). Features of intercultural communication (Lykova N.M.) Features of interpersonal communication in intercultural communication
In the last decade, in connection with the expansion of international relations between Russia and other countries, issues of intercultural communication have become of particular theoretical and practical interest. International relations are not limited to the discussion of various issues and problems at a high governmental and diplomatic level, but are increasingly becoming a part of people's daily life. Therefore, in our time, mastering the art of intercultural communication is gaining more and more relevance and importance.
The concept of "intercultural communication" is derived from the concepts of "culture" and "communication". In order to define what “intercultural communication” is, let's find out what culture is. The term culture is one of the most ambiguous, and this is explained by the fact that culture itself is an extremely complex and multifaceted phenomenon that expresses all aspects of human existence. In this interpretation, culture appears as an integrity that differs from others due to religious, national-state borders or a set of ethnic characteristics. This understanding of culture is also the most functional in relation to the topic under consideration - intercultural communication.
Intercultural communication is characterized by the fact that when representatives of different cultures meet, each of them acts in accordance with their own cultural norms. The classical definition is given in the book by E.M. Vereshchagin and V.G. Kostomarova "Language and Culture", where intercultural communication is understood as an adequate mutual understanding of two participants in a communicative act, belonging to different national cultures.
The problem of intercultural communication is not limited solely to the language problem. Knowledge of the language of a bearer of another culture is necessary, but not yet sufficient for adequate mutual understanding of the participants in the communicative act. Moreover, intercultural communication presupposes the existence of not only differences between two different languages, but also differences in the use of one language. Thus, representatives of the English-, French- and German-speaking countries, despite the common language, will not necessarily belong to the same culture. In this regard, we can talk about communication, for example, between the Americans and the British, the French and the Walloons, the inhabitants of the "old" and "new lands" in Germany.
The vital activity and attitudes of people are determined by the norms existing in a particular culture that regulate wide areas of human thinking and behavior and have a great influence on the nature of perception, assessment and interpersonal relations. Education and upbringing, historical memory, traditions and customs, rules dictated by society, the very language in which people communicate, develop an orientation system that helps them to cope with various everyday situations and problems in their own way.
At the same time, a culture taken separately is not a homogeneous structure. There are group deviations from the generally accepted standards of thinking and behavior in a particular culture. If such deviations vary within acceptable limits, then they coexist in a given culture. In this case, they talk about the existence of subcultures within one culture (for example, youth subcultures). For all their differences, subcultures have the same basis for a picture of the world, values, norms and patterns of behavior, which indicate their belonging to a particular culture. This foundation arises from socio-cultural experience that determines what is considered necessary, normal, reasonable and acceptable in a given situation. Out of bounds deviations are most often rejected within the culture.
Anyone sees the world within a certain cultural framework. But these cultural frameworks (norms), as a rule, are not realized by the individual, because most often they are so inherent in him that they form part of his personality. Awareness of the norms of behavior and thinking of one's own culture is possible only when there are contacts with people who, in their behavior, are guided by other cultural norms. People, to one degree or another, expand the boundaries of their cultural horizon, visiting other countries, studying foreign languages, reading foreign literature, communicating with foreigners.
However, such interaction can cause discomfort or even lead to conflicts, which are often difficult to explain. The mechanisms of behavior and evaluation that worked as long as communication was carried out within the framework of the same culture begin to fail, communication becomes difficult. This causes uncertainty, loss of internal stability, misinterpretations of the partner's behavior, misunderstanding of each other. Therefore, if until now someone did not notice and did not realize the peculiarities of their behavior, due to their cultural context, now these subconscious models of perception, emotional reactions, thinking, behavior and assessments are becoming more and more obvious and subject to comprehension, consideration and correction in relation to a partner. on communication.
The behavior of people belonging to other cultures is not at all unpredictable, it lends itself to study and forecasting, but it requires special educational programs aimed at preparing for intercultural communication. The study of other cultures, their characteristics, the patterns of their functioning and development enriches a person, transforms his attitude to the world and other people, and can radically change his attitude to life situations.
Intercultural communication
Intercultural communication communication between representatives of different human cultures (personal contacts between people, less often indirect forms of communication (such as writing) and mass communication). The features of intercultural communication are studied at an interdisciplinary level and within the framework of such sciences as cultural studies, psychology, linguistics, ethnology, anthropology, sociology, each of which uses its own approaches to their study.
It is believed that this concept was introduced in the 1950s by the American cultural anthropologist Edward T. Hall as part of the program he developed for the US State Department to adapt American diplomats and businessmen to other countries.
Initially, the so-called. Was used to describe intercultural communication. the classical understanding of culture as a more or less stable system of conscious and unconscious rules, norms, values, structures, artifacts, national or ethnic culture.
Currently, the so-called. dynamic understanding of culture as a way of life and a system of behavior, norms, values, etc. of any social group (for example, urban culture, culture of generations, culture of the organization). The dynamic concept of culture does not imply a strict stability of the cultural system; to a certain extent, it can change and be modified depending on the social situation.
As a scientific discipline, intercultural communication is at the stage of formation and is distinguished by two characteristic features: an applied nature (the goal of facilitating communication between representatives of different cultures, reducing the potential for conflict) and interdisciplinarity.
Research on intercultural communication has recently become increasingly important in connection with the processes of globalization and intensive migration.
Types of communication:
1. By the number of participants and distant relationships between them: a. interpersonal (2 people, family) - the minimum number of participants, close relationships. The nature of development is a narrowing or widening of the distance. b. intergroup / intragroup - distances are greater, as is the number of participants c. professional (in business) d. mass (through an intermediary - media, television) e. intercultural (between different cultures, includes all of the previous) 2. With a functional approach: a. informative b. affective-evaluative (feelings, opinions) c. recreational (information for recreation, in a playful way) d. persuasive (between people of different statuses, ideological attitudes) e. ritual (various traditions, customs) 3. By the use of language: a. verbal (35%) - pure information b. non-verbal (65%) - the formation of emotions 3. Peculiarities of non-verbal communication 1. non-verbal communication supplements verbal communication 2. non-verbal communication contradicts verbal communication 3. non-verbal communication replaces verbal communication 4. non-verbal communication serves as a regulator of verbal communication
Non-verbal communication:
1.kinesics (facial expressions, gaze, gestures, posture) 2.prosody (vocal and intonation means) 3.takesics (touch) 4.sensics (sensory perception, manifestation of sensations) 5.prosemics (spatial structure of communication) 6. chronology (temporal communication structure)
Basic concepts
Communication is the act or process of transferring information to other people or living beings, communication between two or more individuals based on mutual understanding, communication of information from one person to another or a number of persons. Information is the result of the reflection of a variable object by a changing object, mediated by forms of communication, in order to preserve their system integrity. Information is primary and meaningful, this is a category, therefore, it is introduced into the categorical apparatus of science by portrait description, through related categories: matter, system, structure, reflection. In the material world (of a person), information materializes through its carrier and thanks to it exists. The essence of the material world appears to the researcher in the unity of form and content. Information is transmitted through the carrier. The material medium gives form to information. In the process of shaping, the information carrier is changed. The term information has no definition, since it is not a concept. There is information in the communication channels of control systems. The category information should not be confused with the concept of knowledge. Knowledge is defined through the category information. Information - according to the legislation of the Russian Federation - information about persons, objects, facts, events, phenomena and processes, regardless of the form of their presentation. Information reduces the degree of uncertainty, incompleteness of knowledge about persons, objects, events, etc. Information is everything that leads to a change or preservation of the state of an object involved in communication. Language is the totality of all the words of the people and their correct combination to convey thoughts, a communication system consisting of small fragments and a set of rules that regulate the way these fragments are used to compose a statement that makes sense. The system of sounds and written signs used by the population of a certain country, area for the purpose of communication with each other. Culture is a way of life, especially the common customs and beliefs of a certain group of people at a certain time. Customs, beliefs, art.
Intercultural competence is the ability to successfully communicate with people of other cultures, in a narrow sense, the ability to successfully communicate with people from other cultures. This ability can appear from a young age or it can be developed. The basis for successful intercultural communication is emotional competence and intercultural sensitivity.
An interculturally competent person is a person who embraces and understands the specific programs of perception, thinking and actions of people from foreign cultures. Previously acquired experiences are expanded.
WHAT DO YOU THINK? INTERESTING or NOT? You can make a report on this topic or a speech at a faculty conference, publish an article or abstracts within the framework of the conference. There will be a publication. How good!
The interaction of civilizations is becoming the imperative of modern world politics. This interaction reveals contradictions that, not being new, can become central in the 21st century. In summary, they can be formulated as follows:
the contradiction between the global and the local is gaining the level of a citizen of the world without losing one's own roots. The processes of economic modernization and social change are increasingly eroding the traditional relationships that people are used to. This leads to some weakening of the role of the nation state as a source of human identification;
the contradiction between the universal and the individual: the globalization of culture is becoming universal.
On the one hand, the world is becoming more and more united on the basis of economic, technological, informational integration. On the other hand, increased integration leads to an increase in cultural identity. In this process, a conglomerate of cultural societies that are different in their history, traditions, language, religion is formed, which develop, interact and influence each other on the basis of intercultural communication according to their inherent laws. They are relatively independent, and while remaining different, they collide in a single information space. These differences affect attitudes towards the myriad of issues - human rights, trade, environmental protection, and the like - that are at the heart of modern politics.
Given the unity of the world today, cultural differences necessarily involve clashes, given the fact that cultural characteristics are less subject to change than economic and political ones. It is becoming more and more obvious that, along with economics and politics, intercultural communication is an important factor in the regulation of both internal life and relations between countries. The velvet curtain of culture has now replaced the iron curtain of ideology as the main demarcation line in Europe.1
In the context of the transformation of modern Russian society, painfully seeking its socio-cultural identity, striving to create an effective system of social organization, the need to study the problems of intercultural communication is especially growing.
More than a hundred ethnic groups and many other cultural groups live in Russia, adhering to various religions, cultural traditions and customs. As the experience of recent years has shown, the problems of intercultural communication turn out to be no less important, and sometimes even more intense, than political and economic ones. They are manifested in interaction with the countries of the near abroad, which assert their identity, cultural specificity, their own state language, and form the national intelligentsia. This requires an understanding of the existing intercultural communication.
Russia's integration into European and global processes has led to the problem of mastering the cultural characteristics of other countries. Entering the common space is impossible without mastering its cultural context. Awareness of belonging to a single world space requires achieving understanding between the carriers of different cultures.
Practice shows that many of our compatriots were not ready for intercultural contacts, they are poorly aware of their own and other people's national and cultural characteristics. In the materials of the European
1 Huntington, S. The Clash and Civilization? // Foreign Affairs. 1993, 3. P. 22. cultural convention draws attention to the need to develop interaction through the dialogue of cultures, contributing to the establishment of contacts, awareness of the universal "we" and the desire to understand each other. The development of these abilities is inseparable from the development of a "foreign" culture, for "the ability of one people to master the achievements of another is one of the main indicators of the viability of its culture, the most obvious indicator of the progress of culture."
The implementation of intercultural communication brings hope for the enrichment of national cultures. At the same time, this process can pose the danger of oblivion and displacement of their own cultural origins. Intercultural communication can lead to both positive and negative consequences.
Thus, the practical needs of intercultural communication set the direction of new theoretical searches, lead to a rethinking of traditional ideas and reveal an urgent need for an appropriate scientific paradigm based on the heuristic possibilities of communication and culture.
Academic interest in intercultural communication arose after World War II, when projects were developed in the United States to help developing countries. The main attention of the researchers was focused on the development of skills and abilities of intercultural communication, taking into account the cultural characteristics of countries. Anthropologists, psychologists, cultural studies, linguists were involved in this work. Information for teaching intercultural communication came from different sciences, therefore intercultural communication as a field of scientific research was interdisciplinary from the very beginning. This affected both the borrowing of concepts and categories, and research methods.
1 Oizerman T.I. Are there universals in the field of culture? // Questions of philosophy. 1989, 2.C.54.
Over the years, interdisciplinarity is not only not overcome, but also increases, which indicates the exceptional complexity of the phenomenon of intercultural communication. The richness of shades of theoretical understanding of intercultural communication is nothing more than a reflection of its real multi-quality.
The integration of knowledge accumulated in the field of intercultural communication is carried out by identifying intercultural differences, the specifics of cultures as prerequisites for their mutual understanding and interaction, determining the mechanism of intercultural communication and factors contributing to the successful adaptation of subjects of intercultural communication.
With the development of intercultural research, new forms of training are emerging, called intercultural or cross-cultural. A new profession is emerging - a specialist in intercultural communication, the International Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research (SIETAR) is created, its branch in Europe (SIETAR Europe), Intercultural Press publishing house are opened.
In Russia, the ideas of intercultural communication began to actively develop in the mid-90s. Initially, they were associated with a change in the paradigm of teaching foreign languages: for the effective establishment of intercultural contacts, not only language, but also cultural skills and abilities are required.
However, long before the emergence of scientific interest in the communication of cultures in domestic science, fundamental works appeared, indicating the prospects of this kind of research. These include studies of dialogue as a stable factor in the interaction of cultures (M.M.Bakhtin, Yu.M. Lotman, B.C. Bibler).
At present, in Russia, intercultural communication has the status of an academic discipline, relies on a developing network of research centers and higher educational institutions, and has a publishing base. However, the practical institutionalization of this area of \u200b\u200bscientific knowledge is ahead of its theoretical and methodological substantiation. The problem of creating a theoretical foundation remains relevant.
The study of intercultural communication in the subject field of social philosophy is designed to solve a number of important theoretical and methodological problems. They are associated not so much with the unification of the results and their reduction to a single discourse, but with a well-grounded analysis of the subject and object of research, its interpretation in the mainstream of social philosophy, based on its inherent problematics and conceptual tools corresponding to this disciplinary tradition.
Today, when the prerequisites for the implementation of comprehensive studies of the most complex sociocultural systems are being formed and when the systematic approach allows philosophy to build an appropriate model of the integral existence of culture, it becomes possible to establish productive links between the branches of knowledge that study culture and communication in both synchronic and anachronistic aspects.
Thus, the relevance of the research topic is due to:
a) the exceptional importance of intercultural communication in the development of human civilization as a guarantor of the existence of the cultures themselves. A long and complex process of interaction and mutual influence of cultures requires a thorough study of their prerequisites, paths, centers, personality, national identity, etc .;
b) the need for a philosophical understanding of the problem, since from the very beginning the studies of intercultural communication were interdisciplinary in nature. Deepening knowledge about the nature, essence, dynamics, structure of intercultural communication requires a socio-philosophical approach, its analysis as a whole and at the same time each of its
parts and facets, as well as the patterns of its modification in ethnosocial space and historical time;
c) the need to systematize the theoretical and methodological foundations, principles and criteria of intercultural communication, developed by domestic and foreign researchers;
d) social demand for training specialists who can function effectively in the context of the development of intercultural contacts at all levels.
The state of scientific elaboration of the problem.
The concept of "intercultural communication" entered the scientific discourse in 1954, with the publication of the book by E. Hall and D. Trager "Culture as Communication: Model and Analysis", in which intercultural communication was considered as a special area of \u200b\u200bhuman relations1.
Later, in his work "Silent Language", E. Hall develops ideas about the relationship between culture and communication and for the first time brings the problem of intercultural communication not only to the level of scientific research, but also to an independent academic discipline. Further development of the theoretical foundations of intercultural communication was continued by J. Condon and J. Fati in the work "Introduction to Intercultural Communication" 3.
Initially, research in the mainstream of intercultural communication focused on the problems of intercultural differences, the analysis of the relationship between them and the characteristic behavior of cultural carriers (R. Benedict, D. Gorer, M. Mead, etc.) 4.
The basis for intercultural research in the post-war period is the problem of culture and personality, the creation of so
1 See: Trager, G., Hall E. Culture as Communication: A Model and Analysis. New York, 1954.
2 See; Hall, E. The Silent Language. New York, 1959.
3 See: Condon, J. and Fathi, Y. An Introduction to Intercultural Communication. N. Y. 1975.
4 See: Benedict, R. Patterns of Culture. Boston, 1934.
called "cultural model" of personality: each culture forms a certain type of personality, as well as a unique system of values, priorities of behavior models. Thus, the main idea of \u200b\u200bAmerican intercultural research in the 40s of the XX century is developing - the idea of \u200b\u200bcultural relativism, an ethnorelativistic approach to the description, interpretation and assessment of cultural differences.
Researchers dealing with the problems of intercultural differences inevitably came to the need to address the issue of the relationship between culture and communication, their relationship and interaction. It should be noted that the very concept of communication in the XX century has undergone significant changes. Today it is applied in three methodological contexts. These three approaches even contradict each other in certain aspects, which has not allowed to build a coherent communication theory so far.
The first methodological approach is based on the classical positivist methodology of subject-object relations. It is represented by the concept of structural functionalism, uses the system method, the concept of the information society, etc. (D. Bell, A. Toffler1). The ontology of communication in this approach is based on systemic connections and functions. Information is the basis of culture and all cultural values.
The second (nonclassical) methodological approach (J. Habermas2) is based on the cognitive model of subject-object relations, in which the sphere of communication stands out as a special ontological object. Its study is based on the methods of hermeneutic interpretation of meanings, critical reflection, and rational reconstruction.
The third (post-nonclassical) approach reduces the nature of the social to subject-object relations, that is, to the principle of intersubjectivity and excludes objectivity. Society is viewed as a network of communications, and communications create an opportunity for self-description of society and its self-reproduction (N. Luhmann). Communication appears not as an obedient object of managerial decisions, but as an active self-organizing environment1. This consideration of the nature of communication takes it to a new level and gives it a societal role.
As a separate research area, we can single out the problems of speech communication, the emergence of which was preceded by the idea of \u200b\u200bthe plurality of functions of language and its interactions with life, put forward by the Austrian philosopher and logician L. Wittgenstein. The works of this direction reveal the nature of the impact of socio-cultural factors on the communication process and the socio-cultural conditionality of verbal and non-verbal communication means at any level of functioning.
In domestic studies of intercultural communication, Western scientific traditions are mainly preserved in approaches to this complex and multifaceted phenomenon. Their main feature is aspectualization. They reflect the following research aspects: sociological (social, ethnic and other factors in intercultural communication); linguistic (verbal and non-verbal means of communication, language styles, ways to increase the effectiveness of intercultural communication); psychological (cognitive and emotional components of intercultural communication, value orientations and motivation); communicative
(communication skills and abilities, conflict management, development of intergroup ties). Accordingly, the approaches to defining the subject of research and the objectives of the research are differentiated.
Research in the history and theory of culture makes a significant contribution to the development of problem areas of intercultural communication. The field of cultural analysis is expanding: a systemic examination of the internal structure of culture and its functioning as a subsystem of being reveals its multidimensionality. The concept of "integral field of culture" introduced by VM Mezhuev allows not to oppose, but to link into a single whole "axiological and existential (ontological) aspects of human socio-historical activity" 1.
Many interesting observations and generalizations that reveal the symbolism of culture and give a non-trivial interpretation of various cultural phenomena of the past are contained in the books and articles of S. Averintsev, M. Mamardashvili2, in the works of representatives of the Tartu-Moscow semiotic school Yu. Lotman, B. Uspensky3 and other scientists. The myth is studied in detail as a cultural phenomenon related not only to ancient times, but also preserved in any society (here one should note the publication of F. Losev's previously written works4). In the works of S. Artanovsky, G. Pomerants, A. Bystrov, A. Rapoport and other researchers, forms and types of culture are considered in connection with intercultural contacts5.
Among the works devoted to the study of the concept and emerging on the problem of intercultural communication, one can single out the publications of D.S. Likhachev, N.I. Tolstoy, Yu.S. Stepanova, V.V. Kolesov, in which the conceptual sphere of Russian culture is analyzed1.
The morphological analysis of culture is significantly deepened, allowing one to get to the nature of its dialogism. Development is received by those formulated by B.C. Stepin and A. Ya. Gurevich's ideas about the categories of culture and the role of philosophy in their explication and rationalization2. In the works of M. Kagan, a deep analysis of the semiosis of culture (the composition of the linguistic means used by it) was carried out, which revealed its "polyglotness" and, in particular, the existence of two types of language in it - monological and dialogical3.
With the development of mass media, scientific interest in the communicative function of culture, the problems of broadcasting and preserving cultural values \u200b\u200bis increasing. Attempts are being made to analyze the evolution of culture on the basis of the hypothesis of information selection, where the mechanisms of cultural dynamics are the speed of communication, the processing of information, the visibility of its display, the use of feedback (A. Drikker) 4.
An information-semiotic approach to culture is being developed. Initially associated with literary criticism, it later encompasses through its central concept "text" (language) a much larger volume of cultural phenomena. At the origins of this approach in the West were E. Cassirer, A. Moll, G. Gadamer, in our country - representatives of the Tartu-Moscow semiotic school Y. Lotman and other researchers.
Information-semiotic analysis of cultural processes made it possible to consider cultural phenomena as signs that carry meaning, information1, and to come up with information models of cultural processes.
In recent years, a significant number of interesting works have appeared, which are distinguished by their novelty, the expansion of ideas about intercultural communication2. A special problem field unfolds around intercultural dialogue3, globalization of culture and interaction of civilizations4.
Two areas should be distinguished here: 1) study of the culture of Russia and the West (interaction, mutual perception, mutual influence); 2) study of the originality of Russia as a special world and, at the same time, as an integral part of world civilization.
This indicates that a huge amount of scientific material at various levels of generalization has been accumulated. It requires a theoretical understanding of the essential characteristics of intercultural communication, the identification and analysis of the main methodological and worldview core of its theory. However, this aspect was not reflected in any work on problem areas of intercultural communication, therefore, in a certain sense, the problem of intercultural communication in the socio-philosophical aspect is new.
All this in the aggregate determined the choice of the research topic, determined its goals and objectives.
The purpose of the study is to determine the essence, nature, nature of intercultural communication as an integral part of a holistic vision of global processes taking place in the world.
Research objectives:
analyze the theoretical and methodological foundations of the phenomenon of intercultural communication;
Define and explore those zones of human life, society in which intercultural communication functions and develops;
To reveal the interaction and mutual influence of culture and communication, communication and communication, to reveal the tendencies of their interconnections;
Explore the essential characteristics of intercultural communication, as a factor of socio-cultural changes, revealing the universal and unique in the interaction of cultural and civilizational complexes;
Analyze dialogue as the basis of intercultural communication, its features in a communicative mode;
Explore intercultural communication at the interpersonal level, substantiate intercultural communication as a special type of discourse, reveal its meaning and conditions of opportunity;
Based on the essential characteristics of intercultural communication, analyze the mutual enrichment of cultures in the process of their interaction;
Investigate socio-cultural factors that contribute to and hinder the effectiveness of intercultural communication;
Analyze spiritual and social changes in the structure of intercultural communication in the context of globalization;
Identify and study the problems and contradictions of intercultural communication that arise in the process of interaction of cultures in the context of globalization.
The object of research is the socio-cultural space as a general and nationally-specific space, which recreates the picture of the world and the subject himself, belonging to a specific cultural community.
The subject of the research is the social nature and functioning of intercultural communication.
Scientific hypothesis. The presence of structural and functional
interconnections and interdependencies between culture and civilization, culture and communication, communication and communication allow us to consider intercultural communication as a social phenomenon. It provides interaction between subsystems of culture within society, individuals within one culture or at the level of intercultural communication, as well as between different and different cultures.
In the process of intercultural communication, sociocultural experience is transmitted and assimilated, the interacting subjects change, and new personal qualities are formed. As the community develops as a global one, intercultural communication also develops, which is expressed in the growing socio-cultural significance of the common achievements of civilizations for all mankind.
Intercultural communication appears as a dialectical process in which various vectors of socio-cultural interaction (integration-differentiation; universalization-particularization; conflicts-cooperation) do not exclude, but mutually condition each other.
We regard the dynamics of intercultural communication as a process of continuous development, improving the quality of intercultural interaction, increasing mutual understanding in various spheres of social
life and at different levels (civilizational, national, intergroup, interpersonal). In each case, putting forward the goal of achieving and expanding mutual understanding, we take into account the possibility of inversion, that is, degradation of relations. Nevertheless, it is possible that with the emergence of new factors and impulses for interaction and communication, mutual understanding will still deepen.
Theoretical and methodological base of the research.
The dissertation research is based on general scientific principles of cognition of social phenomena in combination with a systems approach, dialectical, historical and logical methods.
The work analyzes the works of domestic and foreign scientists, allowing to reveal the versatility of the phenomenon of intercultural communication, its social nature, structure, mechanisms of functioning.
The works of N. Berdyaev, N. Danilevsky, K. Marx, F. Nietzsche, A. Toynbee, O. Spengler, K. Jaspers, and other scientists, in which dramatic dialectics are revealed, became the source for the development of the theoretical and methodological foundations of intercultural communication as a social phenomenon. civilization and culture.
In the study of the social nature and the relationship between culture and communication, the author relied on the provisions of the theory of communicative action by Y. Habermas, the cultural theory of communication by A. Mol and M. McLuhan, as well as the communicative paradigm of N. Luhmann.
Considering culture as a basic category of intercultural communication, the author is based on the concepts of culture developed by Yu. Lotman, B. Malinovsky, T. Parsons, P. Sorokin, V. Stepin. These concepts make it possible to talk about ...
COMMUNICATION AND ITS TYPES
Communication is a socially conditioned process of transmission and perception of information both in interpersonal and in mass communication, and through different channels with the help of various verbs and nonverbs in the communication.
Intercultural communication is a set of various forms of relations and communication between individuals and groups belonging to different cultures
In rel kmm stsch 2 against the approach:
1. "Romantic" is considered as a dynamic phenomenon of nah-xia in constant evolution and predetermined by the creative energy of gov-go (Humboldt, Potemnya, Vosler)
2. Structuralist - in the use of language, consider how the creation of predefined models of def-x structures from discrete fixed units that are not subject to serious changes (De Saussure, Jacobson)
The essence of monologue and dialogic speech. Bakhtin says that the monologue of speech is not real.
K-tion is considered as a process of interaction and intercoding of an individual fuss of each of the communicants (Leontiev)
There is no transfer of thought between the speaker and his listener. The listener himself has created information by reducing the neopr-ty by interacting in his own cognitive field. Consensus arises only through cooperative interactions in which the resulting behavior of each of the organisms serves to maintain both of them (Maturana)
COMMUNICATION AS A MUTUAL OF "GOV-X CONSCIOUSNESSES"
This term belongs to Ak-ku Bakhtin. He gov that any comm-I is represented by the interaction of "gov-x consciousnesses". The concept of "gov conscience" imitates several pulls and one of them is language. The distinction between languages \u200b\u200bis accepted in three ways:
1. "Global" understanding of language - in which any sign system is named, as well as their scoop (music language, architecture language)
2. "Broad understanding" of the language - in which it is understood as a specific class of signs of the composition of phonemes, morphemes, lexemes. Those. we are talking about a single universal person or language in general
3. language as a really existing sign-i system - used in a certain society at some time and in a certain space (Kibrik)
Culture
According to Kurevich's calculations, there are more than 1000 definitions of the concept of "to-ra":
1. K-ra is composed of components and is understood as a scoop of these components, namely knowledge, beliefs, art, morality, knowledge, traditions and customs, abilities and habits (Taylor)
2. The "broad" understanding of the space according to Lotman: "the originality of the w-as to which the essence requires opposing it to the world of nature, which is pushed as outside space. Lotman differentiated between which and nature. values \u200b\u200bcalled to remove the question of the separation of the material and the spirit of the to-ry because in the human consciousness there is no border between the mother and the spirit (ideal) and the value of any material object as a phenomenon is determined by the meaning or value of which it is endowed in this society
3. social and individual xr to-ry, i.e. to-ra m. to be understood as a form of common existence of people and as a form of appropriation by a person of collective experience
4. nat and univers xr k-ry. Within the framework of the National and the University of K-ry, the trace is issued by the so-called ethnodifferentiating and ethnointegrating f-ii to-ry.
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION. PERSONAL FACTORS OF COMMUNICATION
The IWC appears in the form of interpersonal comms.
MLK is a process of simultaneous interaction of communicants and their impact on others.
MLK is implemented in various forms:
1. Linear - ie. e-e within which the sender encodes his thoughts and feelings and sends them to receive. Lm wear one-way x-r, i.e. from sending to receiving.
2. Transactional - i.e. e-I at which there is simultaneously sending and receiving information, those people form their relationships.
3. Interactive (circular) - the presence of feedback, r-ii from the side of the receiver and mutual influence. Key figure yavl. sent, tk. from him the head of the district I received.
For any communicator model, there is a trace of the chain:
Send - Coding - message - channel - decoder (understanding and playback) - received
During interlich and IWC priority m. one or several aspects of communication:
Informational - exchange of information
Interactive - interaction of communication participants for communication with def. purpose.
Gnossiological - h-k vyst as a subject and object of cognition
Axiological - the process of studying communication as a factor in the exchange of values
Normative - stereotypes of behavior, communication manners are analyzed or studied, in other words, it is etiquette that is accepted in a given society
The main purposes of communication: exchange and transfer of information; form-e rel-I to myself, people and society; exchange of activities, technologies; exchange of emotions; change in motivation behavior.
F-ii communication: informational; social; expressive (mental), pragmatic - regulates the behavior of the person in the context of the general situation; interceptual - understanding the partner, his intentions, attitudes.
The main types of communication:
1. Informative
2. Affective-evaluative - based on the expression of positive or negative feelings in relation to others. In the quality of the basic forms of AO vyd: a) ethnic prejudices b) stereotypes c) prejudices d) common opinion e) rumors
3. Recreational - includes various forms of recreational communication. To the main forms of R. rel: discussions, contests, competitions
4. Persuasive - appears as a communicator, for example, on stimulating k-l d-i, those people are trying to influence persuasion or d-I other people (mainly m / u boss and subordinate)
5. Ritual - vyr-Xia in the observance and implementation of socially established norms of behavior.
The style of communication is very important (the way of transferring information in the percentage of comm-s)
Within the framework of the ICC issued 10 COs:
1. Dominant - striving to reduce the rally dr h-ka
2. Dramatic - exaggerated emotion coloring of the message (how are you? Super !!!)
3. Controversial - ie. aggressive or proving hl.
4. Calming - reducing anxiety in society and in others
5. Impressive - striving to make an impression on the interlocutor
6. Accurate - striving for precision and accuracy of communication
7. Attentive - the ability to listen to the interlocutor
8. Inspired - frequent use of non-verbal meanings
9. Friendly - aspiring to encourage the interlocutor to further common
10. Open - striving to express their feelings, opinions, emotions
Goody Kunst, goal scientist: In the USA - attention, dispute, dominance, impress; in Japan - calm, dramatic, open
Personal factors of communication:
Evaluating the characteristics of the personality and their influence on the communication processes, the main phenomena of the so-called. formal personality traits, namely gender, age, marital status. There are instilled in w, m, children societies. In addition to these x-k essence, the individual has the psychological traits of x-ra
1. Sociability - get out of contact with other people in consumption. O. based on the type of temperament
2. Contact - the ability to get into contact with the parochial and to form a trusting basis on the basis of mutual agreement.
3. Communicative compatibility - willingness and ability to create a relaxed atmosphere of mutual satisfaction with others
4. Adaptability - the willingness to revise the usual ideas and districts, to be able to respond flexibly to changing conditions. Chorus adaptability means a measure of personal freedom in contacts
5. Self-control - self-observation and introspection in the sit-ii general, which are carried out in order to achieve social adequacy
6. Self-awareness of the individual - to direct the stable personality of the individual vn-e to his own inner or outer e-I and actions. Self-consciousness by them 3 aspects: - personal with - outside to yourself and to your thoughts; - public s - knowledge about oneself as a subject of perception by other people; - social anxiety - discomfort in the presence of other people. In different areas, these 3 aspects have different priorities
7. Communicative understanding is a typical orientation for each person towards an objectified way of general. Comm understands the higher the more people are inclined to loneliness, are in social isolation. In other words, people who are closed, conservative, and inclined to isolation feel better and more accurately than socially successful people.
Situational factors of communication
Communication of people k.p takes place in a specific environment or in a specific social environment. In addition, we have a general ownership in which a different number of people are taken into account.
Social groups are two or more individuals who have common interests, which are norms and values, who perceive themselves as members of this group. One h-k m. member of different groups (race, family, students, gender)
In accordance with the communicative role, each person is expected to determine the type or model of behavior. In different to-tah these types or models can. different. Ogr means in any to-re games of the role of connection with a sexual possession. It is believed that in individuals it is more meaningful to show the horizon (equal in rights) ties, and for collectives, vertical (boss - subordinate) ties.
Amer psychologist Bern cites a trace of the standard sit-i (forms of social behavior):
1. Closure is a borderline sit-I when there is no explicit communication between people (on the train)
2. Rituals are habitual repetitive d-i that do not carry a semantic load. Rituals allow people to spend time together without getting close (greeting, goodbye, tricks)
3. Pastime - the so-called. semi-ritual conversations about problems and events known to everyone. The pastime is always socially programmed because permits talking only in a defensive style and on acceptable topics (a party at which unknown people gathered) Calling support for friends and getting signs and connections
4. Joint activity - interaction between people at work for the sake of achieving the goal
5. Games - the most difficult type of general in which each party tries to excel and get rewarded
6. Proximity is a borderline sit-I, free from the games of communication, connection with warm interested relationships between people. This is the most perfect form of people relative.
INCULTURATION AND SOCIOLIZATION
Each person will have to live in the society, so social integration is an important factor. From early childhood, ch-k assimilates the accepted manners of behavior, patterns of thinking until most of them become habitual. Those. this process of mastering by an individual the necessary amount of knowledge, abilities, skills and norms of common life to-ry are designated in the humanities by the concepts of inculturation and sociolization.
Pattern - stable scoops of technologies of thinking, behavior, sequencing and building judgments, various cultural formulas and symbols reflecting certain ideas about reality
Socialization is the harmonious entry of an individual into the social environment, his assimilation of the society's value system, allowing him to successfully function as a member.
Each to-re has its own ways of teaching an acceptable sociolized behavior.
In exclusion from sociolization, the concept of "inculturation" is a subdivision of teaching ch-ka trad-yam and norms to lead in concr. Inculturation includes the formation of the fundamental human factors such as the types of common with other people, the form of behavior with other people, the assessment of the relation to the different phenomena of the environment of the world.
Prots I. yavl more complex and protracted than S., tk. assimilation of k-th norms, values, traditions, customs occur much more slowly.
The content of the inception process is the acquisition of the following knowledge and skills:
Life support - professional d-t, home labor, purchase and consumption of goods and services.
Personal development - acquiring a general and professional image, general act, amateur activities (hobbies)
Social communication - formal and informal communication, travel, sports
Recovery of energy costs - food consumption, personal hygiene, passive rest and sleep
The goals of integration and sociolization
Amer the scientist Nid understands social learning in general by integration, and by inculturation, the real process of learning occurs in a specific to-re.
Practically all cx is on the fact that social is more universal, and inc is to-but specific.
In rez inc-ii ch-k-st able to freely orient himself in the environment of his social environment, use a large number of objects to-ry conscious previous generations and exchange rez-t physical and mental labor.
As a socialist, he becomes a full-fledged member of the society, freely performing the social roles required of him. At the same time, the specificity is not addressed to the specificity.
PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF INCULTURATION
Ch-k changes his views on life, habits, tastes in the course of life. All changes occur under the imperative of the socio-environment, outside of which inc. Is impossible.
Ways of transferring any information:
Vertical transmission - during which socio-I information is transmitted from family to children
Horizontal transmission - the development of the cult of experience is in communication with peers
Indirect transmission - the individual learns from the environment of his people (neighbors, teachers)
The percentage of inc-ii involves a large number of people and general institutions that have received the name of agents and institutions, respectively. They can be subdivided into several groups depending on the function performed:
1. Guardians - f-I: caring for the child, satisfying his physical and emotional consumption
3. Disciplines - distribution of punishments
4. educators - purposeful transfer of social knowledge and skills
5. Companions - agents and institutions occupying an equal position with the h-com and implement the joint d-th
6. Roommates - living in the same house with an individual
All these f-ii in the scoop are carried out by the family, school, media, interest groups. At different stages of the life path, these functions received different implementation.
Relation with my family (up to 5 years old) is decisive. The main goal of the early period of inc-ii was the formation of motivation for attachment to other people. Expressed in trust, obedience, desire to do something nice.
5 - 15 years old per child, other factors of inc-s - common with peers, school, contacts with strangers. They acquire the skills of operating with objects in order to achieve practical rez-that, master abstract thinking, the sphere of emotions develops.
Crazy fur-we inc-ai:
1. Imitation - the child's conscious desire to imitate the defining model of behavior. As an example, efficiency parents, then teachers, people. Years later, he will teach his children in the same imitative positions that he has absorbed.
2. Identification - a way for children to assimilate parental behavior, attitudes and values \u200b\u200bas their own
3. Shame, a sense of shame - appeared if caught at the crime scene, exposed and disgraced
4. The feeling of guilt is a connection with the same experiences, but for its appearance you do not need to be exposed, the voice of your conscience is enough, which says that you acted badly and you will suffer from the consciousness of the bad deed you committed. Those. it is about punishing oneself.
CULTURAL DYNAMICS
AND ITS MAIN FORMS
Cultural dynamics - changes occurring in the cut of a particular people. KD subdivided all types of changes occur in a cut and a h-ke under the influence of internal and external factors.
In anthropology, it is accepted to trace the sources of the dynamics:
1. Innovation - the invention of new images, symbols, norms and rules of behavior, new forms of activity, for example, to change the life of people and the formation of a new type of thinking or perception of the world
2. Appeal to cultural heritage - reassessment and use in new conditions of the entire scoop of achievements of this society and its historical experience
3. Cultural borrowing - the use of objects, norms of behavior, values \u200b\u200bcreated and tested in others. This type of to-noy dynamics is developed in those cases when one to-ra gives in to the other more developed. KZ takes place both with direct contact and with indirect contact (media, consumed goods, image of the institution). However, in the percentage of borrowing, the recipient of the borrowings is not all in a row, but only that which is close to him, can bring a clear or hidden benefit and will give in the same reception before other peoples. X-r, st-n and the effectiveness of k-n borrowings are determined by the following factors:
a) the intensity of contacts
b) conv-i mkk contacts (whether it was done voluntarily or by violence)
c) st-n differentiation about-va, i.e. the presence of social groups ready to accept the innovation
4. Synthesis - the interaction and the connection of dissimilar el-tos, in which there is a new phenomenon, which is different from the constituent components and their own quality. Kp synthesis they take place in the event that k-l k-ra develops achievements in those areas that are not sufficiently developed in itself, but at the same time remains original (Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, Macau)
Cultural diffusion and its contemporary contexts
K-naya diffusion - mutual penetration of the phenomenon-th to-ry or whole to-th complexes from one to-ry to another during their interaction
K-noe interaction is a k-ny contact that can pass without a trace or end with a strong power of interaction (republics of the USSR)
The channels of diffusion are: migration, tourism, missionaries, trade, war, national conferences, fairs, exchange of specialists, etc.
K-th diffusion was of 2 types:
Vertical (stratification) - in which one edge is subject to another
Horizontal - at which equal relations are established between to-mi
CONCEPT AND ESSENCE OF ACCULTURE
The study of the processes of acculturation dates back to the early twentieth century and was started by the amer anthropologists Redfield, Linton and Herskovitz. At the beginning of the acc-yu considered as a result of the long-term contact of groups representing different cells, which was expressed in a change in the original models in both groups. It was believed that these processes are automatic, to-ry are mixed and the composition-e to-noy and ethnic homogeneity is achieved. Otherwise gov, acc-I was understood as a group phenomenon. At the present time, they began to consider the Ur-not of the psychology of the individual.
Acc-I is a process and result of mutual ownership of different cut-outs in which all or some of the representatives of one cut adopt the norms, values \u200b\u200band traditions of other cut-outs which are called the donor ...
MAIN FORMS OF ACCULTURE
2. Assimilation - var-t acc-ii in which the ch-k fully accepts the values \u200b\u200band norms of a different k-ry, while refusing from his own identity (from the norms and values \u200b\u200bof his own K-ry)
3. Separation - the denial of someone else's cut while maintaining identification only with your cut. A kind of separation in which the dominant cut isolates the representatives of the subordinate cut - segregation (forced separation).
4. Marginalization is a phenomenon that is evidence of the loss of identity with one's own cut and the absence of identification with a cut of the majority. This is also due to the dominants of the K-ry which is carrying out violence in relation to the representatives of Dr.
5. Integration - identification both with your own and with a new cut.
The result and purpose of acc. Is yavl long-term adaptation to life in someone else's room. Acc is considered in the following aspects:
Psychological - the achievement of psychological satisfaction in the framework of dr.
Socio-k-naya - the ability to freely navigate in a new complex, to solve everyday problems in the family, at home, at work
Economical - work
In the presence of all these types of adaptation, people feel satisfaction.
Acc-i as communication
Because of their continued experience, general people consider exactly what is needed in the new services. Any communication to them. 3 aspects:
Cognitive is what we learn
Affective - implies the air of individuals dr on others
Behavioral - implies the acceptance of norms, values, traditions, customs of someone else's. We master the skills: technical (Vlad-e yaz-ohm, the ability to call phone numbers, shop, pay taxes); social (a system of rules and conventions which must be adhered to in someone else's to-re);
Full adaptation of a ch-ka to someone else's to-re means that all 3 aspects of comm-tions proceed simultaneously and are well balanced.
FACTORS OF THE FORMATION OF RUSSIAN CULTURE
geo factors - the historian Klyuchevsky was the first person who turned it into geo factors, he wrote: “it is the russ plain, the river steppe and the interfluve, the forest and the steppe, the river and the endless field, all this formed the russ go people, the type of household and state, as well as the relationship with neighboring peoples. " The household activity took part. Another famous philosopher Berdyaev wrote that the landscape of the Russian soul corresponded to the landscape of the Russian soul corresponding to the landscape of the Russian land. For all the complexities of the relationship between the Russian and the Russian nature, its cult was so important that it found its reflection in the ethnonym (self-consciousness) of the Russian ethnic group.
history factors - ogre meaning for the formation of the Russian mentality and to-ry became Christ in its eastern, that is, the Byzantine version. The result of the baptism of Russia was its entry into the then civilized world. However, the more important factor was its geopolitical position between the West and the East. It is from this that the history of the events Rus, and then Russia chooses an orientation to the east, for example, development
religious factors - Khomyakov - the leader of the Slavic-philology of the govs "the true Christ Church is first of all a deep spirit bond uniting many believers in love and truth. Of all the concessions, only the Orthodox Church corresponds to this ideal. The principle of collegiality is violated in Catholicism and Protestantism. In Catholicism, conciliarity was violated in the name of the subordinate to the Pope, and in Protestantism in the name of the triumph of individualism freedom. The result was the consolidation in the quality of the ideal of the Russian to-ry - striving for authoritarianism and collectivity at the same time.
SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS OF RUSSIAN CULTURE
Nat xr - scoop specifically, physical and spirit-x-quality, norms of behavior and activities typical for representatives of a particular nation.
Investigated nats x-ra think that the whole scoop of determining factors nats x-ra mb. divided into 2 groups:
Natural and biological factors
Socio-cultural factors
The type of about-va formed in this or that people had an even greater influence on the national xr than the natural-bio factors. Nats xr warehouse-Xia from a set of values, which is the carrier of this or that people. In a measurable form, the manifestation of the national x-ra yavl ethnic stereotypes that contribute to the formation of images of "good" and "bad" peoples and orients the nation towards the search for allies and / or enemies
Ethnic stereotype is a socially conditioned schematic image of one's ethnic community (autostereotype) or an idea of \u200b\u200bother ethnic communities (heterostereotype).
Stereotypes of fuss because of the desire to save thinking: concretization, simplification, description of a large group of people as a single one.
C-py formed either with immediate interpersonal contact - com contact, as well as through unorganized forms of transfer of information (rumors, anecdotes, messages, sayings), as well as through prejudices rooted in historical traditions
Ethnic stereotype is a kind of test extended to the whole people in which the efficiency is expressed. psychological features of the perception of other people.
Ethnic identity occupies a special place in Russian to-re and takes the form "ours - not ours". The main criterion for this will be religion, as well as referral to the Western or Eastern world. On this basis, the special Russian concept of "foreigner" is formed. In-tsy are basically people from the west for us.
It was also important that, due to the fall of Byzantium, Russia realized itself as a state being at enmity with Christian, but non-Orthodox countries (Germany, Poland, Lithuania). Most pagans are Muslims - Mongols, Tatars became Orthodox.
Russians have always had a restrained and alien attitude to the concept of "foreigner".
For Russia, foreigners are a kind of mirror from which, on the one hand, we want to get approval for our actions, and on the other hand, we constantly recognize our identity and want to preserve it.
NATIONAL RUSSIAN CHARACTER
The topic of russ nats x-ra in russ general thought
Studying russ x-ra breaking down into 2 stages:
1. Vr-na Mosk Rus - the end of the 19th century - the study of the bliss of weaver
2. At the beginning of the 20th, in the nats x-r began to receive a more objective assessment where, along with the negative ones, were given positive quality rus x-py.
Negat quality, Berdyaev vyd:
The illogical, haphazard and utopian nature of rus thought, the lack of the need for free creative thought in russ mind
impulsiveness, laziness, disorganization, inability and unwillingness to finish the job started
sloppiness and slovenliness in an effort to do everything quickly carelessly
formal religiosity wholesale such qualities as striving to cheat, deceive, lack of foreseen
Kaverin vyd:
striving for youth, revelry, endless freedom, remove without end
The very chap conclusion about the quality of rus nats x-ra: duality, impermanence
Put it, Berdyaev:
softness, passivity, femininity
nationalism is connected with messianism, i.e. with the idea of \u200b\u200bthe special mission of Russia in history, therefore messianism in Russians turns into denial of any nationalism and recognition that the Russian people sacrificially served the cause of all peoples
The originality and originality of x-ra is explained by the religiosity underlying the desire to search for absolute good in this regard, the pavement of russ x-ra
unselfishness
lack of interest in mother's values \u200b\u200band private property
the ability to sympathy and empathy rus ch-ka
These philosophers declare that the positive quality of rus nats x-ra is a continuation of his shortcomings, and do not compensate for them.
The idea of \u200b\u200bthe naib typical features of the national x-ra are generalized into auto and heterostereotypes.
The factors of auto and heterostereotypization determine the character of the ICC and the way of forming either "good" or "bad" peoples.
In addition to non-personal interpersonal, general auto and heterostereotypes are acquired by people from childhood and show him a specific image of other peoples.
The study of 5 basic qualifications inherent in the great Russian:
Kindness
Patience
Hospitality
Carelessness
A stereotype is a set of general averaged properties or traits of a person, behavior patterns of representatives of a certain nation.
INTERCULTURAL ASPECT OF THE PROBLEM OF PERCEPTION AND UNDERSTANDING IN TRANSLATION
Translation competence
Competencies
Constitutive (fundamental) Receptive (perception and understanding of the foreign language of the text) Expressive (defeat of the text on the TL)
Sub-level (subordinate to the constitutive)
Language Background, sociocultural (outlook, experience)
professional
Epi level (how KU and SU are used in speech, approx-e language unit-ts in speech)
Letter / oral Text-forming (knowledge of the parameters by which the text is created, ch: coherence and integrity) Genre-style (time, HL, GPL, ODL, NITL)
The first competence is the sum of knowledge, abilities and skills for the implementation of the professional first activity
Receptive competence (perception and understanding) - level 2 of the signaling system:
1. Sensations, representations (consciousness)
2.concepts, attitudes, inferences-I x-ny only for ch-ka (consciousness and thinking)
Understand the resultant thought embodied in judgment
RC understands phase x-p (or stadial):
2. comprehension of what was said or written
3.p-d of verbal speech in the language of internal speech
speech - thought
Internally, speech is simulated xr (folded), External speech is successive (expanded xr)
Expressive Competence - Speech Awareness Competence
thought - speech
Composite of several stages:
1. Planning - a search for specific concepts of the corresponding word
2.implementation - linear expansion of syntax structures
3.control
Fossilization - "petrification" to-l laz str-r which were originally presented either by the school or by the textbook
Agnonyms - mistakes that have risen and understood
Paranormals - hitting errors
Linguistic competence - subraz chorus knowledge of vocabulary, grammar (morphology, syntax), stylistics
Background competence - subdivision outlook and thesaurus knowledge (a dictionary that contains a complete description of a particular field of activity)
Professional competence - writing / mouth; text-forming; genre-style.
LANGUAGE AND CULTURE, THEIR RELATIONSHIP
Himes went over all the points to understanding the relationship between the language and the key and the 4 basic approach:
1. Yaz is primary, i.e. he was the source, cause, factor of becoming and development of the
2. the rest of the to-ry (except for language) is primary, i.e. language secondary
3.Neither the language, nor the rest of the parts are primary, they are considered as mutually determining
4.Neither the language nor the rest of the parts are primary, both are determined by the factor underlying them (such factors can be a look at the mines or nats x-r)
Naib acceptable with t. Z large-va yavl 3. Whitehead: "a civilization is a product of a developing civilization"
LANGUAGE, CONSCIOUSNESS, THINKING
Consciousness, realizing interiorization (assimilation and understanding) of the environment by an individual in the form of a structured and systematized knowledge and ideas, and is responsible for fixing, storing and evaluating the results of the activity of a person enters into complex relationships with a thought.
Yaz, consciousness and thought appear as different hypostases of a certain single essence and an image of a single mental-lingual complex. Morkovkin gov: “thinking is, first of all, a dynamic hypostasis, consciousness is an accumulative-evaluative hypostasis, language is an instrumental and communicative hypostasis.
LANGUAGE PERSONALITY
Yaz-e consciousness, existing as a collective consciousness of a certain linguistic community, reveals itself and is accessible to observation only when it is mediated by a specific identity by a person in its activity. This term was introduced in the 80s. prof Karaulov and is still a buzzword
A personality language is a multi-layered and multi-component set of language skills, readiness for real speech actions of varying degrees of complexity, and actions that are classified from one side according to the types of speech (speaking, listening, reading, writing) , and with others sotr on ur-yam yaz-a.
In addition, the definition of Karaulov proposed the structure of the identity of the person, consisting of 3 levels.
1. verbal-semantic - assuming normal possession of the language for the carrier.
2. cognitive - the units of which yavl concepts, ideas emerging for each personality identity in a more or less ordered systematized "picture of the world" and representing a hierarchy of values \u200b\u200bfor such a person.
3. pragmatic - including goals, motives, attitudes and interests. This ur-n provides a natural transition from assessments of her speech d-ti to understanding the real d-ti.
H-k speaking
lang lich-ty communicator-i lich-ty speech lich-ty
(verbally semantic) (cognitive) (pragmatic)
Karaulov decree on the essence of the common Russian language of the type is a prerequisite for the existence of an invariant part in the structure of each individual. It is this invariant part that will ensure the mutual understanding of the carriers of different dialects of social and k-x codes.
TYPOLOGY OF COMMUNICATIVE
FAILURE IN IWC
First of all, communication failures are caused not only by code (language) reasons, but also by non-code (extralinguistic) reasons. Comm failures are found both in monocoque and in MCC, but the frequency of occurrence of such failures is more common in MCC.
Classification of comm fail:
1. Failures caused by insufficient Vlad in the foreign language, Russian semantic systems (language of gestures, language of body movement, etc.)
2. failures caused by their national differences or those cognitive aspects of the personality of the communicants belonging to different nationalities.
3.failures caused by pragma factors of various kinds
4. Failures caused by different behavioral characteristics of foreigners.
CULTURE AND COMMUNICATION
Culture is an essential characteristic of a person associated with a purely human ability to purposefully transform the surrounding world, in the course of which an artificial world of things, symbols, as well as connections and relationships between people is created. Anything made by or related to a person is part of a culture. Communication and communication are an essential part of human life, and therefore a part of culture. Emphasizing their importance, many researchers equate culture with communication (communication). Based on this interpretation, many Western scholars figuratively depict culture as an iceberg, at the base of which are cultural values \u200b\u200band norms, and its peak is the individual behavior of a person, based on them and manifested primarily in communication with other people.
Only through communication does a person pass inculturation and socialization, becomes a representative of his people and culture. It is communication in all its forms (verbal and non-verbal), types (formal and informal), types (interpersonal, intergroup, intercultural) that most fully reveals the specifics of human society.
Each specific act of communication is determined by the cultural differences of the interlocutors. Depending on the specificity of cultural differences in intercultural communication, it is customary to distinguish between collectivist and individualist types of culture. The collectivist type of culture is prevalent mainly among the eastern peoples, in whose cultures the main value is identification with the collective. This type of culture is dominant among the peoples of Japan, China, Russia and most African countries. Representatives of collectivist cultures often forget their personal interests for the sake of successful interpersonal interaction. A person in such cultures is judged by his ability to establish contact with other people, and by this ability others judge his character and competence.
In contrast, in individualist cultures, the emphasis is on the personality, and the main value in them is individualism. There, everyone has their own principles and beliefs. In these cultures, all human actions are self-directed.
It is natural that this or that kind of culture generates its own type of communication. So, representatives of collectivist cultures try to avoid direct interactions and focus on non-verbal means of communication, which, in their opinion, allow them to better find out and understand the intentions of the interlocutor, to determine his attitude towards them. For their part, representatives of individualist cultures prefer direct forms of communication and open ways of resolving conflicts. Therefore, in the process of communication, they mainly use verbal methods.
Communication takes place on three levels:
The communicative level is communication through the language and cultural traditions characteristic of a particular language community. The result of this level of interaction is mutual understanding between people.
The interactive level is communication that takes into account the personal characteristics of people. It leads to certain relationships between people.
The perceptual level provides an opportunity for mutual cognition and rapprochement of people on this rational basis. It is a process of partners' perception of each other, determining the context of the meeting. Perceptual skills are manifested in the ability to manage their perception, "read" the mood of partners by verbal and non-verbal characteristics, understand the psychological effects of perception and take them into account to reduce its distortion.
No culture exists in isolation. In the course of her life, she is forced to constantly turn either to her past or to the experience of other cultures. This appeal to other cultures is called "cultural interaction". In this interaction, the obvious fact is the communication of cultures in different "languages". The fact is that each culture in the process of its development creates various systems of signs, which are its peculiar carriers. The creation of signs is a purely human feature. However, this human ability at the same time creates the problem of understanding and perception of foreign cultures. For a person, possession of these signs and sign systems means his inclusion in relations with other people and in culture. Several types of signs have been created and are used depending on the purpose.
5. Language signs
However, by themselves, individual signs have no meaning and do not represent value if they are not interconnected with other signs and are not part of a certain sign system, for example, there is a sign system of greetings: various kinds of bows, handshakes, kisses, pats on the shoulder.
Any sign has its own form and content. The content of the signs represents complex, multifaceted, concentrated information for those who are able to read it. Moreover, the culture of each society can exist only due to the continuity of generations.
In the relationship between culture and communication, their mutual influence on each other occurs. So, for example, each culture has its own ideas about politeness.
CULTURAL, ETHNIC AND PERSONAL IDENTITY
Identity is a person's awareness of his belonging to a group, which allows him to determine his place in the socio-space and freely orient himself in the surrounding world.
Cultural identity is a person's belonging to a particular culture.
The essence of CI is in the conscious acceptance of the appropriate numbers and patterns of behavior, value orientations and language, understanding of one's "I" from the standpoint of those who are accepted in this society, in self-identification yourself with to-ny samples of this particular about-va.
Ethnic identity - a person's awareness of his belonging to an ethnic community.
EI means acceptance of specific group ideas, readiness for a similar way of thinking, shared ethnic feelings, as well as building a system of relations and actions in various interethnic contacts.
With its help, a person determines his place in a multi-ethnic society and learns ways of behaving within and in a non-group.
Personal identity - a scoop of knowledge and ideas of a person about his place and role as a member of the social and ethnic group, about his abilities and deeds of quality
CONCEPT OF CULTURE, FUNCTIONAL COMMUNITY OF CULTURES
Culture is an essential characteristic of a person associated with a purely human ability to purposefully transform the surrounding world, in the course of which an artificial world of things, symbols, as well as connections and relationships between people is created. Anything made by or related to a person is part of a culture. Communication and communication are an essential part of human life, and therefore a part of culture.
Each specific act of communication is determined by the cultural differences of the interlocutors. Depending on the specificity of cultural differences in intercultural communication, it is customary to distinguish between collectivist and individualist types of culture.
In the course of her life, she is forced to constantly turn either to her past or to the experience of other cultures. This appeal to other cultures is called "cultural interaction". In this interaction, the obvious fact is the communication of cultures in different "languages". The fact is that each culture in the process of its development creates various systems of signs, which are its peculiar carriers. However, this human ability at the same time creates the problem of understanding and perception of foreign cultures. For a person, possession of signs and sign systems means his inclusion in relations with other people and in culture. several types of signs are used.
1. Signs-copies, which reproduce various phenomena of reality, but are not themselves this reality (photographs).
2. Signs-signs, carrying some information by agreement about the subject (patient's temperature).
3. Signs-signals containing information by agreement about the subjects about which they inform (school bell)
4. Signs-symbols that carry information about an object based on the selection of some properties or attributes from it (state emblem).
5. Language signs
by themselves, individual signs have no meaning and do not represent value if they are not interconnected with other signs and are not included in a certain sign system, for example, there is a sign system of greetings: various kinds of bows, handshakes, kisses, pats on the shoulder.
All the numerous signs and sign systems that exist in human society make up the culture of this or that time, of this or that society. Each sign contains some kind of meaning that was expressed and fixed in this sign by previous generations. The transfer of to-noy information is carried out through the transfer of signs from one generation to another, as well as from one culture to another. The interaction of cultures plays a vital role in the existence and development of the culture of any people.
There are significant differences between cultures in how and what means of communication are used when communicating with representatives of other cultures.
In the relationship between culture and communication, their mutual influence on each other occurs. For example, each culture has its own ideas about politeness, etc.
CONCEPT OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
In cultural anthropology, these relationships between different cultures are called "intercultural communication", which means the exchange between two or more cultures and the products of their activities, carried out in different forms.
Relationships are intercultural if their participants do not use their own traditions, customs, ideas and ways of behavior, but get acquainted with other people's rules and norms of everyday communication.
For intercultural communication, it is necessary for the sender and recipient of the message to belong to different cultures. It also requires the communication participants to understand each other's cultural differences. In essence, intercultural communication is always interpersonal communication in a special context, when one participant discovers the cultural difference of the other. Intercultural communication should be considered as a set of various forms of relations between individuals and groups belonging to different cultures.
The origin of language: the current state of the problem
The development of language was a consequence of the general complication of culture and the resulting need to operate with an ever-increasing amount of information, as well as to acquire, store and transmit information.
Anatomy - The biological foundation of language is the parts of the brain that control the production and perception of signs, and in relation to the verbal-sound language, it is also the organs of the chest, larynx and oral cavity that provide the articulation of the necessary phonemes.
The most intensively studied and studied is the development of the brain.
Another organ associated with speech activity is the diaphragm, which provides the precise control of breathing required for rapid, articulate speech. In modern people, one of the consequences of this function of the diaphragm is an increase in the number of bodies of nerve cells in the spinal cord of the thoracic vertebrae.
There are two main terms. regarding the origin of linguistic signs. It lies in the fact that they initially bore a verbal sound character and grew out of various kinds of natural vocalizations characteristic of our distant ancestors, while the other suggests that the sound language was preceded by sign language, which could be formed on the basis of kinetic and facial movements that are so widely represented in the communicative the repertoire of many modern monkeys. Proponents of the speech direction usually categorically reject the possibility that the original language could be sign, or at least they are very skeptical about it, but their opponents still have some arguments that are hard not to reckon with.
The origin of the syntax. There is a point of view that the lack of syntax limited not only the effectiveness of the language, but also had an extremely negative effect on thinking, making it impossible, or, in any case, greatly complicating the construction of complex logical chains. There are a number of hypotheses regarding the origin of syntax. Some authors believe that this event was like an explosion, i.e. happened quickly and abruptly, due to some kind of macromutation, which caused the corresponding reorganization of the brain, while others consider it to be the result of a gradual evolutionary process.
The time of the origin of the language. Some archaeologists believe that the first reliable signs of its existence appear only in the Upper Paleolithic (i.e. not earlier than 40 thousand years) along with art and other innovations in culture. Many archaeologists, while not denying the possibility of the existence of language already in the early stages of human evolution, nevertheless believe that a completely modern, developed syntactic language appeared only in people of the modern physical type, and became a catalyst for rapid changes in other spheres of culture recorded for this period ...
LANGUAGE AND THINKING
In linguistics, the most famous concept is called the "Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis".
This concept, which is often called the hypothesis of linguistic relativity, comes from the assumption that the structure of language determines the structure of thinking and the way of knowing the external world. The nature of cognition of reality depends on the language in which the cognizing subject thinks. People divide the world, organize it into concepts and distribute meanings as it is imposed on them by language. Cognition does not have an objective, universal character: similar phenomena add up to different pictures due to differences in thinking imposed by differences in languages. Hence it follows that complete mutual understanding between representatives of different cultures speaking different languages \u200b\u200bis fundamentally impossible: languages \u200b\u200berect an insurmountable barrier between the thinking of people of different cultures.
Various points about the connection between languages \u200b\u200band thoughts:
The fur of thinking is not connected with the linguistic (verbal, verbal) code and is realized independently of the language.
Without language, not m.b thinking
Myshl m. both verbal and non-verbal (sensual-figurative).
The presence of non-verbal forms of thought-I does not refute the concept of thought-I since. subject-sensible ways of thinking vyp the same f-yu as yaz. In the course of the development of the language and thinking, their interaction did not remain unchanged - the only written language intensified the impact on thinking, and the possibilities themselves increased as and the development of thinking, in turn, influenced the language, expanded the meanings of words (polysemy), increased the lexicon and phraseological composition of the language. Myshl is closely related to knowledge. According to the theory of reflection, the first stage of cognition is the sensory perception of the environment of the world. Outwardly, acting on the organs of the senses in the call in the ch-ke, the senses. These sensations were the material for thinking. At ch-ka fuss about an object and on its basis a concept is formed. At the second stage of cognition, as a percentage, it is abstracted from the sensuous perception of a specific object, when the most essential and general of its properties are accepted in the external, the concept is clothed in form, i.e. word. The question of language and thinking is closely related to Pavlov's theory of the signaling system. The second signaling system underlies the communication language. It is she who provided the transition from sensory contemplation to abstract thinking and further to the formation of concepts, judgments, inferences that are expressed in words, therefore the word can mean not only a given specific object, but also a whole series of homogeneous objects. (Wood: oak, birch, spruce, ash)
LANGUAGE AND CONCEPTUAL
WORLD PICTURES
each language creates a kind of "linguistic picture of the world", which is one of the reasons for the difficulties encountered in translation. The structure of the language, indeed, is able to determine the possible ways of constructing messages, organizing expressed thoughts in a certain way, sometimes imposing the obligatory use of certain forms on the speakers. But it is also true that the linguistic form of an utterance does not unambiguously determine the content of the utterance, derived from the interpretation of the meanings of its constituent units, but serves only as a starting base for understanding the global meaning. One and the same meaning can be derived from different linguistic structures, and, conversely, the same structure can serve as the basis for the formation and understanding of different messages. Thus, the dependence of the expressed thoughts on the way of their linguistic expression turns out to be relative and limited. Speakers can be aware of the difference between the form of speech and the essence of the matter, overcome the stereotypes imposed by the language. When a Russian person today says that the sun "rises and sets", this does not mean that he does not agree with Copernicus and seriously believes that the sun moves around the earth. He may be aware that, in fact, something completely different is happening: rotating around its axis, the earth for some time turns to the sun that part of its surface where it is located. The way of expressing this thought, adopted in the Russian language, may reflect the ideas that once existed about the structure of the universe, but in no way predetermines the thinking of a modern person.
TRANSLATION AS MEDIATED BY IWC
Translations play an important role in the host culture, that is, in the culture of the target language. It is known that many national languages \u200b\u200band cultures were formed under the influence of translations, mainly from ancient languages. Translations played a decisive role in the development of the culture of the Slavic peoples. The translations of religious books from Greek into Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian) language, performed by Cyril and Methodius, laid the foundation for the formation of the Russian language, Russian writing and literature.
Different cultures have different requirements for translation at different stages of development. These requirements had to be met not only by the choice of texts for translation, but also by the strategy chosen by the translator. In part, the choice of strategy could be determined by the nature of the translated texts or the theoretical attitudes of the translators themselves. Thus, the translators of religious texts, reverently treating each letter of the sacred original, sought to reproduce it as literally as possible, even to the detriment of the meaning and norms of the target language. On the contrary, many translators of fiction have been very loose with the original. Outstanding Russian translators Karamzin and Zhukovsky created brilliant examples of free translation, and Vyazemsky, Gnedich and Fet stubbornly defended the need for literal translation. But in any case, the translators had to take into account the attitude towards their work that prevailed in their culture at a given time.
In modern cultures, the liberties of translators of literary works (who, moreover, often translate from an interlinear or through a third language) are usually relatively calmly perceived and require high accuracy for informative (diplomatic, commercial, technical, etc.) translations.
The dependence of a translator's strategy on the degree of prestige of a foreign author in the host culture is also known. Considered classical or exemplary works of renowned and famous authors are translated with increased attention to the reproduction of their content and the author's style, while in the translations of lesser known authors, standard, approximate versions are often widely used, which facilitate the translator's task and level the semantic and stylistic features of the original.
G. Turi also points out the dependence of the nature of the translation on the genre of the translated literary work. If the translation belongs to a literary genre that is absent or poorly developed in the host culture, then translators more carefully preserve the genre features of the original. In contrast, in genres well developed in the host culture, translations comply with the requirements of those genres in that culture.
Socio-cultural influence on the strategy of the translator is often reflected in the completeness of the reproduction of the original content in the translation, forcing the translator to reduce or completely omit everything that is considered unacceptable in the receiving culture for ideological, moral or aesthetic reasons.
Various forms of cultural determinism of translation activity constitute a kind of conventional translation norm - a set of requirements imposed by society on translations at a certain stage in history.
NATIONAL, ETHNIC AND TERRITORIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNICANTS
First of all, differences in the use of language means are associated with the residence of people using the same language in different countries or in different parts of the same country. If a language is used in several countries, then in each of them it acquires some distinctive features, as a result of which national variants of this language arise. So, there are British, American and Australian versions of the English language and varieties of the German language in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, the Spanish language in Spain itself, in Cuba and in a number of Latin American countries. Within the same country, there may be some differences in the speech of residents of certain territories - the so-called territorial dialects. English in the northeastern United States is different from that of southern or midwestern states, and Germans in Bavaria speak differently from Berliners. There are only minor phonetic, lexical or grammatical differences between some territorial dialects, in other cases these differences are so great that the dialect can be considered a separate language. In some countries dialectal differences are gradually erased, in others they are more stable.
In different countries, the social stratification of society, reflected in linguistic features, can be different.
COMMUNICANTS AND THEIR
SOCIOCULTURAL STATUS
The most widespread are the differences between the speech of people who have received a standard school education and have mastered the general national language norms, and the speech of poorly educated people deviating to one degree or another from the literary norm. Such differences are characteristic of a wide variety of languages, which makes it easier to reproduce them in translation.
For translation practice, it is very important to take into account the fact that there is often a close connection between social and territorial dialects: territorial differences are usually preserved in the speech of poorly educated people and are smoothed out in the process of receiving education. A separate dialect can be delimited both geographically and by social status, that is, it can be both territorial and social at the same time. Such, for example, is the London "Cockney" characteristic of the speech of the "lower classes" of the English capital. Due to the presence of such a connection, additional information, represented by territorial dialect forms, can be transmitted in translation by means of poorly educated speech.
Some difficulties in conveying the characteristics of social dialects may arise due to the fact that the degree of social stratification in different countries is different, as well as the degree of such stratification in the language. In such cases, equivalence in translation can be established between completely different types of speech. It is only important that differences in speech forms have an appropriate social status.
The speech of sailors, soldiers, students and similar professional groups may have certain peculiarities, mainly in the field of vocabulary, which distinguish a number of professional dialects (or jargons) in the language. In most cases, major occupational groups can be found in different cultures and forms of the corresponding occupational dialect can be used in translation.
RUSSIAN NEGOTIATION CO.
Nobody believes the promises of the growing parties. According to the obbl amer and him, special-in-special-mi lead the growth of the uch-kov of negotiations:
weak target orientation
lack of the ability to see the alternative, to compare the differences between the options
convinced that by the beginning of negotiations the size of the pie is known and the task of the Russians is to snatch the tidbit
quick change of mood from friendly to hostile
striving for momentary profit
dishonesty, the ability to deceive a partner
EASTERN K-RA NEGOTIATION
For a long enough time, dr.
Arabic style
X-but correct attitude and respect for partners. Before expressing their point of view, they consult with others. They honor traditions. Gl - established trust between partners. The negotiations began with mutual bows. A mouthful of agreement and a handshake are enough for the dr to take effect. Any change in the situation and received new information is provided for the revision of the doctor, which is completely unacceptable in the zap to-re.
WESTERN K-RA NEGOTIATION
Amer nats style of negotiation
Distinguished by high professionalism and competence and self-standing delegation at negotiations when making decisions. The main thing is the achievement of the goals, in this sense, for them, extreme pragmatism, disregard for traditions, thoroughness of analysis, scrupulous verification of performance, the power of the word. Produced by too assertive, aggressive and even rude negotiators. As well as openness, energy, kindness. And they prefer not very official atmosphere. Before negotiations, everyone calculates and turns to them for help negatively. Great value for recommendations. This is the volume of texts of agreements. Change of conv-th in writing in the attorney's case. Start negotiations immediately.
English nat style of negotiation
Also count as qualifiers. Thoroughly compose short-term and medium-term forecasts, but they are inferior to the Americans in terms of long-term forecasts, where, in addition to economic factors, social, polit, general and psychology forecasts are significant for them. For the English-n-x-on, assertiveness when it comes to immediate profit, about the conclusion of transactions that bring immediate profit. Great value for rituals, trad-yam. Begin negotiations with a discussion of everyday problems. The obvious big profit is not chased after. Except from Amer, it is unacceptable to bribes.
PROBLEMS OF THE THEORY OF UNDERSTANDING THE TEXT
At the moment of reaching the addressee, the message is "empty", but this emptiness represents the readiness for operation of some signifying apparatus, which should highlight the meaning of such a message. For the text to "speak", the work of understanding, performed by a person, is needed. And the body of the text taken by itself, without a ch-ka signifying it, does not contain inner energy and cannot be structurally self-organizing.
Text noun in k-re. It is collective knowledge that sets the benchmarks, in accordance with which the author of the text gives it a definition of the line that meets the requirements for the language of the content of the statement, and the real d-I for the search and organization of the language of the middle makes the producing text h-k. So The "impact" of the text on the conceptual system of a person appears in the process of denoting the text as a complex linguistic sign, when an individual orbits his verbal and non-verbal, perceptual, cognitive and affective experience with the obligatory combination of the understood with the experience of the understood.
Also important is the specificity of the knowledge on which the recipient of the text relies. Knowledge is understood as dynamically functional formations - a product of the processing of verbal and non-verbal experience. It is believed that they retain their original "roots" and form an image of the world in which no understanding can occur. Such living knowledge provides an understanding of the text through the counter-construction of a situation based on knowledge of the real or imaginary world. So there is not only actualization of knowledge included in the "internal context" of previous experience and the experience of attitudes towards this knowledge in connection with the current situation, but also forecasting of possible ways to continue the message.
In accordance with the two positions of the reader named above, it is necessary to distinguish between two types of understanding of the text:
Understanding - comprehension, including spontaneous interpretation and experience of the understood
Understanding - as a purposeful interpretation, with the recognition that the second type of understanding is impossible without the first, basic.
Understanding is a mental process in which the language appears as one of the sides of a single whole. Thinking, speech, memory, ex-e, perception, understanding, emotions, etc. function in a single ensemble. Understanding the meaning of the text, expressed in words, depending on time, place and subjective current situation. It can be. primary, i.e. spontaneous and secondary, i.e. purposeful in the head of the set goals and positions.
CONCEPT OF CULTURAL SHOCK
AND ITS SIGNS
KSh is a stressful impact of a new to-ry on a ch-ka
The concept of KSh Bylov was introduced in the 60th year by the amer scientist Oberg. There are basic parameters, forms developed by KSh:
stress due to efforts made to achieve psychological adjustment
feeling lost due to the deprivation of friends, position, profession
feeling in loneliness or rejection in a new to-re which can turn into a denial of this to-ry
anxiety turning into resentment and disgust after realizing certain values
feelings of inferiority due to inability to cope with the situation
Mech-we development KSh:
Oberg proposed a model of the so-called adaptation curve, a U-shaped curve that consists of 5 steps:
1.Honeymoon - any immigrant is full of hopes, aspirations
2.critical - an unusual environment and the beginning had a negative impact on the h-ka. A period of disappointment, depression. During this period, e-you try to limit the total only with their fellow countrymen
3. supercritical - KSh reaches its swing. At this stage, physical and mental illness often occurred
4.optimistic - ch-k become more confident and satisfied with his position in society and to-re
5. complete adaptation, occurring in 4 - 5 years.
Migrants returning home go through the process of readaptation and experience the shock of their return. W-shaped curve of readaptation
The degree of CABG severity and the duration of adaptation depend on many factors that can be combined into 2 groups.
1. vnutrennye (individual) - gender, age, traits of x-ra. The older a person is, the more difficult it is for women, it is more difficult for women than for men, if a person is sociable, then it is easier for him; views, tolerance, interest in the people of the environment, internal self-control, courage, perseverance. Also to the internal rel-va life experience ch-ka, motives for adaptation. High st-n motivation x-na for students, emigrants for permanent residence
2. external (group) - k-th distance, i.e. article of differences between native and new cut; features to which migrants belong. K. p. people from dominant to-r, so-called. great powers. K. p. representatives of individualist to-rs are poorly adapted.
The concept of intercultural communication, its varieties. Taking into account intercultural characteristics at the level of verbal and non-verbal communication, as well as at the level of customs and traditions.
Business culture concept. Classification of business culture models (Hofstede, Hall).
Intercultural communication - interaction of representatives of different cultures.
It is believed to have been coined in the 1950s by the American cultural anthropologist Edward T. Hall.
Sociologists distinguish several types:
Acculturation (mutual influence of cultures, during which one culture fully or partially perceives the traditions and norms of another culture).
Cultural expansion (the spread of culture outside of their residence).
Cultural diffusion (interpenetration of cultures with the exchange of traditions and norms).
Cultural conflict (clash of subjects of cultures).
Considered in three aspects:
Verbal
Non-verbal
Norms, traditions
Verbal aspect
Linguists - Sapir, Whorf developed a hypothesis of linguistic relativity (people who speak different languages \u200b\u200bthink differently).
It is necessary:
Knowledge of the language
Build simple sentences (if you don't know the language)
Avoid using proverbs, sayings of your people
Use your national humor carefully
Every culture has its own coded phrases
Non-verbal aspect
Facial Expression Rules:
Exaggeration of feelings is typical for many peoples
De-intensification (restrained expression of emotions). Scandinavia, Japan.
Contextual prohibition on expressing emotions (ex: boys don't cheat)
Masking one emotion with another (Ex: Japanese people smile when they are angry).
Haptics: distant; contact
The role of non-verbal communication in intercultural communication:
1. The same gesture can have completely different meanings in different cultures.
2. A gesture may mean nothing and make no sense to the person who sees it.
3. A gesture has practically the same meaning in different cultures, and its interpretation rarely causes problems in intercultural communication.
Norms, customs, traditions. When visiting other countries on a business trip, you should take into account their cultural characteristics. Norms in clothes. Traditional holidays, holiday times, gifts, etc.
Time. If Western culture clearly measures time and lateness, for example, is considered a fault, then among the Arabs, in Latin America and in some Asian countries, being late will not surprise anyone. Moreover, if you want to be dealt with seriously enough, you need to spend some time in random (ritual) conversations. Not only that, you should not be in a hurry, as cultural conflict can arise: "Arabs see drinking coffee and talking as 'doing something', while Americans see it as a waste of time." Accordingly, the Arabs view the exact timing as a personal offense. Or zfiopers look at what takes a long time to be done as a very prestigious business: the longer, the better, respectively.
Space. A Hispanic and a European normally speak at different distances. Now try to put them side by side. As a Hispanic tries to get to the distance he is accustomed to, the European may feel like an invasion of his personal space.
Accordingly, different cultures use different non-verbal communication.For example, within the "black" culture of America, it is considered ill-mannered to look a teacher directly in the eye. There are also various options for the manifestation of resentment: a special gait, a special eye movement. At the same time, a person of a different culture will not even notice this.
Different views of different peoples and hierarchical relationships.China and Japan respect them very much, while the Americans strive to demonstrate equality. By the way, American instructions even require that Americans take pictures with Asian representatives only while sitting, so that their dominance in height is not visible.
Western businessmen are trying to conduct their negotiations in confidential atmosphere,in a personal meeting. In Arab culture, there are other people in the room, and when you ask to speak in a different environment, the Arab will only bring his head closer to you. The contradictions of such different views can easily lead to conflict.
Different cultures have different rules for sharing information. A representative of an oriental culture, which is more closed, can make a decision for a long time, as, for example, the Japanese or the Chinese do. The Japanese, by the way, have another curious feature that often misleads many businessmen, they fundamentally cannot say categorically "no".
Business culture associated with a broad conceptual base, including the beliefs of people, their relationship with each other and with the external environment. It rests on the psychology of the formation of practical experience, representing the value guidelines of this experience.
Business culture is designed to reflect the attitude of the company to legality, personality, quality of products, finance and production obligations, openness and reliability of business information.
This should be embodied in a complex of rules, traditions, rituals and symbols, which are constantly supplemented and improved.
Business culture is influenced by national culture
Often it is the features and characteristics of the national culture that provide the key to understanding the features of certain elements of business culture that distinguish the activities of certain companies.
Hofstede conducted research on the study of various cultures in the 50s.
Parameters:
Power distance - the level of inequality, which in a given society is perceived as the norm
High
For the low one - a democratic management style. Adults and children - mutual respect and equality. The ideal leader is a competent Democrat. The privileges are role-based.
• femininity - masculinity.
Masculinity (muscularity) is understood as a commitment to material success, records, perseverance in achieving goals, heroism.
Priority work, material success
At school, focusing on the best
In public life - on competitiveness, forceful methods of solving problems
Femininity (femininity) presupposes an orientation towards building equal relationships, a tendency to compromise, a striving for harmony and comfort in life.
Home and family values \u200b\u200bmatter
At school, orientation towards secondary
In public life - on the ability to reach consensus
Degree of uncertainty:
High
Uncertainty avoidance - the degree of uncertainty that is perceived as normal by a given society
Low crops tend to take calculated risk. Framework agreements are characteristic (everything that is not prohibited is permitted). USA, UK, Scandinavian countries.
High - worries about uncertainty. Emotional readiness for risky actions. The development of detailed regulations, instructions, rules, a low level of mobility is characteristic. Germany, Russia (partially)
An essential advantage of the Hofstede model is that the poles of each characteristic are described in detail, and the characteristics themselves are expressed in numerical terms. This makes it possible to establish the degree of difference between the business cultures of countries and regions, to predict the areas of possible problems in the interaction of businessmen or managers of these countries.
A. Hallhighlighted the types of crops:
+ highly contextual. The social context plays an important role. A person is assessed depending on external factors (origin, religion, education, race, etc.). A coded language is used. The presence of double behavioral standards is characteristic. Countries: Russia, India, Southeast Asia, South Europe, Latin America.
+ low-context. A person is assessed not by origin, but by their social qualities. The social context plays a secondary role. Countries: USA, Holland, Scandinavian countries.
Messages can be encoded in different ways, because in addition to verbal signs, there are signs-actions, signs-things, signs-pictures, etc. etc., each of which differs in its specificity in comparison with a similar code in another national culture. As you know, any natural language is a historically developed sign system that forms the basis of the entire culture of the people speaking it. No other sign system can compare with it in its cultural meaning.
To clarify what has been said, it is necessary to consider the main types of intercultural communication that are presented in modern linguistics.
There are three types of intercultural communication - verbal, non-verbal and paraverbal.
Under verbal communication linguistic communication is understood, expressed in the exchange of thoughts, information, emotional experiences of the interlocutors. It is verbal communication that forms the basis of the entire culture of any nation. No other sign system can compare with it in its richness of information. In the process of communication, people influence each other, exchange various ideas, interests, moods, feelings, etc. Therefore, in intercultural communication, language acts, first of all, as a means that is intended for mutual understanding of the participants in communication. However, each language has its own vision and perception of the world, therefore, when communicating between speakers of different languages, situations of language inconsistency arise. The national semiosphere includes a wide variety of codes, each of which differs in its specificity in comparison with a similar code in another national culture, i.e. cultures differ in the way they give meaning to context and words. To confirm what has been said, let us turn to the features of Western and Eastern verbal speech, which are based on significant cultural differences.
The Western tradition assumes the exceptional importance and openness of the verbal message, speech is perceived regardless of the context of the conversation, the speaker and the listener are considered as two independent, equal subjects, whose relations should be understandable from their oral statements regardless of sociocultural characteristics. And in Eastern and Asian cultures, the socio-cultural context is critical regardless of the course of speech related to ethics, psychology, politics, tradition and social relations. Consequently, the process of intercultural communication is complicated by different correlations and understandings of verbal utterances, since in Eastern and Asian cultures, the emphasis is on the manner and ceremony of pronunciation, rather than the construction and meaning of the utterance. There are no unambiguous statements here, so sometimes a courteous "agreement" actually contains a negative solution to the issue. For example, a Japanese person might say haiwhich means yes, although this does not always mean agreement. The Japanese believe that everyone has to guess for himself what his interlocutor really thinks. He believes that it doesn't matter if the thoughts are not fully expressed. Features of etiquette for him are much more important than the subtleties of the statement. The politeness of speech is valued more than its meaning and clarity. However, for a Japanese, being sincere means, first of all, trying to make sure that none of his partners "loses face", ie. keep tact.
In Japan, the strictest subordination and hierarchy in social relations is imposed. In the service, the hierarchy of positions determines not only responsibilities, but also the ceremonies with which people come into contact with each other. The prestige of the superior is pointedly emphasized. It is unacceptable to show personal initiative that goes beyond the scope of official duties, to make independent decisions where this can be avoided, since this can be perceived as an attempt to damage the authority of elders. The family also fully respects the traditional features. The mother should bow to the father, the sisters address the brothers in a more polite manner than the brothers to the sisters; parents put the eldest son in a privileged position among all children.
Compared to verbal means of expression in Eastern and Asian cultures, residents of European countries and the United States speak more directly, clearly and clearly.
Non-verbal communication - is the exchange and interpretation of non-verbal messages by people, i.e. messages encoded and transmitted in a special way by means of expressive body movements, sound design of speech, a certain way of organized microenvironment surrounding a person, the use of material objects that have symbolic meaning. Non-verbal messages are distinguished from verbal messages by great ambiguity, situationality, synthetics, spontaneity. Non-verbal communication behavior is multifunctional. It regulates the spatio-temporal parameters of communication, maintains the optimal level of psychological closeness between communicants, indicates the actual mental states of the individual, allows you to save speech messages, enhances the emotional saturation of what is said.
Non-verbal communication is the oldest form of human communication. Historically, non-verbal forms of communication predate language; they are based on two sources - biological (innate) and social (acquired in the course of human development).
Science has proven that facial expressions, gestures, body movements are innate and serve as signals for receiving a response. But all these signals have changed by now both in form and function. Some social forms of non-verbal communication are ethnic in nature: in Europe they say hello by shaking hands, in India they fold both hands in front of their chest, in some countries they bow down, in the Caucasus, when a person enters a house, they stand up.
According to their characteristics in non-verbal communication, there are three types of non-verbal means:
·
actually communicative signs-signals - gestures, facial expressions, transmitting information about an object, event or state;
·
behavioral signs - paleness and redness, shivering from cold and fear;
·
unintentional signs - nose scratching, head shaking for no reason, lip biting, etc.
In intercultural communication, various types of touching are also used, which also require special supervision. These include shaking hands, kissing, hugging, stroking, patting, etc. Each culture has its own characteristics, developed its own rules of touch, which are regulated by the traditions of this culture and belonging to one or another sex. In some cultures, kissing and hugging a man and a woman is forbidden, and in some even touching each other, etc. For example, the peoples of Europe, Americans, Arabs touch each other when communicating, which is excluded when communicating between Japanese, Indians and Pakistanis. The Japanese believe that a person can touch the interlocutor only with a complete loss of self-control or expressing unfriendliness or aggressive intentions. This suggests that the correct use of the traditions of touch can facilitate the process of communication, thus, in intercultural communication, cause the trust and disposition of the partner.
At the same time, spatial relations of interlocutors are of great importance in intercultural communication, i.e. place and distance of communication. In science, the term is called proxemics. Proxemics have significant differences in different cultures. Violation of space is seen as an invasion of the inner world, as a disrespectful act.
In addition to the above, paraverbal communication is of particular importance. The meaning of the statement can change depending on what intonation, rhythm, timbre. All these sound elements of information transmission in science are called paralinguistic means, i.e. a set of sound signals that accompany oral speech, adding additional meanings to it. The vocal cords in different languages \u200b\u200bhave different shades of fear, anger, joy, confidence, goodwill. For example, the emotion of sadness is expressed by a drop in the strength and sonority of the voice; quick speech evokes the idea of \u200b\u200ban active, energetic person, and a low deaf voice is associated with a purposeful, strong-willed, decisive person.
Similar information.
General - the exchange of information using language or gestures, as well as other methods of contact, as well as the communication of people or social groups. In the process of communication between the participants in the communication, various kinds of information are exchanged.
Traditionally, three communication functions are distinguished:
1) information function: the expression of ideas, concepts, thoughts and their communication to other communicants.
2) evaluative: the expression of personal assessments and relationships,
3) affective: the transmission of emotions and feelings.
Roger T. Bell relates three areas of the humanities to these functions:
1) linguistics and philosophy (cognitive function),
2) sociology and social psychology (evaluative function),
3) psychology and literary criticism (affective function).
K. Buhler (1879-1963) identified three functions of language, manifested in any act of speech: a) the function of expression (expressive), correlated with the speaker; b) the function of appeal (appellative), correlated with the listener; c) the function of the message (representative), correlated with the subject of speech.
The main purpose of communication is to convey a message. The sender of a message expresses himself, appeals to the recipient and represents the subject of communication. There can be several purposes of communication. For example, a movie can inform, entertain, warn, explain, etc. The main reason for communication is the corresponding needs of an individual or a group of individuals. And then - the goals of communication serve the various needs of individuals.
The functional characteristics of a communicative act can be given depending on its focus and its main communicative task. R. Dimbleby and G. Burton distinguish six functions of messages and communicative acts: warning, advice, information, persuasion, expression of opinion, entertainment. This classification of functions is pragmatic, that is, associated with the use of communicative means to achieve certain goals. Communication takes place not only in human social systems. A certain kind of communication is typical for animals (mating dances of birds, the language of bees, etc.), and for mechanisms (pipelines, transport, telegraph and telephone signals, the interconnection of computers on the Internet, etc.). Communication can occur not only in the process of direct communication through words, but also with the help of road signs, teletext, books, films, etc.
There are the following forms of communication - written, oral, visual, etc. These forms differ from each other by special message coding systems.
Communication media - combine various forms of communication, often using some technology to fill the temporal and spatial distance between the sender and the recipient of the message (for example, a book: words, fonts, pictures, graphics). Mass media (QMS) can also include various forms of communication. For example, television and cinema uses spoken words, pictures, music; newspaper - written words, fonts, illustrations, etc.
Communication media can be used both intentionally and unintentionally. Non-verbal signals (facial expressions) very often inform the recipient without much desire from the sender of the message. An outside listener can also be an involuntary recipient of an oral speech message.
American researcher E. Sapir made a distinction between fundamental means, or primary processes, communicative in nature, and some secondary means that facilitate the process of communication. According to E. Sapir, the primary means of communication are as follows: language, gestures, imitation of public behavior in the process of being included in the way of life of society and “social hint” (implicit processes of new acts of communicative behavior).
Secondary means of communication are aimed at facilitating the primary communication processes in society: language transformations, symbolism and the creation of physical conditions for the implementation of the communicative act.
Linguistic transformations are associated with the replacement of code, sign "translation" (for example, oral language into writing, Morse code, etc.) and make communication possible in cases where it is complicated by circumstances (for example, time and distance).
Symbolic systems (flags-signals in the fleet, a semaphore and a traffic light, a horn in an army communicative environment, etc.) translate a possible verbal message not in a word, but globally, entirely. This is required in cases where the speed of perception of the message is required, the speed of reaction, when the simplest answer like yes / no is expected. In the army, for example, where “orders are not discussed,” or on the road, when there is not much time to turn at high speed, long text messages would be inappropriate.
The development of physical conditions that allow communication, according to E. Sapir, includes railways, an airplane (delivering a communicator), a telegraph, telephone, radio (delivering a message or its reproduction). At the same time, an increase in the amount of funds also expands the sphere of communication.
Two opposite views on these processes belong to M. McLuhan and E. Sapir. McLuhan believed that the means largely determine the content of the message itself. He believed that modern culture is visual in its essence, as opposed to, for example, the culture of the 19th - early 20th centuries, mainly written (printed). The globalization of communication, according to McLuhan, leads to the creation of a single communicative space - a "global village". E. Sapir, on the contrary, expressed "fear of being understood by too many." From his point of view, this jeopardizes the psychological reality of the image of the expanded self as opposed to the non-self. The inability to keep the message within the limits for which it was designed was also recognized as a price to pay for facilitating communication (examples: eavesdropping devices or a drop in the level of artistic values \u200b\u200bwith an increase in demand and circulation). At the same time, he understood that the deterrent factors of communication, for example, the diversity of languages \u200b\u200band the need for translation, were perceived as a threatening obstacle. He also praised the globalization of the scientific community and the introduction of the language of international communication.
Some of the forms and means of communication are associated with technological constraints. For example, words are only heard at a distance of the strength of the sender's voice and the recipient's hearing. On the other hand, printed materials are more resistant to time and space.
All forms and means of communication are "an extension of the human body", complementing and reinforcing deficient functions, especially vision and hearing. For example, loudspeakers and sound transmissions amplify the voice, reducing the distance between communicants.
Types of communication are distinguished by the composition of the communicants. This is due to the fact that the technology of the communicator in each case has its own specifics (even the volume of the voice in the case, for example, of a conversation with oneself, with one interlocutor or with a large group, will differ).
There are the following types of communication:
Intrapersonal communication (self-talk);
Interpersonal communication (as a rule, two communicants participate, but there are options for an observer, an included observer and an outsider, communication against the background of witnesses present, in a crowd, in a restaurant, etc.);
Group communication (within a group, between groups, an individual group);
Mass communication (if a message is received or used by a large number of people, often consisting of groups of different interests and communicative experience (television, radio, Internet, etc.).
Panfilova A.P. distinguishes between five types of communication: cognitive, persuasive, expressive, suggestive, ritual. Each of them has its own goals and expected results, organizational conditions, as well as communicative forms and means.
Cognitive communication expands the partner's information fund, transfers the necessary information and information. Persuasive communication allows you to evoke certain feelings in a business partner and form value orientations and attitudes; convince of the legitimacy of interaction strategies; make your like-minded person. Expressive communication allows you to form a psychoemotional mood in a partner, convey feelings, experiences, and induce the necessary action. Suggestive communication has an inspiring effect on a business partner to change motivation, value orientations and attitudes, behavior and attitudes. Ritual communication reinforces and maintains conventional relationships in the business world; preserves the ritual traditions of firms, enterprises, allows to create new ones.
The listed types of communication allow you to determine the specifics,
competently use the genre, communication means and technologies, get the planned result, prepare more effectively for one or another communication activity, develop scenarios of verbal and non-verbal behavior in a specific situation of business communication and take into account the peculiarities of a business partner.
Prominent American researcher Edward Sapir identifies the following types of communication:
Intercultural (communication between peoples-carriers of different languages \u200b\u200band communicative cultures, or between states,
Interpersonal - between individual representatives of these peoples or states),
Organizational (communication in the business and industrial sphere, including interpersonal, group and personal-group).
These varieties are associated not only with the characteristics of the communicative environment in the area where communicative activity is carried out, but also with the composition of communicants (one communicant or a community of communicants, or some combination of both).
Among the various types of communications, in addition to personal, interpersonal, mass and specialized (business, professional, political, etc.), visual, mythological and performance communications deserve special attention. This is because a public relations specialist works in a highly organized environment.
Visual communication is the transfer of information through gestures, facial expressions, body movements. According to experts, about 65% of information is transmitted by non-verbal means. Often, in order to make a person understand our attitude towards him, we do not say anything, but only look at him with a certain expression on his face. The advantage of visual communication is that it is understandable to the majority.
Mythological communication is based on myths. The use of mythological structures allows the communicator to exert an apparently unconscious influence on the audience. Due to the unconsciousness and autonomy of the existence of these structures, the audience cannot resist them. In mass political psychology, for example, real social problems are replaced by a simplified concept of the eternal struggle between two mythologized communities: the Reds are the Whites, the Communists are the capitalists, the East is the West, etc. The attitude towards these groups is based on the principle “we are them”: we are good, they are bad. M. Eliade, considering the psychotherapeutic function of the myth, says that each hero repeats archetypal actions, each war renews the struggle between Good and Evil, injustice is identified with the suffering of the Savior. Thanks to this approach, millions of people have been able to endure the mighty pressures of history for centuries without falling into despair, without ending with suicide, and without falling into a state of spiritual desiccation, which is inextricably linked with a nihilistic vision of history.
The main difference between the system of interpersonal relations and mass communication is that, within the framework of interpersonal communication, direct contact is established between individuals using interpersonal means of communication, while in mass communication the exchange of information is mediated by technical means of communication.
Intercultural communication - communication between representatives of different human cultures (personal contacts between people, less often - indirect forms of communication (such as writing) and mass communication). This concept was introduced in the 1950s by the American cultural anthropologist Edward T. Hall as part of the program he developed for the US State Department to adapt American diplomats and businessmen to other countries.
The features of intercultural communication are studied at an interdisciplinary level and within the framework of such sciences as cultural studies, psychology, linguistics, ethnology, anthropology, sociology, each of which uses its own approaches to their study.
Initially, to describe intercultural communication, the classical understanding of culture was used as a more or less stable system of conscious and unconscious rules, norms, values, structures, artifacts - national or ethnic culture.
Currently, the so-called dynamic understanding of culture as a way of life and a system of behavior, norms, values, etc. any social group (for example, urban culture, culture of generations, culture of the organization). The dynamic concept of culture does not imply a strict stability of the cultural system; it can, to a certain extent, change and be modified depending on the social situation.
As a scientific discipline, intercultural communication is at the stage of formation and is distinguished by two characteristic features: an applied nature (the goal is to facilitate communication between representatives of different cultures, reduce the potential for conflict) and interdisciplinarity.
Research on intercultural communication has recently become increasingly important in connection with the processes of globalization and intensive migration. In a more scientific aspect, we should talk about communication - as a unidirectional process of encoding and transferring information from a source to receiving information by the recipient of a message. Communication can also be understood as a certain kind of joint activity of communication participants (communicants), during which a common (up to a certain limit) view of things is developed.
Interpersonal communication is based on various motives, goals and objectives of its participants. The determinants of this type of communication can be the transfer or receipt of any information, the induction of a partner to take actions, the intention to change his views, the desire to provide emotional support, etc.
Depending on these factors, it is customary to distinguish several models of interpersonal communication: linear, transactional, circular model of interpersonal communication. We will dwell on the circular model in more detail. It is not just the process of transmitting a message from sender to receiver, during which the first encodes and the second decodes information. Feedback is an important element of this model. This is the recipient's reaction to the message, which is expressed in a response message sent to the sender.
The introduction of feedback clearly demonstrates the circular nature of communication: the sender and recipient of the message are sequentially reversed.
The circular model, like the linear one, depicts communication as a series of discrete acts with a beginning and an end, and the key figure in them is the sender of the message, since the reaction of the recipient of information depends on him.
This is why they are considered obsolete compared to the transactional model.
But to describe the processes of intercultural communication and understand its specifics, it is the circular model that is more suitable, which we will use in the future.
The circular model consists of the following elements: sender (source) - encoding - message - channel - decoding - receiver - feedback.
Figure: 1.
Sender (source) - the creator of messages, it can be either a person or an organization (although in any organization, messages are composed of people).
Encoding is the transformation of a message into a symbolic form.
Message - information, an idea for the sake of which communication is carried out. It is composed of symbols and can be oral, written or visual.
Channel - the path of physical transmission of the message, the means by which the message is transmitted. It can be interpersonal and massive.
Decoding is the decryption of a message, which, as a result of various interference, may be more or less adequate.
Recipient - the object to which the message is sent. It can also be both an individual and an organization.
Feedback - the received message evokes some kind of reaction from the recipient, since as a result of communication, he has experienced changes in knowledge, attitudes, behavior.
In this process, various interferences, "noises" are created that impede effective communication. The effectiveness of communication is characterized by the fact that the transmitted information must be understood in accordance with its original meaning. Therefore, communication is not only a transfer, but also an understanding of information.
Communication is one of the most essential elements of human life. The main purpose of communication is to convey a message. Intercultural communication is communication between representatives of different human cultures.
New articles
- Traditional society: definition
- Short biography of Astrid Lindgren: the cult of childhood The relationship between children and adults in the works of Lindgren
- The main characters of the fairy tales by astrid lindgren is a lindgren related to literary tales
- Brief biography of Anthony Pogorelsky (Perovsky Alexey Alekseevich) Anthony Pogorelsky works
- Coursework - isadora duncan - founder of modern dance isadora duncan character in literature
- Analysis of the painting "the return of the prodigal son" by Rembrandt
- Initial data for calculating expense rates Assessment of changes in train idle time
- Features of intercultural communication (Lykova N
- How to learn how to sketch clothes?
- The emergence of folk dance
Popular articles
- How to make a painting effect in coreldraw 8
- When there was 1 kvn. Founder of KVN. History of creation, leading and best KVN teams. Who was on the jury of the KVN Major League
- Excursions in computer science and the methodology of their conduct What goal will we set ourselves for this lesson
- The most unusual illustrations for cult books
- Social functions of culture
- Culture of the ussr: from socialist realism to freedom of creativity Showforum creativity and cultural development
- Some features of Beethoven Gaow's piano sonatas vpo "Moscow State Regional
- Lecture topic management in the social and cultural sphere
- Film pride and prejudice Pride and prejudice novel description
- How to draw a simple landscape - DIY paintings