
Fourth declension, predominantly ending with the letter -y in noun cases. It is determined by the genitive singular with the ending -ūs.
The fifth declension in Latin predominantly ends with the letter -e in cases. It is determined by the genitive singular with the ending -ei. This is a small group of nouns.

Thus, the declensions in the Latin language are quite diverse, since, as mentioned above, Latin is a strongly inflected language. in Latin it is practically no different from nouns. In fact, in many ways it is similar to the Russian language, where their declensions also coincide. The most numerous group of words in Latin are nouns of the 1st declension. Latin also includes a number of words that are not inflected.

Latin noun cases

Classical Latin has seven noun cases. The declension of adjectives in Latin coincides with the declension of nouns. Let's look at all seven cases:

The nominative case is used when the noun is the subject or predicate. For example, the word amor is love, puella is a girl. That is, the initial form of the noun.
The genitive case expresses the belonging of a noun to another subject.
The dative case is used if the noun is an indirect object of a sentence using special verbs, with some prepositions.
used if the noun is the immediate object of the subject and with a preposition showing place of direction.
The ablative is used when the noun shows separation or movement from a source, cause, instrument, or when the noun is used as an object with certain prepositions.
The vocative case is used when a noun expresses an address to the subject. The vocative form of a noun is the same as the nominative form, with the exception of the second declension of the noun, which ends in -us.
The locative case is used to indicate location (corresponds to the Russian preposition V or on). This case is used only in this context.

We briefly discussed the endings (Latin) of declension above. For example, for 1st declension they will be as follows: -a, -ae, -ae, -am, -a, -a.

The declension of nouns in Latin is manifested in case endings.

Latin verb: conjugation category

A regular verb in Latin belongs to one of the four main ones - this is a class of verbs that have the same endings. The conjugation is determined by the last letter of the root of the present tense verb. The present tense root can be found by omitting the infinitive ending -re (-ri l for negative verbs). The infinitive of the first conjugation ends in --ā-re or --ā-ri (active and passive voice), for example: amāre - "to love", hortārī - "to exhort", the second conjugation - in -ē-re or -ē-rī : monēre - “to warn”, verērī, - “to intimidate”, third conjugation - in -ere, -ī: dūcere - “to lead”, ūtī - “to use”; in the fourth -ī-re, -ī-rī: audīre - “hear”, experīrī - “try”. Thus, the Latin verb is conjugated by person depending on its conjugation.

Latin verb tenses

In Latin there are 6 specific grammatical tenses (tempus), which are only partly available in Russian. These are the following species-temporal forms:

Present tense.
Imperfect.
Past perfect tense.
Pre-past (long past) tense.
Future perfect tense.
Future imperfect tense.

Each time has its own formula and rules of education. Also, the Latin verb has a category of mood and voice.

Latin vocabulary

Since Latin is an Italic language, most of its vocabulary is also Italic, that is, of ancient Proto-Indo-European origin. However, due to close cultural interaction, the Romans not only adapted the Etruscan alphabet into the Latin one, but also borrowed some Etruscan words. Latin also includes vocabulary borrowed from the Osci, another ancient Italic people. Of course, the largest category of borrowings is from Greek.

Romance languages

Romance languages are a group of languages, as well as dialects, belonging to the Italic subgroup of Indo-European languages and having one common ancestor - Latin. Their name is Romanesque - goes back to the Latin term Romanus (Roman).

The branch of linguistics that studies Romance languages, their origin, development, typology is called Romance studies. Peoples who speak them are called Romance-speaking. Thus, the dead language continues to exist in them. The number of speakers of Romance languages at the moment is about 800 million worldwide. The most common language in the group is Spanish, followed by Portuguese and French. There are more than 50 Romance languages in total.

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT GRAMMAR CATEGORIES OF NAMES
Nouns, adjectives and pronouns have grammatical categories in Latin sort of(genus), numbers(numerus) and case(casus).
In Latin there is:

1. Three kinds.
masculinum (m) -- masculine
feminine (f) -- feminine
neutral (n) -- neuter gender

2. Two numbers.
singularis-- singular
pluralis-- plural

3. The Latin declension system is formed six cases.
nominatīvus-- nominative
genitīvus-- genitive
datīvus-- dative
accusatīvus-- accusative
ablatīvus-- ablative (delayive)
vocatīvus-- vocative

The Latin ablative combined the meanings of three once independent Indo-European cases: instrumental or instrumental instrumentalis, denoting an instrument or means of action; local locatīvus, indicating the place of action; deferent, removable ablatīvus, denoting an object or person from which something is removed, separated. ablatīvus received its name from this last function. Latin ablatīvus correlates with the Russian instrumental case, but retains the meaning of place and removal.

FIVE DECLINATIONS OF NOUNS
Depending on the ending of the historical stem, Latin nouns are divided into five declensions(declinatio):
I declension - basis on -a
II declension - basis on -ŏ/-ĕ
III declension -- based on a consonant sound or -ī
IV declension - basis on -ŭ
V declension - basis on -ē

Since the historical basis is often difficult to identify due to the merging of its vowel sound with the ending, the belonging of a word to one or another declension is practically determined by the gender ending. case unit numbers ( genetīvus singularis)
Endings gen. sing. I - V declensions

In dictionaries, next to the nominative case, the ending or full form of the genitive case (gen. sing.) is always given:

terra, a.e. f land, country
lupus, ī m wolf
avis,is f bird
casŭs, ūs m case; case
res, rĕi f thing; case

N.B. When memorizing nouns, you should definitely memorize them in two forms - nominative and genitive cases, for example: terra, terrae, feminine land, country

If from the form gen. sing. discard the ending, then we get the basis, which we will call practical. So, for example, for a noun of the first declension terra(gen. sing. terrae) practical basis terr-, historical - terra-. In what follows, we will simply call the historical basis “the basis.”

I DECLINATION

NOUNS, ADJECTIVES, POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
The I declension includes nouns with a stem in -a. In nom. sing. all nouns of the first declension end in -ă , For example: aqua water, terră Earth.
A practical sign of the first declension is the ending gen. sing. -ae: nom. sing. aqu a, gen. sing. aqu ae.
Most nouns of the first declension -- female. (Compare in Russian the declension of nouns like water, Earth, grass; they are all feminine). But words denoting male persons, including proper names, are masculine: Agricŏla, a.e. m farmer, nauta, a.e. m sailor, incŏla, ae m inhabitant, Catilina, a.e. m Catilina. (Compare the words in Russian grandfather, voivode, headman, Thomas. As in Latin, in this case the grammatical gender obeys the natural one).

aqua, ae f water

Case	Singularis	Pluralis
N.	aqu ă	aqu ae
G.	aqu ae	aqu ārum
D.	aqu ae	aqu is
Acc.	aqu am	aqu as
Abl.	aqu ā	aqu is
V.	aqu ă	aqu ae

1.Nom. and voc. units and many more the numbers of names of the first declension are the same.
2. Abl. sing. ends in a long stem vowel -ā
3.Dat. and abl. pl. match up. This coincidence is a feature of all declensions.

Just like nouns with stems -a, feminine adjectives are declined, for example: magnă big -- terra magna big land:

Case	Singularis	Pluralis
N., V.	terr ă magn ă	terr ae magn ae
G.	terr ae magn ae	terr ārum magn ārum
D.	terr ae magn ae	terr is magn is
Acc.	terr am magn am	terr as magn as
Abl.	terr ā magn ā	terr is magn is

Feminine possessive pronouns are declined in the same way: mea my, tua yours, nostra our, vestra yours and feminine reflexive possessive pronoun sua its*:

nom. sing. nostra terra magna our great country
gen. sing. nostrae terrae magnae our great country, etc.

* The reflexive possessive pronoun in Latin (as in French, German, English, Italian and other languages, but unlike Russian) is used only in relation to the 3rd person subject. In Russian, the pronoun “svoy” is used regardless of the person of the subject. Latin possessive pronouns change their form accordingly. with person and number verb:
epistŏlam meam mitto -- I send yours letter
epistŏlam tuam mittis -- you send yours letter
epistŏlam suam mittit -- he (she) sends yours letter
epistŏlam nostram mittĭmus -- we send yours letter
epistŏlam vestram mittĭtis -- you send yours letter
epistŏlam suam mittunt -- she sends yours letter

WORD FORMATION OF NOUNS I declension
Nouns of the first declension are formed from both verbal and nominal stems.

1. Name bases.
From adjective stems using suffixes -ia, -itia properties, qualities or state:

avārus, a, um stingy; avar-itia, ae f stinginess
justus, a, um fair; just-itia, ae f justice
miser, ĕra, ĕrum unhappy; miser-ia, ae f poverty; misfortune

2. Verb stems.
a) From the base of the infection with suffixes -(e)ntia, -(a)ntia nouns with meaning are formed quality or state:

scire know; sci-entia, ae f knowledge
ignore dont know; ingor-antia, a.e. f ignorance, ignorance

b) From the base of the supina using suffixes -(t)ura, -(s)ura nouns with meaning are formed result of action:

colo, colui, cultum 3 process; cul-tūra, ae f processing
pingo, pinxi, pictum 3 paint; pic-tūra, ae f picture

All these types of word formation in the first declension are productive.

PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions by origin are adverbs that lexically clarify the main meaning of the case form. So, for example, the main meaning of the ablative - removal, distancing - can be lexically specified by prepositions ex, ab: ex horto from the garden, ab horto from the garden and etc.
Like adverbs, prepositions initially did not have a fixed place in the sentence. Some traces of this have been preserved in the Latin language, for example, the use of a preposition between the definition and the word being defined: magna cum virtual with great valor,qua de causa for what reason, why and etc.
Some words in classical Latin are used both as adverbs and prepositions, for example, ante, post, contra etc.: ante volat flies ahead, Where ante-- adverb, ante lucem before dawn, Where ante- preposition, used with wine case.
Prepositions are a developing part of speech, constantly replenished by other parts of speech, for example, nouns frozen in any case; for example in abl.: causa -- because of, gratia -- thanks, for the sake of. The prepositions causa, gratia are used with the genitive case and postpositively: belli causa because of war.
In Latin, prepositions are combined either with the accusative case or with the ablative case. And only two prepositions ( in And sub) are combined with both cases.
1. The most common prepositions with accusative case:

ad to, at
ante before, before
apud at, near
contra against, in spite of
ob because of
per through
post after
praeter except
propter because of, as a consequence, due to
trans through

2. The most common prepositions with ablative:

a(ab) from
cum With ( compatibility)
de s, co ( department); o, about; according to
e(ex) from
prae in front, in front; because of
pro for, in defense; instead of
blue without

3. Prepositions with two cases:

in in, on - "where?" + acc.; "Where?" + abl.
sub under - "where?" + acc.; "Where?" + abl.

Notes:
1. Prepositions a And e before words starting with a vowel sound, take forum ab And ex.
2. Remember prepositions with ablative and two cases ( in, sub). Most prepositions in Latin are combined with the accusative case. You will encounter these prepositions in subsequent lessons.

PRAESENS INDICATIVI VERB ESSE

Verb essay be forms basic verb forms from different stems like Russian is-was; German sein, war, gewesen; English to be, was and other Indo-European languages. This phenomenon is called suppletivism (from the Latin word suppletīvus additional). In addition, when conjugating a verb essay in praesens ind. there is an alternation of bases s/es. (Wed. Russian 3rd person singular numbers - “there is”, 3rd person plural. numbers - "essence"; German 3rd person singular numbers - ist, 3rd person plural. sind numbers, etc.)

Face	Singularis	Pluralis
1.	sum* I am	sumus we are
2.	es you are	estis you are
3.	est she is	sunt they are (essence)

* In verb conjugation essay before nasal sounds m And n thematic vowel retained ŭ .

In Russian the verb be in the present tense has lost its conjugation, i.e. does not differ by persons and numbers. In Old Russian the verb be conjugated:

Unit number: 1. am; 2. if you; 3. There is;
Mn. number: 1. I am; 2. naturally; 3. essence (essence).

DATĪVUS COMMŎDI (INCOMMŎDI)

The dative case can denote the person or thing in whose interests (or to whose detriment) the action is performed. This dative case is called datīvus commŏdi (incommŏdi)(dative of interest) and is translated into Russian in the genitive case with prepositions for the sake of:

Non scholae, sed vitae discĭmus. - We study not for school, but for life.

ABLATĪVUS MODI

An ablative can express an image or method of action. In this function, the ablative name is usually used with a definition without a preposition or with a preposition cum, which is often placed between the definition and the word being defined. This ablative is called ablatīvus modi(ablative mode of action):

SYNTAX OF A SIMPLE ADVANCED SENTENCE

1. Word order in the Latin language of the classical period is relatively fixed:

a) the subject usually comes first;
b) the predicate is usually placed in last place. If the predicate comes first in a sentence, then from the point of view of the Latin language this is inversion, and, therefore, the predicate has a special logical emphasis;
c) direct object is expressed only by wine. case without a preposition and is most often placed before the predicate or closer to the predicate;
d) the agreed definition is placed mainly after the word being defined.

2. Verb essay in the meaning of the copula it is usually not omitted, with the exception of proverbs, sayings, maxims, where it can be omitted.
3. The nominal part of the compound predicate is placed in the nominative case, consistent with the subject of the sentence.
4. Negation of verbs does not change the verb control and does not change the construction of the sentence.
5. In a Latin negative sentence there can be only one negation (including negative words - pronouns, adverbs). If there are two negatives in a sentence, then the entire statement takes on an emphatically positive meaning.

LEXICAL MINIMUM

Agricŏla, a.e. m farmer
agricultūra, a.e. f agriculture
amicitia, a.e. f friendship
amo 1 be in love
Bestia, a.e. f animal, beast
cito quickly, soon
colo, colui, cultum 3 process, care for; read
cura, ae f care, effort
epistŏla, ae f letter
fortuna, a.e. f fate, fate; happiness
incŏla, ae m inhabitant
natūra, a.e. f nature
patria, a.e. f fatherland, homeland
Quia since, because
scientia, a.e. f knowledge; the science
Silva, a.e. f forest
studeo, studui, -- 2 (+dat.) strive, try; (hard) study
sum, fui, --, esse be
tabŭla, ae f board; painting
terra, a.e. f Earth; a country
Victoria, a.e. f victory
vita, ae f life

Nouns denote objects and phenomena.

Genus

Every noun in Latin belongs to one of three genders:

Male (genus masculinum)
Female (genus feminum)
Average (genus neutral)

Animate nouns are classified into gender according to biological sex.

Besides

TO masculine include the names of months, mountains, winds, large rivers, peoples, professions.

TO feminine include the names of countries, cities, islands, precious stones, trees.

TO neuter traditionally include the names of metals, elements, fruits, as well as indeclinable words.

The gender of a noun is indicated in the dictionary; it is indicated by one of three letters: " m "(male)" f "(female)" n " (average).

Number (numerus)

In Latin, nouns can be used in singular or plural.

Singular number (numerus singularis) – to designate one thing,

Plural number (numerus pluralis) – to denote many objects.

In dictionary and reference entries, the number of a noun is indicated by two letters: Sg (singular) or Pl (plural).

Case (casus)

A noun can appear in one of six cases:

Nominative case (casus nominativus) - answers the questions: “Who?” “What?”, in a sentence in the nominative case there is a subject or a nominal part of the predicate. Identified by the letter " N "or a combination" Nom ".

Genitive case (casus genetivus) – answers the questions: “Whom?” “What?”, in the sentence in the genitive case there is an inconsistent definition of another noun. Identified by the letter " G " or " Gen ".

Dative case (casus dativus) – answers the questions: “To whom?” “To what?”, in a sentence in the dative case there is an indirect object accompanying the action. Denoted by a capital letter " D "or a combination" Dat ".

Accusative case (casus accusativus) – answers the questions: “Whom?” “What?”, in a sentence in the accusative case there is a direct object to which the action is directed. Denoted by " Ac " or " ACC ".

Separative or deferential case (casus ablativus) - answers the questions: “By whom?” “With what?”, the adverbial case is in the positive case in the sentence. Identified by the letters " Ab " or " Abl ".

Vocative case (casus vocativus) - an address to a person or object, is not a part of the sentence. Identified by the letter " V "or a combination" Voc ".

Declination

Each noun in Latin belongs to one of 5 declensions. Declension is determined by the ending of the genitive singular.

I declension -ae
II declension -i
III declension -is
IV declension -us
V declination -ei

There are also differently inflected words “vesper” (II or III), “domus” (II or IV).

They often talk about types of declination and equate them to 5 declensions. Strictly speaking, this is not true. There are significantly more types of declension in the Latin language than there are declensions. It should be noted that in Latin, knowledge of whether a noun belongs to one or another declension gives only an approximate idea of the ending of the word in one case or another. It is the types of declination that give an accurate idea of the endings. The system of declension types in the Latin language is more extensive than the system of declensions, because it takes into account the variability within 5 declensions, and therefore it is easier to use it to solve a practical problem - the declination of words.

Many textbooks have a very strange attitude towards types of declension. There is no general system of types of declension and different versions can be found in different sources, but, as already mentioned, it is customary to talk about 5 declinations or 5 types of declension, and then stipulate that there is, for example, declension IIIa, which is slightly different from declension IIIb .

Here we will not indicate specific type names, because... Different authors call them differently, but we will try to describe the most detailed classification. So:

IN I declension nouns of 2 types:

male
female

(declension paradigm is the same).

In II declension- 6 types:

ending in -us (in N.Sg.) masculine and feminine,
ending in -ius (in N.Sg.) masculine,
ending in -ir (in N.Sg.) masculine,
ending in -er (in N.Sg.) masculine,
ending in -um (in N.Sg.) neuter,
ending in -ius (in N.Sg.) neuter.

The declension of all types is different.

A special type of declension is formed by the noun “deus” - god.

In III declension- 6 types:

2 consonants:
1. masculine and feminine,
2. neuter.
2 vowels:
1. ending in -e, -al, -ar neuter (equisyllabic and equally complex);
2. equisyllabic ending in -is feminine.
2 mixed:
1. equisyllabic, ending in -es, -is (masculine and feminine);
2. unequally syllabic with different endings (masculine and feminine).

Almost all types are small, but different.

Separate types of declination form the words “vis” - strength, “bos” - bull, Iuppiter - Jupiter.

IN IV declension- 2 types:

ending in -us masculine and feminine,
ending in -u neuter.

IN V declension types are not highlighted.

It is somewhat more difficult to determine whether a word belongs to one or another type of declension than to determine the declension itself. Determining the type of declension requires a somewhat more subtle analysis of the word, but over time this becomes a very useful habit.

A separate article will be devoted to types of declination, which is currently (unfortunately) in development.

Dictionary form of the noun

In the dictionary (with the exception of educational dictionaries, which are a separate discussion altogether) the noun is in the nominative singular case. Immediately after, separated by a comma, the ending of the genitive case of the singular is indicated (the same one by which the declension of the noun is determined), but if the basis of the nominative and genitive cases are different, then the whole word can be indicated in second place. Then, separated by a space (usually in italics), the noun belongs to one of 3 genders (m, f or n).

For example:

ramus, i m branch
Nominative - ramus,
Genitive - rami(II declension),
Genus - m- male.

lanx, lancis f bowl
Nominative - lanx
Genitive - lancis(hence, III declension)
Genus - f- female.

Noun endings in declension

Case	I	II		III		IV	V
Case	I	masculine	neuter gender	to consonant	on i	IV	V
Singular
N	-a	-us, -er, -ir	-um	-e, -al, -ar		-us, -u	-es
G	-ae	-i	-i	-is	-is	-us	-ei
D	-ae	-o	-o	-i	-i	-ui	-ei
Ac	-am	-um	-um	-em	-e	-um	-em
Ab	-a	-o	-o	-e	-i	-u	-e
V	= N	-e	= N	= N	= N	= N	= N
Plural
N	-ae	-i	-a	-es	-ia	-us	-es
G	-arum	-orum	-orum	-um	-ium	-uum	-erum
D	-is	-is	-is	-ibus	-ibus	-ibus	-ebus
Ac	-as	-os	-a	-es	-ia	-us	-es
Ab	-is	-is	-is	-ibus	-ibus	-ibus	-ebus
V	= N	= N	= N	= N	= N	= N	= N

Renaissance (i.e. Rebirth), in the XIV-XVI centuries, when there was, as it were, a new discovery of a great civilization that seemed an unattainable example. It was then that the concept of “ancient” (antiquus) began to be attached to the history of Ancient Greece and Rome. At this time, Renaissance figures found and saved from destruction a large number of Latin and Greek manuscripts that preserved the works of ancient writers. They turned out to be masterpieces, works of the highest class,

first class, classic. This word is also attached to concepts associated with antiquity - classical languages, classical sculpture, classical archaeology.

MORPHOLOGY

Lesson 3

Noun. (Nomen substantivum) First declension

The Latin noun has 3 grammatical genders: genus masculinum (m) - masculine;

genus femininum (f) – feminine gender; genus neutrum (n) – neuter gender;

(genus commune (g.c.) – the common genus of the names of some animals).

It should be remembered that the gender of a noun in different languages does not always coincide: the Russian word “muscle” is feminine, and the Latin “musculus” is masculine.

The gender of a Latin noun is determined by the ending of the nominative singular, or by meaning, for example, femǐna is feminine (woman), but nauta is masculine (sailor).

(Cf.: Russian voivode a - masculine gender in meaning).

By meaning, masculine names, in addition to male persons and animals, include the names of winds, months and rivers: Augustus (August), Boreas (Boreas - north wind), Rhodanus (Rhone River).

Feminine names, in addition to the names of female persons and animals, include the names of cities, countries, islands, and trees. Roma (Rome), betǔla (birch), Creta (Crete), Graecia (Greece).

The Latin noun has 2 numbers:

– numĕrus singularis (sing.) – singular;

– numĕrus pluralis (pl.) – plural.

Sometimes the meaning of a Latin word in the plural differs from its meaning in the singular: copia (sing.) - abundance, supply, copiae (pl.) - army, (cf.: hour - hours, dirt - dirt).

Some words are used only in the plural: arma (pl.) – weapon, castra (pl.) – camp, (cf.: scissors, sleigh, darkness).

§ 14. Cases

The Latin noun has six cases (casus):

treatment (See father, elder) Veterinary medical terms are used almost

always in the form of the nominative and genitive cases.

§ 15. Declension of nouns

Declension is very important in Latin. The Latin noun has five of them. Since a noun of different declensions sometimes has the same nominative singular ending, declension is determined by the ending of the genitive singular.

IN Latin dictionaries list nouns

V two forms: next to the nominative case form

singular is the ending of the genitive singular or the full form of the genitive case

(planta, ae; ocǔlus, i; os, ossis).

Table 1 Genitive singular endings

The stem of a Latin noun is the unchangeable part of the word, which is determined by the genitive singular by dropping the ending:

Table 2 Endings of the nominative and genitive cases of all declensions

Declension

			Us, -er, -um, -on

§ 16. First declension of nouns and adjectives

TO I declension includes nouns and

feminine adjectives ending in the nominative singular -a and in the genitive singular -ae, for example aqua, aquae; fractura, fracturae; alba, albae.

Some nouns of the first declension are masculine in meaning: nauta, nautae m – sailor; collega, collegaem – colleague; poēta, poētaem – poet; agricǒla, agricǒlaem –

farmer

In the term, adjectives, unlike the Russian language, come after the noun. For example: medicinal plant

– planta (noun) medicata (adj.). When declension by cases in such

nouns and adjectives only the ending changes, for example:

		lingua latina – Latin language
				Plur.

				linguārum latinārum

Exercises

1) Read and determine the declension of nouns.

Derma, dermatis; fascia, fasciae; cutis, cutis; carpus, carpi; venter, ventris; rabies, rabies; genu, genus; sepsis, sepsis; squama, squamae; corpus, corporis; ocǔlus, oculi; cartilago, cartilaginis; cornu, cornus; manus, manus.

2) Identify and write down the stem of the following Latin nouns.

Stoma, stomatis; scapula, scapulae; dorsum, dorsi; frons, frontis; ungula, ungulae; iris, iridis; caput, capitis; inflammatio, inflammation; vulnus, vulneris; tetǎnus, tetani; ren, renis; femur, femoris; processus, processus; species, species.

3) Try to guess the meaning of the following Latin words and determine their gender.

Majus, Hispania, Troja, olīva, Februarius, Sicilia, Nilus, Finnia, Januaris, Syria, laurus, Eurus, nympha, Danubius, Polonia, Genua, imperator, poēta, rosa, December, Romania, Aprilis, Hungaria, Styx, Lithuania, Petropǒlis, Creta.

4) Determine number and case of Latin nouns

I declension.

Vertebrārum, herbas, fracturam, costae, lamǐnis, scapula, ungulārum.

5) Find a phrase with a grammatical error. Vita longa, fasciae latae, fracturis compositis, plantārum

amaris, linguam latinam, orbitas dextras.

6) Write down and translate the nouns of the first declension. Gingiva, a.e.; cranium, i; vacca, ae ; res, ei; juba, ae; quercus

us ; glandula, ae; ocǔlus, i ; ala, ae; spina, ae; cornu, us; scabies, ei;

homo, ĭnis; fibra, ae; mucilago, ĭnis; sutura, ae; abomasum, i; incisura, ae.

7) Make up phrases from a noun and an adjective, translate the resulting phrases.

Pattern: fascia lata (fascia lata).

8) Decline.

Scapula dextra; fractura composita; costa vera.

9) Select Russian sayings that correspond to Latin ones; find in them words related to the first declension.

Mala gallina, malum ovum. Bad chicken, bad egg. Aquǐla non captat muscas. The eagle doesn't catch flies.

Mala herba cito crescit. Bad grass grows quickly. Luscinia parva, sed vox magna. The nightingale is small, but

§ 17. Greek doublets

Pay attention to the Greek roots corresponding to the Latin nouns of the first declension. (The suffix – itis forms terms meaning “inflammation”)

			Table 3
Greek doublets of Latin terms

Latin	Greek
noun I	alternate roots	Meaning	suffix
declination
		cornea	keratitis
			adenitis
			glossitis glossitis
		breast	mastitis
		spinal cord	myelitis myelitis
			blepharitis blepharitis
			phlebitis phlebitis
			cystitis cystitis
		(uric)

Terminological minimum

1st declension nouns


ala, ae f wing				cardia, ae f	heart, entrance
	ae f entrance, hole			esophagus to stomach
aqua, ae f				fibra, ae f fiber
сара, ае f				fissura, ae f	gap, crack
fovea, ae f				planta, ae f	plant
fractura, ae f				plica, ae f fold
gingiva, ae f				ruptura, ae f rupture
glándula, ae f gland				spina, ae f spine, ridge
glossa, ae f		(Greek) language		squama, ae f scales
herba, ae f				sutura, ae f
incisura, ae f				úngula, ae f
juba, ae f				vagina, ae f	vagina
lámina, ae f			plate	vacca, ae f cow
medulla, ae f			bone marrow,	vesica, ae f
dorsal, oblong				vita, ae f life
orbita, ae f		eye socket

Adjectives of the 1st declension

alba - whitecompósita - complexmagna - largeparva - smallplana - flatprofunda - deep

proxima - closest

flava (lútea) - yellow longa - long

pura - purerubra - redspúria - falsevera - true

Questions for self-control

1. What grammatical categories does a Latin noun have?

2. How to determine the declension of a noun?

3. How to find the stem of a Latin noun?

4. What nouns belong to the 1st declension?

5. What exceptions in the first declension can you name?

§18. Regional studies

Read the following text and answer the questions:

1. What parts did the name of a Roman citizen consist of?

2. What names did Roman women get? What were the names of the daughters of Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Tullius Cicero, and Mark Antony?

3. What name did a freedman receive?

4. How can you explain the meaning of the Latin names: Gennady, Victor, Konstantin, Valery, Nona?

5. Remember the following Latin expressions:

Nomen est omen. The name is already a sign.

Magni nominis umbra. The shadow of a great name.

Venerable nomen. A respectable name.

Nomina obscura. Dark names.

Roman names

The Romans usually had three names, just like we do - first name, patronymic and last name.

The first name - praenomen - was personal, like Peter or Mary. There were few such names, there were no more than 30 of them. In writing they were abbreviated by one, two or three letters. Such abbreviations were very common, and therefore it is necessary

be able to reveal them; Here are the most common ones:

The second name - nomen - was the name of the clan and corresponded approximately to our surname.

The third name - cognomen - was a nickname that was assigned to everyone according to some characteristics: the red-haired one - Rufus, the trickster - Cato, the big-nosed one - Nazon.

A cognomen distinguished a family or a separate branch of a given genus. For example, the families of the Scipios, Rufini, Lentuli and some others belonged to the Cornelian family.

Sometimes, for some special merit, a Roman received a fourth name or second nickname - agnomen. Publius Cornelius Scipio, in honor of the victory he won over Hannibal in Africa in 202 BC, began to be called

solemnly African (Africanus, cf.: nicknames of Russian commanders - Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry Donskoy, Suvorov Rymniksky, Potemkin Tauride).

Women were called by their father's generic name in the feminine form. The daughter of Publius Cornelius Scipio was called Cornelia, the daughter of Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo was called Domitia. When another daughter appeared in the family, a prenomen was added to the name of both: Elder (Major) and Younger (Minor), other sisters were nicknamed Third (Tertia), Fifth (Quintilla), etc. A married woman kept her name, but her husband's cognomen was added to it: Cornelia, daughter of Cornelia, (wife) of Gracchus (Cornelia, filia Cornelii, Gracchi).

Slaves were named by their origin: Sir (a native of Syria), Gall (a native of Gaul), Phrixus (from Phrygia); by the names of mythical heroes: Achilles, Hector; by the names of plants or stones: Adamant, Sardonicus, etc. Sometimes slaves, who were often called "boy" (puer), were given the owner's name in the genitive case: Marcipor (from Marcipuer), that is, the slave of Mark.

Freedmen (that is, slaves who received freedom) acquired the clan and personal name of the former master, their own name was placed in third place as a cognomen. Thus, Cicero’s secretary Tiron, freed from slavery, was called: Marcus Tullius Marci libertus Tiro.

Lesson 4 Second declension of nouns and adjectives

§ 19. Second declension of nouns

The II declension includes masculine nouns starting with -us, -er in Nom. sing., and neuter on -um. In Gen. sing.

they all end in - i (nervus, nervim; aper, aprim; unguentum, unguentim).

In addition, the 2nd declension includes masculine and neuter adjectives with the same endings:

The II declension also includes incompletely Latinized terms of Greek origin with the ending -os (ophthalmós, im - eye); and ending with –on

(órganon, i n – organ).

Exceptions to the rules are words of the second declension related to the feminine gender:

alvus, i – belly;

bolus, i – clay, large pill; popǔlus, i – poplar;

junipĕrus, i – juniper; periŏdus, i – period;

humus, i – soil and some others,

and also one neuter word: virus, i – poison.

						Table 4
	Endings of the II declension of nouns

Table 5

Sample noun declension

musculus, i m – muscle, aper, im – boar, remedium, in – medicine

The noun of the 2nd declension ends in Dat. and Abl. coincide in singular and plural.

§20. Second declension of adjectives

Adjectives of the second declension fully agree in declension with the corresponding noun