“Social networks have become quite a serious tool for creating a reading audience. Sokolov S.V.

10.2 Basic literature on the program:

Vasilenko IA. Political science.textbook M.2012
Gostenina V.I. Sociology of management. textbook. St. Petersburg 2013
Gnatyuk O.L. Fundamentals of the theory of communications. textbook M. 2012
Barthes Roland Mythologies, M. 1995
Bell Daniel The Coming Post-Industrial Society.M.1999
Dijk van.T.A. Language.Cognition.Communication.M., 1989
Dridze T.M. Text activity and structure of social communication. M. 2001
Inozemtsev V.L. Modern post-industrial society: nature, contradictions, prospects. M., 2000
Castells M.P. Information Age. Economy. Society. Culture. M.2000
Konetskaya V.P. Sociology of communication. M., 1997
Mol A. Sociodynamics of culture, M., 1973
Pocheptsov G.G. Theory of Communication, M-Kyiv, 2001
Rozhdestvensky Yu.V. Introduction to general philology, M., 1979
Rozhdestvensky Yu.V. Principles of modern rhetoric. M., 1999
Sorokin P.A. Social and cultural dynamics, St. Petersburg, 2000
Tulchinsky G.L. PR in the field of culture, textbook. SPb2011
Chumikov A.N. Bocharov M.P.State PR textbook M..2013
Shamarova G. M. Fundamentals of state and municipal management. textbook M. 2013

additional literature

Ter-Minasova S.G. Language and intercultural communication, M., 2000
Treskova S.I. Sociolinguistic problems of mass communication. M., 1989
Shishkina M.A. Public relations in the social management system, St. Petersburg, 1999
Fedotova L.N. Content analysis - a sociological method for studying mass media, M., 2001
Language and mass communication., M., 1984
Breckenridge D. PR 2.0: New media, new audiences, new tools. M.: Eksmo, 2010. 272 p.
Vylegzhanin D.A. Introduction to political imagelogy: Textbook. – M., 2008.
Gavra, D. P. Fundamentals of the theory of communication: a textbook for bachelors and specialists: UMO stamp / D. P. Gavra. – St. Petersburg. Peter, 2011. .
Zubkov S.A. Sociological problems of advertising activities and mass communication - M.: MIIT, 2007.
Isaev, B. A. Political relations and the political process in modern Russia: textbook. allowance / B. A. Isaev, N. A. Baranov. St. Petersburg : Peter, 2009.
Mamontov A.A. Practical PR. How to become a good PR manager. Version 3.0. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2010. – 240 p.
Marketing and brand management. McKinsey Digest. M.: Alpina Business Books, 2007.
Political competition and parties in the post-Soviet states. M.: INION RAS, 2009.
Political relations and the political process in modern Russia / ed. V. I. Kovalenko. M.: Publishing house of Moscow State University, 2010.
Puyu, Yu. V. Social and philosophical foundations of the anthropology of manipulation: abstract. dis. . Doctor of Philosophy Sciences: 09.00.11 / Puyu Yulia Valerievna. St. Petersburg, 2010.
Rimsky, V. L. Goals and motives of political and public participation of Russian citizens / V. L. Rimsky // Political sociology / ed. Col.: V. L. Rimsky (ed.) and others. M.: RAPN; ROSSPEN, 2008. .
Romanov A.A., Panko A.V. Marketing communications. M.: 2008.
Sinyaeva I.M. , Maslova V.M. , Sinyaev V.V. The scope of PR in marketing: textbook. manual for university students studying in specialty 080111 "Marketing" -2009.
Skovikov, A.K. Institutional transformations in the Russian political system / A.K. Skovikov // Management of a megacity: scientific theory. and analyte. magazine. 2010. No. 4. pp. 131-136.
Solovyov, A. I. Power and management in modern Russia / A. I. Solovyov // Modern Russia / ed. V. A. Nikonova. M.: Publishing house. House International University in Moscow, 2008. pp. 63-93.
Tulchinsky G.L., Terentyeva V.I. Brand-integrated management. M.: Vershina, 2007. –

Bogdanov E.N., Zazykin V.G. Psychological foundations of public relations. – Kaluga, 2002
Bogomolova N.N. Social psychology of print, radio and television. M., 2004. P. 420.
Varakuta S.A., Egorov Yu.N. Public relations: Textbook. – M., 2004.
Voroshilov V.V. Journalism and the market. Problems of marketing and media management. St. Petersburg, 1997 - 232 pp.;
Volfson, I.V. The language of politics. Politics of language: forms of manipulation of public opinion through the media and mass media. / I. V. Wolfson; edited by S. I. Barzilova. Saratov: Publishing house Sarat. Univ., 2003. 125 p. .
Genkin D.M. Directing mass theatrical performances. –M.: b.m., 1980.
Gorcheva, A. Yu. Political management of post-Soviet Russia / A. Yu. Gorcheva. M.: Publishing house of Moscow State University, 2003.
Grachev, G.V. Information and psychological security of the individual: state and possibilities of psychological protection / G.V. Grachev. M.: Publishing house RAGS, 1998. 128 p.
Grachev, G. Personality manipulation: organization, methods and technologies of information and psychological influence. / G. V. Grachev, I. Melnik. M.: Eksmo, 2003.
Dzyaloshinsky, I. M. Manipulative technologies in mass media / I. M. Dzyaloshinsky // Vestn. Moscow un-ta. Ser. 10, Journalism. 2005. No. 1. P. 29-54.
Dorsky A. Legal support of PR. St. Petersburg: Peter et al., 2005. – 208 p.
Dotsenko E.L. Psychology of manipulation. – M., 1997.
Eleva, V.I. Manipulation of mass political consciousness: (analysis of the representation of manifestations, varieties and technologies): abstract. dis. . Ph.D. polit, science: 23.00.02 / Eleva Valery Ivanovich. Rostov n/d, 2002. 22 p.
Zazykina E.V. Political PR: symbols. – M., 2003.
Zasursky, I. I. Russian media in the context of global transformation processes: the formation of a new system of media and their role in the political life of the country 1990-1998. : dis. . Ph.D. Philol. Sciences: 10.01.10 / Zasursky I. I. M., 1998. 268 p.
Zasursky I.I. Mass media and politics in the 90s. – M., 2001.
Integrated marketing communications //Top-Manager. 2002'11
Isaev B.A., Baranov N.A. Political relations and political process in modern Russia. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2008.
Morozova E.G. Political market and political marketing: concepts, models, technologies. M., 1999.
Kochetkova A.V., Filippov V.N., Skvortsov Ya.L., Tarasov A.S. Theory and practice of public relations. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2006.
Kohn D.L., Arato E. Civil society and political theory. M: The whole world, 2003;
Olshansky D.V. Political PR. –M., 2003.
Soloviev A.I. Political communications: Textbook. A manual for university students / Pod - M., 2004.
Pocheptsov G.G. The fallacy of non-strategic approaches to PR. // PR manager. 2007, No. 3, pp. 24-27;
Pocheptsov G.G. Image: from pharaohs to presidents. – Kyiv, 1997.
Pushkareva G.V. Political management: Textbook. – M., 2002.
PR today: new approaches, research, international practice / Transl. from English – M., 2002.
Public relations in politics and public administration / Ed. Prof. V.S. Komarovsky. – M., 2001.
Tike E. Public relations: textbook. /Trans. from English Berdysheva. – M., 2006.
Tulchinsky G.L. Business and power: communications and partnership. St. Petersburg: Directories of St. Petersburg, 2006. –
Harris R. Psychology of mass communications. – St. Petersburg: Lan, 2003.
Chumikov A.N. Public relations. – M., 2001
Shabrov, O. F. Public administration in Russia: problems of efficiency / O. F. Shabrov O. F. // Social and humanitarian knowledge. 2005. No. 2. P. 137-149.
Sharoev I.G. Drama of mass action. –M.: GITIS, 1979.
Sheinov V.P. PR “white” and “black”. Technology of hidden control of people. M.: AST, 2005. – 672 p.
Shestopal E.B. Psychological profile of Russian politics
1990s - M., 2000.

10.6 Remote discipline support

Official website of the President of the Russian Federation www.president.kremlin.ru
Official Russia - server of government bodies of the Russian Federation www.rsnet.ru
Official blog of PRESIDENT.RU www.prezident.ru
Official website of the State Duma of the Russian Federation www.duma.gov.ru
Moscow City Hall website www.mos.ru
Russian Association of Political Science www. rapn. ru
Website of the National Union of Political Scientists www. soiuzpolitolog. ru
wow, you're right www.roiip.ru

Foreign Internet sources

PR Society of America (PRSA) http:// www. prsa. org
Database on the Russian press for advertisers and PR (contacts, price lists, news, analytics) http:// www. mediaguide. ru
Library, PR news http:// www. pressclub. host. ru/pr_lib/pr_news.html

Metkin M.V. Conflictology (Document)

Mirimanova M.S. Conflictology (Document)

Test - Social stratification and social mobility in modern Russian society (Laboratory work)

Nevleva I.M., Trunov A.A. Conflictology in social work (Document)

Leonov N.I. Conflictology (Document)

Kungurova N.I., Terekhov V.K. Social work (Document)

Abstract - Personal and social responsibility of a manager (Abstract)

n1.doc

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UDC 316.48(075.8)

BBK 60.5ya73

S59
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Department of Philosophy and Political Science

Nizhny Novgorod State

University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

(Head of the department, Doctor of Philosophy L.A. Zelenoe)

And Dr. Philos. sciences L.A. Nikitich
Editor-in-chief of the publishing house N.D. Eriashvili
Sokolov S.V.

Social conflictology: Textbook. manual for universities. –

S59 M.: UNITY-DANA, 2001. - 327 p.

ISBN 5-238-00242-4
The nature and classification of social conflicts are considered. Social conflicts are analyzed from the outside social contradictions. General conflictological concepts are explored in a historical context, filled with life in all its complexity. A detailed analysis of the main socio-economic, socio-political and national-ideological conflicts is given Russia V XX century.

For students and teachers of higher educational institutions, as well as a wide range of readers
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ISBN 5-238-00242-4
© S.V. Sokolov, 2001

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From the author

Tutorial "Social conflictology" gives an idea of the nature, structure, development, classification of social conflicts. In Soviet society, social conflicts were considered unacceptable. Their absence was interpreted as a major achievement compared to capitalist countries. Social conflicts in our country were nipped in the bud with the help of total violence and driven into society. All those who disagreed with the Soviet regime were imprisoned in the Gulag. When some rose up against the Soviet system, their actions were brutally suppressed. This happened in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968.

Social conflicts as a side of social contradictions are natural phenomenon. Their elimination sooner or later leads to stagnation and degradation of societies, as happened in all socialist countries. Therefore, social conflicts need study, predict And use For normal (evolutionary, not revolutionary) development countries Otherwise, the country will find itself, as regularly happens with Russia, in a state of stagnation and then a revolutionary explosion. The last one took place in 1991. Social conflicts shake a democratic society from bottom to top, stimulating its development. Understanding social conflicts and how to manage them is an important task in a democratic society.

The disadvantage of many Russian social science textbooks is their isolation from Russian experience. The proposed textbook makes an attempt to eliminate this shortcoming - the Russian theme is constantly present. The most fundamental social conflicts that have had and are influencing the course of development of Russia are analyzed. This allows readers, on the one hand, to apply their knowledge to specific Russian material, and on the other hand, to see social conflicts in the midst of historical events.

Sergei Vasilievich Sokolov
Doctor of Philosophy, Professor of the Nizhny Novgorod Commercial Institute.

Needs And image life (Riga, 1987),

Social conflictology (Nizhny Novgorod, 1988),

Social philosophy (Nizhny Novgorod, 2001), etc.

I. CONFLICTOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

Chapter 1 Conflictology and its role in society

1.1. What does conflictology study?

Conflictology (from Latin conflictus - clash, clash of opposing interests, views; serious disagreement, heated dispute and Greek logos - teaching) - the science of conflicts. These conflicts arise: 1) within subjects between different mental states (needs, interests, norms, values), 2) between different people with the same or different mental states, 3) between social subjects: social communities (industrial, economic, etc.), social institutions (family, school, transport, etc.), social organizations (state, political parties, trade unions, etc.), nations, countries, civilizations, etc.

Depending on the nature of the parties to the conflict, conflictology includes several relatively independent, but closely interrelated levels: 1) intrapersonal, 2) interpersonal, 3) social, 4) international. International conflictology can be considered as a type of social conflictology. In foreign and domestic conflictology, the first two types of conflictology, which are predominantly psychological in nature, are present to a greater extent.

The textbook offered to readers analyzes social conflicts that are significantly different from intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts. Therefore, the use of the terms “conflict” and “social conflict” is based on this distinction.

Subject studying conflictology are the following questions:

Conflicts as sides of social contradictions;

Parties to conflicts (feelings, ideas, values; individuals with different interests; social institutions; social communities; national communities, etc.);

Conflicts as processes that have a certain structure and conditions of occurrence (formation, deployment, resolution, prevention);

Conflict situations, social tensions, social deprivation;

Causes, conditions, reasons for conflicts;

The main types of substantive conflicts in society (environmental, economic, political, legal, etc.);

The main types of subjective conflicts in society (institutional, formational, civilizational, etc.);

Forecasting, warning, conflict resolution, etc.
The life of people and society represents an endless chain of conflicts, accompanied by psychological stress and significant damage - material, cultural, and human. Remember the battles of Hercules, the endless wars with which the history of countries and peoples is full. People have long tried to predict conflicts, fight them, understand the reasons for their formation and learn to manage them. Therefore, conflictology knowledge arose in ancient times and was an integral part of the works of Plato, Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, and later Machiavelli and others. The subject of conflictology study was military, economic, and political conflicts.

Before the industrial era, the creation of nuclear weapons, the ecological crisis, the transformation of the world into a single economic, informational, political organism, conflicts had local significance, i.e., arising in a certain part of the world and population, they did not affect other parts of the world and people. In the era of globalization of human life, many conflicts have acquired global significance, i.e. a conflict that occurs in one part of the world affects other parts of the world. This applies to wars, diseases (AIDS), environmental crisis, etc. Therefore, there was a need for a scientific approach to conflicts in many countries, which stimulated the development of the science of conflictology.

The advanced countries of the world are characterized by a bourgeois-socialist system (formation)*, in which the civil sphere** has a great influence on other spheres: geographical, demographic, industrial, economic, social, political, spiritual. In liberal-capitalist (USA, Canada, etc.) and bourgeois-socialist (Germany, Japan, etc.) countries, an objective need and opportunity arose to prevent random and mitigate necessary social conflicts: democracy is a permanent conflict. In the USA, Sweden, Germany, France, Japan and other countries, conflictology has received significant development. It allows you to predict, prevent and prevent conflicts from reaching the stage of development.

* The bourgeois-socialist formation of society is characterized by: 1) diversity of forms of ownership and market economy; 2) rule of law; 3) developed civil sphere; 4) developed political, legal, moral culture and activity of the middle class, which makes up the majority of the population. Sweden can be considered a country with a civil society. Singapore, etc.

** The civil sphere is the sphere of mass movements, parties, groupings based on beliefs and other characteristics. They seek the decentralization of state power, its transfer to self-government, exercise control over state power, as well as the interaction of the majority and minority in society on the basis of a conflict-free, if possible, coordination of their positions.
In totalitarian countries (USSR, China, etc.), conflictology was not needed or was secret knowledge that was used by those in power to incite artificial and extinguish conflicts dangerous to the authorities. For example, the fight against “enemies of the people” in the USSR under Stalin was an artificially developed conflict that made it possible to keep society in tension, maintain high social mobility, and strengthen the power of the Bolsheviks. Now Russia is in a state of state, information, civilizational and geopolitical crisis, accompanied by many conflicts: demographic, technological, economic, social, political, interethnic, spiritual, etc. This put the development of conflict management in our country on the agenda.

The pace of development of societies at the end of the 20th century. accelerated significantly. Humanity, its advanced countries, is entering a post-industrial civilization. The quality, number and intensity of conflicts that accompany periods of social development, transformation, and modernization have increased. This is especially characteristic of countries making the transition from proletarian socialism to bourgeois socialism (democratic capitalism), in particular the USSR. Conflicts undermine the stability of society and its main spheres, and worsen the quality of life of people.

The complexity of the problem lies in the fact that conflicts simultaneously are source public progress Without them, development is impossible. In this regard, the task of managers is, on the one hand, not to bring these natural conflicts to the stage of development, and on the other hand, to prevent accidental conflicts.

Random There are conflicts that are caused by the psychological state of the warring parties, their ambitions, incorrect interpretation of circumstances, such conflicts could have been avoided. This, in particular, is the first Chechen war, started by Yeltsin and Dudayev. When social conflicts are not resolved for a long time and are aggravated to the limit, as is happening in post-Soviet Russia, there is a danger of a social explosion.

It is no coincidence that right now in our country there is a surge in conflict studies.

In June 1991, a round table on social conflicts was held in Moscow under the auspices of the Institute of Sociology of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Methodological, typological, socio-psychological and other aspects of conflictology were examined. They gave impetus to the development of this science in the country. In February 1992 it was created Center conflictology, the priority areas of activity of which were recognized as the development of the theory of conflictology, as well as the theoretical foundations of the activities of conflictology expert and consulting services; coordination of conflict studies in academic institutions; propaganda and dissemination of achievements of domestic and foreign conflictology, etc. Since then, conflictology has become an academic subject at many Russian universities.

1.2. Methods of conflictology

The method of conflictology as a science of conflicts is, on the one hand, common to social cognition as a whole, and on the other hand, dependent on the specifics of conflictology as a science (Fig. 1.1). He is: 1) a method of obtaining, justifying and constructing conflictological knowledge, which includes a set of principles, categories and techniques; 2) the possibility of its use in the practice of forecasting, prevention, diagnosis and conflict resolution, i.e. is algorithmic in nature, is a system of techniques for analyzing and resolving conflicts. It is obvious that these techniques are significantly different when analyzing intrapersonal, interpersonal and social conflicts.
Social conflictology as one of the conflict sciences, it studies conflicts of social subjects: social communities (classes, strata, groups, etc.), social institutions (family, army, education system, state, church, political parties, etc.), historical communities , societies and civilizations.

Rice. 1.1. Methods of conflictology
By giving such a definition to social conflicts and the science that studies them, we distinguish them from conflicts internal And interpersonal, which are analyzed primarily by psychology and related sciences and studied by intrapersonal and interpersonal conflictology.

Along with the methods of cognition common to all conflictology, it has some specific methods.

1 . Social conflict is side social contradictions. With this interpretation, conflictology acts as an application of the theory of social dialectics. The most important methodological principle for studying social conflicts is law unity And struggle opposites. In philosophical literature, the development of contradiction includes identity - difference - opposition - contradiction - foundation, as in Hegel. At the first stage of contradiction, the given thing is identical to itself (for example, grain during planting). At the stage of difference, a difference from its previous state appears in it, self-denial occurs (for example, a grain sprouts). At the third stage, the thing turns into its opposite (for example, a stem appears). And at the fourth stage, the negation of the negation occurs - the thing returns to its original position, but on a new basis (for example, an ear emerges from a stem).

For the study of social conflict, such an understanding of contradiction is not suitable and requires appropriate modification. It can be considered as the formation - deployment - resolution of a contradiction. In this form, it becomes the most important methodological basis for the analysis of social contradictions, overcoming the limitations of the Hegelian approach (see below). From this point of view, conflictology can be considered “as a theory of resolving social contradictions” (E.I. Stepanov).

2 . Due to the fact that social contradictions are an integral characteristic of social development and its internal source, social conflicts represent normal phenomenon public life. This allows us to abandon the Soviet theory of a conflict-free socialist society as the highest stage of human development. Social contradictions and corresponding social conflicts have been, are and will be. The task of conflictology is to theoretically analyze the conditions and practical recommendations leading to the removal of contradictions and conflicts between social actors. This brings to the forefront not only the “struggle of opposites,” but also their "unity", which in Marxist-Leninist dialectics was placed in a position subordinate to the struggle of opposites.

3 . The methodological basis of social conflictology is theory activities. According to it, the activities of this subject A) motivated by specific needs and interests and b) is aimed at some objects (things, money, knowledge, status, etc.) that he needs. But in the process of this activity the subject is forced V) enter into relationships (connections) with other people. As a result, he unwittingly (or willingly) finds himself in conflicting relationships with other subjects who lay claim to the same objects and therefore have different needs and interests. Therefore, social conflicts differ in their subjects, interests, types of activities, subjects: production, economic, political, spiritual, etc.
Subjective-activity an approach helps to identify as the most important elements of social conflict and analyze in a certain system the needs, interests, goals, motives and subjective phenomena that play a huge role in conflictology.
In this case, attention is paid not only to the objective (subject) conditions of conflicts, but also to their subjective components. In the conditions of democratization of Russia, when the subjective components of people’s activities acquire paramount importance for resolving and preventing conflicts, the subject-activity approach becomes decisive.

Social conflict from the point of view of the subject-activity approach is a process of realizing the needs and interests of a social subject and at the same time a process of self-affirmation and self-determination in a certain social environment that has a specific historical character.
In this plan social conflict represents a confrontation between social actors in the process of realizing their interests and self-affirmation in the social environment.
4. Principle historicism, according to which social conflicts are studied, on the one hand, in certain specific historical conditions, and on the other hand, their study takes place historically, i.e. examines changes in the nature of social conflicts throughout history. It is obvious that the historicism of the study of social conflicts is inextricably linked with the historicism of the social contradictions to which they are a party. Historicism makes it possible to carry out a comparative historical analysis of social conflicts, to show their differences and similarities in different historical eras and in different social formations, to highlight progressiveness and regressiveness in their development and, in general, to draw lessons from past experiences of the emergence and resolution of social conflicts. For Russia, this is due to contradictions and conflicts in pre-Soviet, Soviet and post-Soviet societies. The historical approach allows us to identify internal dynamics and determine the level and direction of development of social conflicts. The development of Russia is associated with an increase in the number and type of social conflicts, overcoming the aggressiveness and group disunity of Russians, and fostering tolerance.

5. Method analogies, in which the knowledge gained from studying a conflict, which in this case acts as a known model, is transferred to another conflict that is just beginning to develop. For example, the conflicts of post-Polydan Russia are now analyzed by analogy with similar conflicts in Bonapartist France, Weimar Germany, NEP in Russia, etc. In relation to new conflicts, the method of analogies is plausible and probabilistic (hypothetical) in nature.

1.3. Conflictology and other sciences

Conflictology is interdisciplinary a science located at the intersection of philosophical, human and social sciences. But the connection of these numerous sciences with different conflictologies is different.

First of all, conflictology is closely related to dialectics as part of philosophy. The conflict is side contradictions, Therefore, conflictology is based on the theory of contradiction, developed in idealistic and materialist, in particular, dialectical-materialist (Marxist-Leninist) philosophy. The use of the concepts of contradiction, unity and struggle of opposites, resolution of contradiction, typology of contradictions allows us to consider conflictology as a form of concretization of dialectics to human, social and cultural problems.

The application of dialectics to the problems of conflictology contributes to the enrichment of dialectics itself, the law of unity and struggle of opposites, allowing us to more thoroughly imagine the difference and role of the “unity of opposites” and “struggle of opposites,” as well as their interrelation in the process of development of social contradictions. The conflictological approach to social contradictions allows us to focus on their subjectivity, which was largely absent in the Marxist-Leninist approach to them. Social subjects have divergent (different or opposite) needs, interests, attitudes, and beliefs. This means that by influencing and changing needs, interests, attitudes, and beliefs, it is possible to prevent, mitigate, regulate and resolve social conflicts that shake society. This is exactly what society’s efforts should be aimed at, to foster tolerance in relations between people. History is not made by objective laws, but by subjects endowed with interests, will, worldview and who can direct it (history) at their own discretion.

All conflicts depending from sides, participating in them can be divided into 1) intrapersonal, 2) interpersonal, 3) social and 4) international. Based on this, conflictology can be represented as a system of sciences (Fig. 1.2).

It is obvious that these conflict sciences are associated with different sciences.

Internal conflictology is associated primarily with psychological sciences and is focused on the conflict of needs, interests, values, and mental states of the individual*.

*See for example: Gianni G. Scott Methods of conflict resolution. Kyiv: GIIM, 1991. Vol. 2.
Thus, it approaches psychotherapy, psychiatry, extrasensory therapy, etc.

Rice. 1.2. The relationship between conflictology and other sciences
Interpersonal conflictology in addition to psychology, it is associated with social psychology, sociology, and history. Interpersonal conflicts are influenced by the specific historical conditions of people's life.

Social conflictology is closely related to sociology, social philosophy, political science, cultural studies and other sciences. Social factor (intra-formational) conflictology (between production forces and production relations, between the base and the superstructure, etc.) can be considered both as an independent conflictology and as part of social conflictology.

At the same time, when studying intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social conflicts, one cannot fail to take into account the influence of psychology, sociology, economics and other sciences on each of them. Therefore, one can study the psychology of conflict, the sociology of conflict, the political science of conflict, the cultural studies of conflict, etc. From this follows the connection of different parts of conflictology with psychology, social psychology, sociology, jurisprudence, political science and other sciences. But in this case, the clear distinction between intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social conflicts largely disappears: the difference between them blurs.

For example, psychology conflict studies: 1) intrapersonal conflicts that arise between different emotions, interests, needs, etc. given person; 2) interpersonal conflicts on the part of their unconscious drives, will, attention, intelligence and other mental qualities of the participants in the conflict; 3) social conflicts from the manifestation of unconscious drives, will, attention, intellect, etc. The psychology of conflict requires a good knowledge of many psychological problems of personality theory, its structure, motivational component, mental processes, personality typology, volitional, emotional, unconscious processes. For example, the psychology of the Chechen conflict is impossible without knowledge of the character, mentality, worldview of Yeltsin and Dudayev, Chechens and Russians at that time.

Sociology conflict studies conflicts (intrapersonal, interpersonal and social) from the side of the social conditioning of the subjects’ needs, interests, drives, as well as corresponding conflict actions that correspond to the nature of the given subject. Here, conflictology is closely related to sociology, political science, politics, economics and other sciences*. Unlike the psychology of conflict, the sociology of conflict is more sociological, i.e. connected with sociology, history, political science and other sciences. For example, the sociology of the Chechen conflict includes an analysis of the political elites, social institutions, and classes participating in it.

* Cm.: Zdravomyslov A.G. Sociology of conflict. – M: Aspect Press, 1995.
Cultural studies conflict (and cultural conflicts) studies conflicts between different subjects, individuals (scientists, religious figures, ideologists, cultural experts, etc.), social communities (classes, strata, nations, etc.), social institutions (families, education systems etc.) and social organizations (states, political parties, churches, etc. from their spiritual and cultural side). The subject of cultural analysis of conflicts are ideas (religious and secular), traditions and customs, faith and beliefs. Culturology of conflict reveals the influence of spiritual culture and civilization on intrapersonal, interpersonal and social conflicts. For example, a cultural analysis of the Chechen War reveals that it is a conflict of two worldviews - tribal on the Chechen side and industrial-socialist on the Russian side.

A variety of social conflicts are economic, political, interethnic, etc. conflicts, when social actors act primarily from the economic, political, national, etc. side. Therefore, social conflictology is closely connected with political economy, political science, ethnology and other sciences. In these conflicts, on the one hand, the general patterns of social conflicts appear, and on the other hand, specificity appears. It is also connected with the characteristics of economic, political, national and other subjects and their development in the relevant spheres - economic, political, ethnic, national. It is no coincidence that sections on economic, political, and spiritual conflicts are contained in the relevant sciences and textbooks.

1.4. Functions of conflict management in society

Cognitive function
The most important function of conflictology is cognitive. First of all, it consists of studying conflicts, their classification, methods of resolution and prevention. The cognitive function also lies in the development of a conflictological theory, which is still largely absent and which Russian society needs. The development of the theory includes identifying the essence of the main categories and concepts of conflictology, such as conflict, social tension, conflict situation, etc., as well as bringing them into a certain system built on the basis of certain principles. For example, in this textbook, social conflictology is built on the basis of the theory of social contradictions. This function consists of determining the subject of conflictology, its methodology, and its place among other social sciences. The cognitive function is expressed in an increase in knowledge about social conflicts, their subjects, subjects, the nature of their influence on social processes, etc.
Diagnostic function
The diagnostic function of conflictology is to analyze the conflict situation, social tension, the subjects of the conflict, their causes and stage of development, and determine methods and plans for their resolution. The democratization of Russia is characterized by an increase in the quality, number and intensity of conflicts. This is due to the fact that Russia is a society in transition from proletarian socialism to democratic capitalism. During such periods, the role of politics (and politicians) is great, representing the sphere of provoking and resolving conflicts. This is clearly seen in the example of the relationship between the presidential, governmental, and parliamentary branches of government in Russia. Such conflicts, on the one hand, act as a source of development for Russia, and on the other hand, are accompanied by material, psychological and human casualties, many of which can be avoided.

The diagnostic function of conflictology allows analyze the causes of conflicts in various societies (Karabakh, Chechnya, Transnistria, etc.), understand the causes of conflict situations, their main types, psychological, ideological, economic and other parameters, the relationship between types of conflicts and means of resolving them, etc. It also includes permanent conflictological monitoring basic social processes, tracking how conflict situations, social tension and social conflicts arise and unfold, offering adequate management solutions on this basis. All this helps prevent the development of social conflicts and their escalation and acts as an important means of democratizing society and cultivating tolerance rather than aggressiveness in people.
Prognostic function
The prognostic function of conflictology is expressed in the development of reasonable forecasts for the development of social contradictions and conflict processes in the future. It includes an analysis of development trends of the main social subjects (social communities, institutions, societies), possible subjects of conflict, dynamics of interests, etc. To do this, you need to know quite deeply what the main trends in the development of society at this stage, its individual spheres and main social subjects are. This is given by the implementation of the cognitive and control functions of conflictology. The result of the prognostic function of conflictology is conflictological forecast, which outlines possible scenarios for the development of this conflict, its participants, the possibility of escalation, time and means of its resolution, social consequences, and the cost of the conflict. Such a forecast can stop the warring parties from conflict.
Ideological function
The ideological* function of conflictology is expressed in the fact that conflictology can be used in the interests of some ruling elite, social community (group, class, stratum), nation. Thus, it will acquire corporate, class, and national content. It is expressed in an understanding of the causes of social conflict, prospects for the development of society, etc., that is beneficial for this subject. The ruling elite often uses conflictology to manipulate people’s behavior, inciting conflicts “out of the blue,” “not noticing” imminent conflicts, or finding the culprits of these conflicts in other forces. This is what Stalin did, unleashing a struggle against non-existent “enemies of the people”, who were accused of crimes against the Stalinist regime, blaming them for collectivization, and for the defeat in the first years of the war, etc. Now, when post-Soviet Russia is determined by the national idea (the program for its further development), the ideological function of conflictology becomes important: we need to choose a country development strategy that would minimize social conflicts in society.

* Ideology (from Greek - idea and logos - word, concept, doctrine) - a system of views, ideas, theories in which the interests and goals of social actors in society are expressed. For example, liberal, social democratic, communist ideologies.

Rice. 1.3. Functions of conflict management in society
Educational function
Knowledge of the basics of conflictology allows each of us to use it to prevent and resolve our conflicts. Conflictology in Russia is a young science. The lack of education of many people in the field of conflict management is one of the reasons for the destructive and diverse conflicts shaking our country, especially interethnic ones. Of course, in addition to lack of conflict management education, there are more significant causes of these conflicts: antagonism of interests (political, economic, national), bad manners, anger, etc., but ignorance of conflict management also contributes to these conflicts. For a long time, the mindset of conflict with supposed enemies: capitalists, bourgeois, businessmen, speculators, etc. was introduced into the consciousness of Soviet people. Now I have to study tolerance (tolerance) to opposing opinions, actions, classes.
Pragmatic function
The pragmatic* function of conflictology is to develop practically significant programs and algorithms for the actions of social actors. It expands the understanding of the cycle of conflictological knowledge, which should not end with the receipt of some scientific results that explain a given social conflict, its participants, causes, objects, etc. For conflictology, the stage of preventing or resolving social conflict, based on the obtained conflictological knowledge, is important. This reveals an important pattern of the present time, the transformation of science, in this case conflictology, into a productive force of society. The pragmatic function of conflictology requires it to transform knowledge (information) from descriptive (and explanatory) into knowledge that prescribes, controls, and regulates social activity.

*Pragmatism (from the Greek pragma - business, action) is a philosophical doctrine, the center of which is the “principle of pragmatism”, which determines the significance of knowledge for achieving some practical result. Pragmatism reigns supreme in the United States and other countries.

St. Petersburg: V. A. Mikhailov Publishing House, 2002. - 461 p. The textbook outlines a generalizing theory containing general patterns, similarities and differences between various types, levels and forms of social communication. Based on the understanding of social communication as the movement of meanings in social space and time, personal and public communication needs, communication activities and communication, social memory, communication channels, typology of social communication institutions, the evolution of social communications from the Stone Age to 2000 are considered. Particular attention is paid to information approach to social communication (social informatics) and semiotics of social communications. A system of social communication sciences is presented, the center of which is the metatheory of social communication.
The book is addressed to social scientists, students, graduate students and teachers studying the problems of social communication, as well as social and communication workers who want to improve their skills. Contents:
Introduction.
The concept of social communication.
Everyday and scientific understanding of communication.
The problem of meaning.
The problem of understanding.
Social space and time.
Conclusions.
communication activity communication.
Communication actions and their forms.
Types, levels and forms of communication activities.
Types of communication activities.
Microcommunication.
Midicommunication.
Macro communication.
Cooperation and conflicts in communication activities.
Communication as a socio-psychological and communication category.
Games and pseudo-games.
Game as a creative communication action.
Pseudo-game as a non-creative communication action.
Truth and lies in communication activities.
Conclusions.
Social memory.
Types of memory and mnemonic actions.
Information model of individual memory.
Group social memory.
The structure of social memory of society.
Contradictions of social cognition.
Conclusions.
communication channels.
Types of communication channels.
Oral communication.
Diagram of oral communication.
Functions of natural language and speech.
Communication barriers.
Project of an artificial international language Esperanto.
Document communication.
Document communication system in the 20th century.
Functions of documents.
Communication barriers.
Censorship as a weapon of communication violence.
Electronic communication.
Marshall McLuhan is the prophet of electronic communication.
Functions of electronic communication.
Communication barriers.
Internet communication system.
Tree of communication channels.
Conclusions.
The evolution of social communications.
Chronology of public communication systems.
Archaeocultural literature.
Paleocultural bookishness.
Manufactured neocultural bookishness.
Industrial neocultural bookishness.
Multimedia communication culture.
Conclusions.
Semiotics of social communication.
Object and subject of semiotics of social communication.
Communication signs and their classification.
Semiotics of texts.
Semantics, syntactics, pragmatics.
Conclusions.
Social information.
Concepts of information in modern science.
Mathematical information theory: information is an abstract fiction.
Information is a physical phenomenon.
Information is a function of a self-governing system.
Other concepts.
Results.
The “information glasses” effect.
Social informatics concepts.
Social Informatics I (70s).
Social Informatics II (80s).
Social Informatics III (90s).
Conclusions.
Communication needs.
Definition and typology of communication needs.
Personal communication needs.
Group communication needs (information approach).
Public communication needs.
Conclusions.
Social and communication institutions.
Origin and types of social and communication services, systems, institutions.
Essential and applied functions of social and communication phenomena.
Liberal democratic principles and schemes for the functioning of social and communication institutions.
Social and communication rights and freedoms.
Liberal-democratic scheme of functioning of social and communication institutions.
Totalitarian principles and schemes of functioning of social and communication institutions.
Lenin's principle of partisanship.
Totalitarian scheme for managing social and communication institutions.
Total censorship. Experience of the Soviet Union.
Conclusions.
Social communication as an object, subject of social. knowledge.
System of social and communication sciences.
General characteristics of the metatheory of social communication.
Conclusions.
Conclusion.

3 ..

Russian Humanitarian Internet University

Library

Educational and scientific literature

A.V. Sokolov GENERAL THEORY OF SOCIAL COMMUNICATION

TUTORIAL

Saint Petersburg

2002

UDC 316.6

BBK 88.53

C 59

Sokolov A. V. General theory of social communication: Tutorial. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house of Mikhailov V. A., 2002 - 461 p.

ISBN 5-8016-0091-4

The textbook outlines a generalizing theory containing general patterns, similarities and differences between various types, levels and forms of social communication. Based on the understanding of social communication as the movement of meanings in social space and time, personal and public communication needs, communication activities and communication, social memory, communication channels, typology of social communication institutions, the evolution of social communications from the Stone Age to 2000 are considered. Particular attention is paid to the information approach to social communication (social informatics) and the semiotics of social communications. A system of social communication sciences is presented, the center of which is the metatheory of social communication.

The book is addressed to social scientists, students, graduate students and teachers studying the problems of social communication, as well as social and communication workers who want to improve their skills.

INTRODUCTION

Communication aspects of cultural evolution

The culture of any community of people is, firstly, a cultural heritage, that is, a set of artificial social meanings (cultural values), both materialized (products) and immaterial (ideas); secondly, the activity of creating, storing, distributing and mastering cultural values, called cultural activities. In short: culture = cultural heritage + cultural activity. Cultural activity, in turn, is the sum of: creativity (creation of cultural values) + social communication (storage and distribution of created values) + practical use (development) of these values. Thus, social communication is a necessary aspect, an integral part of culture, and the evolution of human culture is at the same time a social-communication evolution.
The evolution of culture can be represented in the form of the following five stages, where communication aspects are invariably present:
0. Proto-culture (1.5 million years ago - 40 thousand years ago) - the period of anthroposociogenesis, the time of the formation of Homo sapiens as a biological species, when human ancestors (Pithecanthropus, Neanderthals) mastered the means of cultural activity: stone tools and articulate speech. 40 thousand years ago, modern man (non-anthrope), the creator and creator of culture itself, appeared on the planet.
I. Archaeoculture (40 thousand years ago - III thousand years BC) - the period of the Stone Age (Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic), when not only material culture in the form of the “stone industry” developed in primitive communities, but also spiritual culture in the form of magical cults, mythology, visual and musical arts. Education in the IV -III millennium BC. e. local civilizations and the invention of writing marked the transition to the stage of paleoculture.
I.I. Paleoculture (III thousand years BC - XV century AD) - the time of the emergence of powerful eastern civilized states, the heyday of ancient culture, and the Middle Ages that replaced it. The milestones of the cultural progress of mankind at this stage are: hieroglyphs on the walls of the ancient Egyptian pyramids - alphabetic writing - the Library of Alexandria - the printing press of I. Gutenberg. Gutenberg's invention marked the beginning of a new stage in Western Europe - the stage of neoculture.
III. Neoculture arrived at different times in different regions (some African and Asian countries remain at the paleocultural level to this day), but for the cultural leader - the Western European world - the stage of neoculture can be dated back to the 16th century - the era of the High Renaissance and Reformation, followed by the Age of Enlightenment ( second half of the 17th - 18th centuries) and the 19th century - the century of industrialization. The 20th century also belongs to neoculture, but already at the end of the century in developed countries signs of the onset of the post-industrial era appeared, which is logically associated with a new, still hypothetical stage of cultural evolution.
IV. Post-neoculture is a computerized world with multimedia global communication channels and with cultural heritage stored in the distributed memory of computer networks. In short: this is the time of the dominance of electronic communications, which have displaced documentary communication to the periphery of public life.
It is easy to notice that at all stages of the evolution of culture, a pattern was invariably traced: the improvement of communication means was accompanied by social progress (sometimes even predetermined it), and social progress, in turn, stimulated the development of communication. But this pattern was perceived by society in different ways at different stages.
In preliterate archaeological culture, where oral communication served as the main way of storing and disseminating cultural heritage, there was a deification of the Word. The word was attributed magical powers and required careful and respectful handling. N. S. Gumilev in the famous poem “The Word” described this cult as follows:
At that moment, when above the new world
God bowed his face, then
Stopped the sun with a word
In short, they destroyed cities.
And the eagle did not flap its wings,
The stars huddled in horror towards the moon,
If, like a pink flame,
The word floated above.
And for this life there were numbers,
Like livestock, livestock,
Because all shades of meaning
Smart number conveys.
Patriarch gray-haired, under his arm
Conquered both good and evil,
Not daring to turn to sound,
I drew a number in the sand with a cane...
The deification of the word meant the deification of Communication. The priests of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, who mastered writing (“hieroglyph” means “sacred writing”), contributed to the transformation of the cult of the Word into the cult of the Book. The sacred scriptures of world religions are nothing more than the result of communication between the prophets and the Almighty. Every religion begins with communication, it is not for nothing that “religion” translated from Latin means “connection”, but for clergy communication was (and remains) a subject of cult, and not a subject of research.

social communication

Rice. 10.1. shows that the metatheory of social communication occupies a central place (serves as the core) of the system of social communication sciences. This position in the sphere of scientific knowledge is due to the fact that it is a generalizing theory, and other disciplines are private generalized theories of social communication.

The object of the metatheory is social communication as a whole, that is, all types, levels, forms, means and technologies for the movement of meanings in social time and space.

The subject of metatheory is not specific socio-communication phenomena, but knowledge about these phenomena obtained by particular theories. Since these theories relate to various scientific complexes, the metatheory of social communication acquires the status of an interscientific generalizing theory.

The functions of interscientific theories in the system of scientific knowledge are as follows. In addition to the explanatory, descriptive and predictive functions that are performed by all scientific theories, metatheories have special functions:

Translational - transfer of generalized knowledge from one particular discipline to another with the aim of deepening specific knowledge and revealing general fundamental patterns and principles of the subjects being studied;

Strategic - orientation in the directions of further scientific research;

Terminological - streamlining and harmonization of terminological systems of special sciences;

Practical - assistance in solving complex practical problems that require the participation of specialists in various fields;

Methodological - clarification of the object, subject, boundaries and conditions of applicability of specific theories;

General scientific - disclosure of the content of general scientific categories included in the apparatus of metatheory; in this case - the concept of social communication and its derivatives;

Worldview - promoting the formation of the professional worldview of specialists (social and communication workers).

The methodological apparatus of metatheories is not characterized by such methods of empirical knowledge as experiment and observation, but methods of comparison, analogy, typologization, modeling, and formalization are widely used. Metatheories often adopt general scientific methodological approaches: systemic, informational, functional, etc. According to the definition of metatheory, the sources of knowledge on the basis of which it develops generalizing patterns, typologies, principles are the content of particular disciplines, both fundamental sciences and applied teachings.

In table 10.1. the interdependence between the metatheory of social communication and the disciplines included in the system of social communication sciences is specified. The educational value of this table is that it clearly demonstrates the interscientific status of the metatheory of social communication and shows the distribution of the problems it generalizes among particular disciplines.

Table 10.1.

Metatheoretical problems and generalizable scientific knowledge

Metatheoretical problems	Generalizable scientific knowledge
Metatheoretical problems	Basic Sciences	Applied teachings
Meanings and understanding	Philosophy: theory of knowledge; Psychology of understanding
Communication activities	Psychology of communication; Pedagogy; Theory of mass communication; Rhetoric	A culture of speech; Business conversation;
Social memory	Cultural studies; Bibliology; Psychology of memory; Social Psychology	Library Science; Archival studies; Source study; Museum studies
Communication channels	Linguistics; Literary studies; Art history; Bibliology; Information theory	Bibliography; Bibliopolitics; Textology; Telecommunication
The evolution of social communications	Cultural studies; Anthropology; Archeology	Paleography; Incunabulology; Memoirs
Semiotics of social communications	Semiotics; Structural linguistics; Structural literary criticism; Ethnology	Editing theory; Coding theory; Advertising; Secret writing
Social information	Philosophy of Information; Information theory	Scientific formats; Computer Informatics
Communication needs	General psychology; Social Psychology; General sociology	Library Science; Journalism; Sociology of culture
Social and communication institutions	General sociology; Political science; Sociology of culture	Management
System of Social and Communication Sciences	Philosophy: classification of sciences; Scientific studies	Library and bibliographic classifications

10.3. conclusions

1. Currently, a system of social and communication sciences has emerged, including human science, social science, biohumanitarian, cultural, technical and general disciplines. This system covers both theoretical and applied knowledge.

2. Thanks to the development of the system of social communication sciences, conditions have matured for the formation of a generalizing metatheory of social communication, the object of which is all types, levels, forms, means and technologies of social communication in general, and the subject is knowledge about social communication obtained by private disciplines.

3. The metatheory of social communication is an interscientific theory and performs the following special functions: translational, strategic, terminological, practical, methodological, general scientific, ideological, which ensure the consolidation and further development of the system of social communication sciences.

4. Terra incognita. In Fig. 10.1. the system of social and communication sciences is called “hypothetical”, i.e. not having the status of reliable and generally accepted knowledge. The existence of various disciplines that include certain communication problems in their subject is an undoubted fact. However, these disciplines are isolated from each other and their leaders do not realize the commonality of the object they study, namely social communication. Is it possible to establish scientific integration connections between them that transform the sum of knowledge into systemic knowledge? The question remains open. One thing is clear: without the formation of a generalizing metatheory, such a transformation is not possible.

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