Definition Gothic. The meaning of the word Gothic

Historical and cultural development is inextricably linked. Especially brightly, this process can be traced in Western European states, where changes in the technical, civil and religious spheres appeared not only in the strengthening and development of cities, but also caused cultural heyday. The result of the latter was the appearance of gothic art. This direction fully responded to the spirit of its time - was contradictory, monumental and affected all the estates.

History of formation

XII - XIII centuries. Steel the highest development period of medieval Christian culture for most European countries. Growth and expansion of cities, the formation of knighthood, the development of handicrafts, science and strengthening human consciousness became decisive factors in the formation of gothic art.

Initially, "Gothic style" was used in architecture, and later began to penetrate and in other areas of life . He originated in the French city of Ile de Franz and came to replace the Romanesque style. The church of Saint-Denis Monastery is the first gothic construction.

Heritage Gothic, presented expressed in this photo.

Features of architecture

During the birth period of the gothic direction, the architecture performed one of the principal types of art. In particular, it concerned the cathedral premises. Cathedrals and churches can accommodate the beautiful samples of architecture, sculptures and painting. Subsequently, it was silent with the traditions of wooden architecture and the stone architecture of ancient Russia, this direction gained its manifestation, in Russian architectural style.

In the era of the Middle Ages, the cathedral was not just a church, but an important element of the life of the city, it was not only ritual services, but also theatrical performances, academic lectures or meetings of the city council.

In many ways, the interior of the Gothic Cathedral received its present form due to not only aesthetic, but also technological innovations, which have become the basis of the direction, namely:

• Strengted arches. Such structures are able to withstand the load of the upper arch of the building, which allows to get rid of the large number of inner walls inherent.
• A frame construction system that has become no less important to open gothic architecture. She gave the opportunity to make the buildings above, and at the same time will reduce the thickness of the bearing walls.

The combination of the above mentioned elements made it possible to significantly expand the area of \u200b\u200bthe temple premises. As an example, the photo shows the Milan Cathedral Duomo. Still were noticed in colonial style.

Characteristic features of the cathedral interior

As for the inner decoration, the buildings made in the Gothic style were decorated with massive windows, stained glass windows and wall paintings, and columns with arches or arcbutans were also used (open semi-colors). The architectural style of "Gothic" is replete with vertical lines emphasizing the elevation and beauty of the created structures.

The facades of the houses were decorated with columns, stucco with Celtic or floral ornaments and grotesque sculptures of mythical heroes and creatures. Therefore, the buildings erected in the style of "Gothic" are distinguished by monumentality, abundantly of straight lines, seeking winding spiers and unprecedented spaces.

Furniture

These same canons come to furniture. Almost all interior items in the Gothic style were made in church reasons. During the flourishing period, the Gothic furniture industry has already been finally formed, and almost all modern types of furniture have been present in it.

The invention of sawmill is the main factor in the development of furniture craft.

Due to this, it was possible to make items not from heavy woody arrays, but from thin boards. It made it possible to produce high-quality furniture not only for churches, but also ordinary homes. For the decor, fillets with a ribbon weaving or openwork ornament were used. The framework of products was decorated with architectural elements - turrets, spiers.

The most common attribute of the dwelling in those times was the chest, which was used not only for the storage of all kinds of values, but also in the form of a seat for seating. Such remained to the classical introduction of English style. He decorated with various openwork fillets and frames. Later, kitchen cabinets and buffets developed from the chests.

In general, the gothic furniture is pretty simple, these are various shelf, screen, chests, carved cabinets, chairs and beds with canopy.

The main types of raw materials for such products served the most durable types of wood - oak, spruce and pine.

Facing rooms

As for the design of the walls of the dwelling, then for these purposes, a stone masonry was used, which was covered with narrow lace painting, carpets, or stalled by wooden panels. In the gothic interior, the surface of the walls was often separated horizontally to the upper and lower. These surfaces were contrastingly different in color texture.

A stone, boards or stoves were used as an outdoor coating, and the residential zones were covered with carpets.

Speaking about the ceiling, builders have traditionally left the ceiling beams and rafters. Occasionally, it was decorated with openwork paintings or sculptural elements.

Window

Another very important is the distinctive feature of the Gothic style in the interior are the fittings. They were highlighted by considerable sizes and decorated with ornaments, turrets or stained glass.

Fashionable trends of medieval Europe

Gothic style, so deeply penetrated into architecture, sculpture and painting, could not but reflect on the clothes of the late Middle Ages. However, it is worth understanding that during the development of Gothic, the estate differences between people were quite strong, so the clothing of feudalists, ordinary townspeople and peasants was significantly different. So the right to wear silk and long loops had only representatives of the highest classes.

In Gothic clothes, the desire for direct lines and elongated silhouettes was clearly shown. With the development of gothic in the medieval fashion began to enter shoes with elongated noses and pointed hats. The most preferred material was velvet. Clothes abundantly decorated with ribbon or vegetable ornaments.

Gothic style in men's clothing prevented two varieties of suit - short and narrow or long and free.

Real men's clothing often included the following elements:

• kotardi - a narrow caftan with wide or narrow sleeves;
• poely - short caftan with a narrowed riding and widely untouched with sides of the floors;
• purpuen - a short jacket with narrow sleeves, it was customary to wear with narrow stubs stockings;
• the vocabulary is bent in half without stitched fabric with a slot for the head. It was customary to wear as a raincoat. The vocabulary sometimes stitched on the sides, leaving the slot to the hands, the similar option was called a surpetuk. Cloaks could be both long and short.

Women's clothes consisted of drops (vest) and cotta (type variety). Cott possessed a narrow riding, long wide skirt and lacing side or behind. Gothic dresses had an elongated waist, several drapery folds were made on the skirt. The ladies of noble origin had a train on the skirt, and the longer he was, the higher the status had his owner.

The most common option of the female headboron was Gorge. It looked like a fabric tube expanding to the bottom, and had a back of a cut.

Art

Gothic art flourishing came at the time of the beginning of the development of medieval scientific thought. So the monasteries lost the role of the major cultural centers. The masters began to contact not only religious reasons, but also more ordinary plots. In general, Gothic art fully reflects the contradiction of his era -, bizarre interlacing of realism and humanity as well as a dogmatic religious heritage. In this period, secular architecture begins to be born - in addition to the town hall and churches, stone houses for secured citizens are erected, the type of urban high-rise building is formed.

However, the classic gothic style is visualing everything manifested itself in church architecture. So the cathedrals and churches contain not only all the distinguishing features and innovations of the style, but also unique decorative and sculptural elements.

Gothic art came to replace Romanesque art and the current style ( gothic; from ital. Gotico - Gothic, according to the name of the German tribe is ready). Term gothic As the synonym for barbarism was first applied by the Renaissance to the characteristics of medieval art (as opposed to Roman art), which did not follow the traditions and style features of antiquity and therefore did not imagine the contemporaries.

Increased exaltation and interest in feelings are distinguished by art from Romanesque. Between romanian and gothic Style is difficult to conduct a chronological border.

The flowering of the Romanesque style, which falls on the XII century, at the same time served as an impetus for the occurrence of another style with other characteristic aesthetic ideals and principles of addition of forms. In the history of the arts, it is customary to allocate early, mature (high) and late (so-called flaming) gothic. High gothic reached his vertices in the XIII century, late - in the XIV-XV centuries. Gothic art, developing in countries where the Christian church dominated, remained mainly religious for its appointment and religious on topics. It is characterized by a symbolic-allegorical type of thinking and convention of the artistic language. From the Romanesque style of Gothic inherited the primacy of architecture in the art system and traditional types of buildings. A special place in the art of Gothic was held by the Cathedral - the highest sample of the synthesis of architecture, sculpture and painting.

Gothic style in architecture

Cathedral in Strasbourg. End of the XII-XV centuries. France - Strasbourg Cathedral Cathedral in Cologne. The beginning of construction in 1248, completed in 1842-1880. Germany - Cologne Cathedral Cathedral in Reims, Western facade. Start of construction in 1211, completed in the XV century. Cathedral of the Parisian Mother of God, Western facade. 1163 G.-Ser. XIV. France - NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL Cathedral in Salisbury, Strelded Arches. England - Salisbury Cathedral Exeter Cathedral. 1112.-1400 England - Cathedral Church of St. Peter in Exerator Lincoln Cathedral of the Virgin Mary. 1185 G.-1311 England - The Cathedral Church of The Blessed Virgin Mary of Lincoln Cathedral in Chartra, the northern portal. Start of construction in 1194, consecrated in 1260. France - Chartres Cathedral ... Western (Royal) portal, finished in 1150. Sculptures are visible transition from Romance style to Gothic

The giant space of the cathedral, aspiring, subordinate the sculpture of the rhythms of architectural members, the stone carving of decorative jewelry, stained glass painting had a strong emotional impact on believers.

Urban architectural ensembles included cult and secular buildings, fortifications, bridges, etc. The main city square was often consumed by residential houses with arcades, in the lower floors of which trading and storage facilities were located. Along the streets divergent from the area and along the embankments, two- and three-story houses were built often with high frontones.

Cities surrounded powerful walls with travel towers. The castles gradually turned into complex complexes of fortresses, palace and cultural structures.

Usually in the center of the city, the cathedral was built, which was the cultural center of the entire city. Worship services were held in it, the theological disputes were arranged, mysteries were played, gorkeh meetings were held. In that epoch, construction was carried out not only by the church, but also a community through professional craces of artisans.

The most significant structures and, above all, the cathedrals were raised to the means of citizens. Often, many generations worked on the creation of one temple. Grand Gothic cathedrals differed sharply from the monastery churches of the romance style. They are high, are richly decorated and very hotels.

The dynamism and painting of the cathedrals began to determine the nature of the city landscape. Following the Cathedral, urban homes rushed. The entire composition of the Cathedral with the rapid bottom of the rhythm of all its basic elements was generated by the religious, idealistic aspiration of the soul to the sky. The Gothic Cathedral developed a basilical type of construction, in which all its elements began to obey the uniform style system. The main difference between the Gothic Cathedral from Romanesque is a steady frame system in which the main role is performed by crosses and the arches of the firmware, which largely define the internal and appearance of the cathedral.

Frameworks formed at the intersection of crosses, the so-called ribs (from the FR. Nervure - edge, fold) in a mature gothic tied up the supports of central and lateral oils, where each rectangular span of the main nef was accounted for two square spans of lateral Nebel.

The form of architecture began to express the Christian idea of \u200b\u200bspirituality, ascension, aspirations to swell, to the sky. Feature of the Gothic style - Dematerialization of the form. The design and properties of the material no longer determine the visual image. Entering the temple, the man saw a number of thin, flowing up the columns that ended with a beam of even thinner edges (ribs) as if soaring in height. In fact, these huge weights crushed to special pillars, hidden in a beam of thin columns. The lateral expansion of the heads of the main neopa was exhausted not with walls, which were solid stone lace, and through ArkButans with massive pillars-counter -fts, outwardly and pierced the framework of buildings and therefore invisible for a person inside the cathedral. Here, the visual image did not coincide with the work of the real design. If the design worked for compression, the visual image expressed the idea of \u200b\u200bascension, the aspiration of the soul to the sky.

The complex framework of the Gothic Cathedral, the highest manifestation of architectural and construction art of that time, allowed to overcome the massiveness of Romanesque buildings, facilitate walls and vaults, ensure the unity and interconnection of all elements of its subject-spatial medium.

Gothic originated in the northern part of France (Il de France) in the middle of the XII century, reached a heyday in the first half of the XIII century. and existed to the middle of the 20s. XVI in. Stone gothic cathedrals received their classic form in France. As a rule, these are 3-5-oil basilica with a transverse non-transmittance and semicircular bypass of the choir (deamibula-thorium), to which radial chapels are adjacent (Crown Capell). The impression of movement to the altar is created by the rows of slim columns and the rise of pointed archel arches, stealing the rhythm of the upper gallery arcade (Trifory). The painting of the inner space of the Cathedral is given primarily due to the contrast of the illumination of the main and universal side oils and color stained glass windows.

The facades of the cathedrals are decorated with fitted arches and such composite and shaped-plastic elements of the architectural decor as patterned vimperg, filial, crabb, etc. Statues on consoles in front of the portal columns and in the upper arched gallery, reliefs on the capitals of the columns, bases and tympany portals form a kind of multi-story picture, which seems to show various episodes of the Holy Scriptures, allegorical images, real characters, etc.

On the main squares of cities, the town halls are beginning to be built, which are usually decorated. Castles are converted to palaces (for example, the Papal Palace in Avignon, 1334-1352). In the XV century There was a type of rich city house-mansion, so-called. Hotel (such as Hotel Jacques Curra in Bourget, 1453, Kloy Hotel in Paris, end of the XIV century, etc.).

At this time, enrichment and complication of the synthesis of arts occurred still in the native, which reflected the medieval idea of \u200b\u200bthe real and afterlime world. The main type of visual art was a sculpture that received a new plastic interpretation in the Gothic style. Static Romanesque sculpture changed to the dynamic Gothic, where the figures depicted as it were, seek to each other and to the viewer.

Mature gothic is marked by a further increase in lines of the lines, dynamic aspiration. Reimsky Cathedral is the place of coronation of the French kings - one of the most integral works of gothic, a wonderful synthesis of architecture and sculpture.

An important place in gothic art, including sculpture, begins to hold the plot. The role of secular stories is intensified, but a terrible court remained the most common plot in Gothic. Iconographic plots begin to gradually expand. Interest in man, to his spiritual and worldly life, found an expression in the image of scenes from the life of saints. An outstanding example of the image of the legends about the saints is dated last quarter of the XIII century. Timpan History of St. Stephen on the portal of the Cathedral of the Paris Mother of God.

The inclusion of real motives is characteristic of a variety of small reliefs. As in Romanesque temples, a large place in the Gothic cathedrals occupy the images of monsters and fantastic creatures - the so-called chimer.

It is believed that the first product of the gothic architecture appeared in the process of restructuring the Church of the Abbey of Saint-Denis in 1137-1144. Early gothic also includes cathedrals in Lani, Chartres and Paris. The greatest achievement of early Gothic - the Cathedral of the Parisian Mother of God (Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris), laid down in 1163, was completed until the middle of the XIV century. Cathedral in Chartra, laid in the XII century. And sanctified in 1260, remains one of the most beautiful in Europe.

The perfection of the architectural composition, the richness of the sculptural and picturesque decor is distinguished by the grand cathedrals of mature gothic in Reims (1211 G.-XV century) - the largest Cathedral of France (150 m long with a tank height of 80 m) and in Amiens (1220-1269) where the cathedral has a length of 145 m and the height of the main neopa of 42.5 m, as well as the St. Chapel Church in Paris (1243-1248), built as the royal palace chapel, with its numerous stained glass windows. From about the middle of the XIII-XIV centuries. Majestic Gothic Cathedrals were built in other European countries: in Italy (in Venice, Siena, Milan), Germany (in Marburg, Naumburg, Ulm, Cologne), England (in London, Salisbury), Spain (in Barcelona, \u200b\u200bBurgos, Lona, Toledo ), Austria (in Vienna), Flanders (in Brussels), Czech Republic (in Prague), etc., where Gothic received a kind of local interpretation. As a result of crusades with gothic construction principles, architects Rhodes, Cyprus and Syria became acquainted.

In the Gothic Epoch, genuine masterpieces of sculptures were created: reliefs and statues of the Northern Portal of the Cathedral in Chartra, deeply humane image of a blessing Christ on the Western facade of the Cathedral in Amiens, the group's images visiting Maria Elizabeth on the Western Portal of the Cathedral in Reims. These works had a great influence on the development of the entire Western European sculpture.

The sculpture of cathedrals in Germany (in Bamberg, Magdeburg, Naumburg) is distinguished by expression, vital concrete and monumentality of images. Temples were decorated with reliefs, statues, stained glass, floating ornament, images of fantastic animals. In the decoration of temples, in addition to religious, there are already many secular motives.

In the Gothic painting, the main element of the color design of the interior was the stained glass window. Especially highlighted stained glass chapels of St. Chapel and Cathedral in Chartra. Fighter painting, in which, along with the canonical scenes, foster plots and portraits were included, decorated the walls of palaces and castles (painting of the Papal Palace in Avignon). In the Gothic miniature, the desire for reliable reproduction of nature was strengthened, the circle of illustrated manuscripts was expanded, their topics enriched. Under the influence of the Netherlands and Italian art, machine paintings and portraits appeared.

The style of French Gothic manifested itself, besides the cathedrals, in creating comfortable and, along with the solemn buildings, palaces of kings and higher nobility, elegantly decorated urban private houses. For example, in the castles of Amboise (1492-1498), in Guyon (1501-1510), in the Palace of Justice in Ruang (1499-Ser.XVI century), etc.

In the late (flaming) gothic, especially in France, the sculpture altars in the interiors, uniting wooden painted and gilded sculptures and tempera painting on wooden boards. To the best samples of French Gothic art belong to a small sculpture from ivory, silver reliquaries, Limoges enamel, choplaresses and carved furniture. For late Gothic, an abundant decor, hiding architectural members, the appearance of twisted lines, whimsical, resembling the languages \u200b\u200bof the flame, the window opening patterns (church of Saint-McLo in Ruang, 1434-1470, the end of construction was dragged up to 1580s.). In miniatures there was a desire for the transfer of space and volume. The number of constructed secular buildings (urban gates, town halls, shops and warehouse buildings, etc.) increases.

Gothic style furniture

The interiors of early gothic are still humble enough, and their elements still carry marks. For this time, boardless or tiled floors covered with carpets are characteristic. Walls are faced with milking panels, decorated with bright wall painting or carpets. The windows are glazed, but there are no curtain yet. Pictures for decorating the premises are rarely used, instead of them, wall painting and wood engravings are performed, the ceilings are made, as a rule, wooden, the beam design with open outflows, the truth is well decorated. There are also stitched ceilings lined with smooth boards or frequently dissected by frequent slats and decorated with decorative painting. In countries such as France and England, the center of the interior was a fireplace, very abundant decorated. In Germany, from the middle of the XV century. A tile furnaces start playing a big role in the interior. All objective objects have severe proportions, excessive material stock, clumsy and usually set up along the walls. At first, almost every furniture (and not only) The product of early gothic has church origin. Later, with the development of furniture technology, perfectly performed church furniture for sacristic, pollos, etc., which greatly influenced the further development of urban dwelling furniture. This was facilitated by the introduction of furniture facilities of the technique of the framework of the framework of the wood and almost all other joinery of the compounds of parts, as well as the invention of the two-handed saws, forgotten from the time of antiquity. The saw was again invented only at the beginning of the XIV century. In Germany, and from this time there was an opportunity instead of ducky thick, roughly treated axes of boards to get thin and smooth sawn. Already by the beginning of the XV century. All those known for us of the cellular corner knitting of boards were developed.

Gradually, the houses of medieval aristocracy are increasingly decorated, it is especially noticeable to the interiors of the receiving rooms and rooms for guests, furnished well decorated furniture. Residential houses of rich citizens follow the example of the nobility, but retain a certain restraint and simplicity of decorative design and decor. All design corresponds to the architectural decor of stone buildings, especially temple buildings. Only by the XV century, during the flaming Gothic, when the gothic architecture begins to be especially actively saturated with a sculptural decor, the Gothic ornament began to richly decorate the previously established stable furniture forms, in which constructive techniques appeared related to the construction principles of gothic architecture. In addition to borrowed architectural forms of bindings of windows, portals, isothechic turrets with phials (spiers), columns, silicon arch, niche, etc. The furniture is also decorated on the frame and fillets with a carved ornament in which four main types can be distinguished. This is an openwork geometric ornament, vegetable (deciduous) ornament, ornament of belt weaving and the ornament of the so-called. linen folds or napkins. In addition, in late gothic, furniture, in addition to the thread, is decorated with painting, gilding and abundantly decorated metal parts of the filings, locks, loops, sturdy, as well as sculptural images of human faces and figures.

At the heart of the gothic openwork geometric ornament is simple geometric shapes: a circle, triangle, square, which are easily drawn using a ruler and circula. Openwork ornament represents the so-called. The massif (from it. Maßwerk is literally work on the size of the sizes) in the form of a complex crossing of the parts of the circle and straight lines, as a result of which the complex pattern is obtained with silicon arches and weave, resembling guturic structures.

The famous gothic cake, socket, quadiffs, drawing of the central window of the Cathedral - a large rose was built in the same way. The ornament of the Masvika in the late Gothic was very common throughout Europe and in England. Such an ornament was decorated, as a rule, the walls of the chests, the door of the cabinets, the backs of the chairs. The mask is performed by accepting in-depth threads when the background relative to the ornament is deepened, due to which the elements of the ornament are finely profiled, their outlines are smoothed and rounded. This is a little resembling a relief thread, although the relief here is cut entirely in the plane of the board (FILENKI), without climbing its surface. The floral ornament is performed in the form of stylized sharp leaves and curls, gradually acquiring naturalistic forms.

Starting from the end of the XV century. A flat ornament is particularly often found on Filins in the form of a piece of parchment or canvas with patterned edges laid by double-sided byte folds. The ornament is performed by flat relief. This type of ornament is found in large quantities on France, Germany and England furniture facilities. It was especially widely used on wardrobes and chests manufactured in Cologne and Ghent.

Gothic furniture in the north and west of Europe (in France, the Netherlands, North-West Germany and England) made predominantly out of oak, in the south and east (in Tyrol, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary) was used by wood and spruce, as well as larch and juniper .

The main type of furniture for storing things, as well as seats and lying in homes for nobility and simple citizens - chest, from the forms of which, over time, formed such new types of furniture objects as a chair-chest, supply (dresser), grain and buffet. In size, gothic chests are wider and higher than the Italian dedication-Kasson of the Renaissance. As a rule, the chests have overhead iron loops, with which the lid was attached. These loops, as well as large overhead iron locks with openwork ornaments, are elements of decorating the chest.

From the XV century The side walls of the chests covers a rich carving in the form of a solo ornament, vegetable ornament, stone bindings of gothic windows and other architectural elements of decoration of buildings. The front wall is also abundantly decorated, a special place is given to the coat of arms of the coat of a chest and a patterned, well-stacked castle. Sometimes, except for architectural motives, whole sculptural scenes are performed on religious and worldly topics. In the final decoration of the chest also involved the painter and giltboard.

In medieval homes, regardless of the status of the owner, it was cold and even damp, so the furniture had to raise above the floor. Therefore, some chests had not only massive in shape and a highly profiled base, but also made with legs, which were a continuation of the side racks of the frame or flat side walls with a curly cut down. In the south of Germany, pine chests with engraving and painted flowers were distributed. Such a decor was complemented by a slit ornament on a painted background. An openwork pattern undoubtedly comes from an in-depth thread, but the process of its creation is less labor-intensive. With the advent of thin saws, through ornaments, superimposed on the main painted board, which made up the background were applied. With significantly lower labor costs, the same impression of the decor in two planes was created. Reception This one was widely widespread and long delayed not only in German, but also in the Swiss folk art.

Characteristic for gothic types of containers were, in addition to the chests, supplies (dresser). The prototype of such a cabinet is a chest supplied to four high legs, which were connected below the horizontal frame, the upper part of which was sewn by the board. Due to this, the lower, at the very floor, shelf. Subsequently, the legs of the cabinet from three sides (from the posterior and two side) also began to fastened with boards - a peculiar niche was obtained. The upper part of the supply had shelves, which were closed with swing or folding doors.

Such supplies intended usually for storing dishes and drinks. In the upper office, they were placed the most valuable metallic, including silver, and glassware, and on the lower shelf, located in the base unit, cubized with copper dishes. The bank was borrowed from church everybody, where he was purely altar furniture, and only then penetrated into a worldly life. Such tanks were called the Ceden there, sometimes had the shape of a high chest with a horizontal upper surface. And only over time, such a chest was raised and put on high legs. In the earliest French banks, the upper parts were performed in the form of a rectangular drawer, the board walls of which are connected by the simplest drawer knitting. The rear and two side walls of the box continued to the floor and connected to rigidity and durability at the bottom of another plane, so that the supply was high above the floor. Two, and sometimes three, the front doors made of solid thick boards were mounted on openwork iron loops. The doors themselves were decorated with an ornament made in the receptions of in-depth thread. Top over the supply was made a boardwall to protect against ash and soot still smoking fireplaces. Under the canopy and at the bottom plane, dishes were broken.

In the future, with the development of the frame-filing structure, the supply starts to make a more complex hexagon form, in which the desire of masters is clearly traced to facilitate the proportions, develop the form vertical, including due to the upper accurate decorative elements in the form of a phial, or spiers. In later and abundantly decorated supplies, its side walls are based on thin twisted columns, which in the upper part are connected by fitted arches. The front three border walls of the supply have the same arches, but without supports, ending with the girks hanging in air. Ribra, which are formed in the place of intersection of the walls of the walls, are decorated with carved isotheral gothic turrets, or phylami. The walls of the supply are made up of several frames with fillets. The frames are highly profiled from the sides and on top, which creates the impression of the niches, in which Fillows are deeply placed with threads on religious plots. In other cases, Filine filled with or a gothic plant ornament, or a massif, or a pattern of flaxes, which will be very actively applied along with the Renaissance ornaments on furniture objects in the XVI century.

In the XV century Large and very bulky cabinets with two or four doors appear (in the form of bunk cabinets), the filleics of which are usually decorated with a pattern of flaxes.

Furniture for seating gradually became more diverse, but still reluctantly separated from the walls, although some of such furniture is already beginning to be fluent in the room. A long time of bench and chests attached to the walls remained the most common furniture for seating and lying.

The seats of stools and chairs acquire a variety of shape - square, round, rectangular, multifaceted.

A characteristic type of gothic chair becomes the chest, to which a very high deaf back with deaf elbows was coming. The seat was arranged usually lifted, and the back was decorated with a floral ornament or a massacre and ended with openwork gothic crest, phylas, French lilies, etc. The front and side fillers of the box (chest) of such a chair were treated, as a rule, flaxes. The chairs were usually set near the bed and therefore got the name of bedside chairs. They also performed the role of home closet. The seat was a board, rigid, the lower box interfered with the legs at the seat, because They could not be left back, and the carved vertical back did not contribute to the convenience of a sitting person. These chairs were very common in France, and in countries lying north of it were small.

In addition to the seats, the biggest distribution had such furniture for seating as stools, benches and chairs.

In poor houses, the only species of seats were probably stools, the design of which consisted of a round or triangular board with three or four cylindrical or rectangular legs. The stools of a more complex shape with a rectangular seat standing on side supports, which sometimes decorated with gothic archer were also manufactured. The benches were often performed in the form of extended stools with a rectangular seat for several people either resemble ordinary chests, the top cover of which was adapted for seating. Such benches had a high back and, as a rule, were raised by the wall. There were also a cake benches (with a change), which were freely posted indoors or installed by the fireplace. Also known is also a fairly primitive type of a cylindrical chair, which was performed on the basis of a regular barrel, to which several additional backlord parts were attached. Other types of chairs were also used, for example, a rotating chair (so-called Lutheran), chairs (chairs) on three or four legs of turning work, resembling places for the seating of the Romance Epoch. The rest of the furniture for the seating was much perfect and better adapted for a person. These were stools and chairs, performed on the basis of antique X-shaped stools, chairs and courier chairs. Such seats with crossed supporting parts have the oldest pedigree, leading their origin from ancient Egypt and antiquity.

Such furniture spoke of power, which possessed the owner of the chair or chair, which was emphasized in addition to the special elevation, on which they stood, and in some cases, also a canopy.

The earliest of famous X-shaped stools could develop. The supporting parts were attached by crossbars, the top of which was tightened by brightly decorated belts forming the seat. In other cases, in order to get a chair, the rear support was made above the seat and turned into the backup support. Additional convenience of such a chair was achieved with felt upholstery, pillows and benches for legs.

Appears in the late Gothic, especially in Italy and Spain, X-shaped chairs and armchairs only imitate folding shape and represent, in fact, already furniture furniture, so-called. Kurile chairs in which their side parts rise over the seat and are peculiar elbows connected sometimes with the back. Such chairs were abundantly decorated with flat threads, painted and golden.

Since the times, Gothic has been preserved extremely few beds, mainly due to the windiness of lush drapes. Beds played an important role in the expression of the public status of the owner, which can be seen, at least, according to the preserved numerous picturesque works of that era. During this period, the front beds in the homes of noble nobles were considered one of the most expensive and prestigious furniture objects and often intended more to display than for sleep.

Like the chests, the beds in Western European countries needed to raise on elevations to protect against drafts and cold raw floor. Beds in the Gothic Epoch, if they were not built into the wall, had halfldahin, a full cauldron or a large, similar cabinet, wooden box-canopy, decorated with carvings and painting. A warm drapery appeared, which could be discharged and packaging in the chests during relocation.

The design of gothic tables is similar to the tables of the Romanesque period, however, the nomenclature has increased them. The most characteristic type of table is a dining rectangular table with a strongly protruding tabletop on two associated rectangular side panels. On these shields, a flat carving with a gothic ornament was performed, and the middle part had the perfumes made in the form of a single or dual gothic temple window with its characteristic form, including the binding grid. Sometimes in the boxes of the podstoles made deep retractable boxes. The side shields at the bottom of the floor were tightened by a special bar or a board-prong.

On the basis of this type of table, the early form of the desk with a massive attached tabletop was formed, under which there were many branches and small boxes in the box, and below the capacity was hidden from outsiders. Such types of tables, characteristic, for example, for southern Germany and Switzerland, used merchants and changed until the XVI century.

Traditional belt interweaving or a vegetable gothic ornament, made of in-depth carving over the oak, fills the table tops of these tables. An additional decorative effect is achieved due to the contrast of this wide flat carved ornament, stenched wax, and a slightly blown flat background. The side reference shields are connected by horizontal bar, the outdoor ends of which were usually shut down with wedges. There are also tables standing on four sidelines supplied by legs connected. Such legs, as a rule, had flat threads. Sliding tables were known in the late Gothic. Tables with rectangular and round countertops standing on one central support began to appear. Countertops tables start to shipped with veneer. Known attempts for still primitive inlays.

The tables borrowed from the harmakers were continued in the form of a simple wooden shield, which was installed on the goats or two hollow rectangular folding frames.

Gothic style in furniture Characterized by significant local differences. The greatest grace of proportions, decorations, as well as the proportionality of the parts, was distinguished by French furniture, for which a large number of types of chests, seats with drawers and high backs, chairs, benches, supplies, cabinets, etc. True, in Northern France, furniture was under strong influence of the Netherlands Furniture and had very heavy forms, but was still well decorated. This influence was due to the work of many visitors of the Netherlands wood cutters. In other countries, the furniture nomenclature was much poorer, and the forms of products were distinguished by some monotony. Nevertheless, in Spain, the development of furniture art was in line with the French direction of Gothic, however, the decor of furniture objects, as, however, and architecture, was under the strong influence of the Arab-Mauritan style - a peculiar mixing of geometric motifs, as well as the motives of curly plants with already confusing Latest, flaming ornament lines, gothic. For Spanish furniture is characterized by an extremely complex and rich planar surface finish. Unfortunately, in addition to church benches and chairs for the closer, we do not know other Spanish furniture for the seating of the Middle Ages. In medieval Spain flourished wood carving, but other types of decoration were used. For example, the chests were tightened with colored or embossed leather, used rich metal (iron and bronze) accessories, stalactite motifs, fried bars.

In Gothic, the furniture art of Germany and the Netherlands was developed very highly and also had a lot in common with the art of France. For artistic terms and constructive furniture was perfectly performed. The material served solid wood. Furniture, as a rule, had a framework with thin fillets. As decorations used beautiful carved vegetable elements, free openwork and folded ornaments. Typical furniture products are high dual-hearted cabinets with four, six or even with nine filins, as well as a buffet of a ladder with a canopy and high legs. Joinery work was performed very carefully, with great accuracy. Carved work differed fineness and grace. In Northern Germany, on the Rhine, used high-quality gothic furniture with an angular connection in the spike. Large cabinets in design are similar to Flemish. The high cabinet on the legs decorated with a folded ornament is deserved, and later - with floral ornament on Fillecom. Such cabinets in most cases were decorated with decorative forging. Typical benches and bench chests were also manufactured. Yuzhnonemetsky style would be distributed in Alpine countries (Switzerland, in South Bavaria, Tyrol, Upper Austria). South-German furniture was made predominantly of soft and alternate wood, had a female design and decorated with flat threads.

Such furniture was more diverse in shape, and on the decor than the North. The furniture was decorated with an openwork ornament on plant motifs with curls and ribbons in a flat-thread technique made on a color base and enriched animal figures and coated shields. Interior premises had wooden trim with profiled straps.

Such a technology for the decoration of residential premises, including furniture, shallow flat carvings (Flachschnitt) with coloring, as a rule, in red and green colors, was called Tirolian carpentry (Tirler Zimmergotik). Beautiful gothic furniture has been preserved in Tyrolean castles. These are various types of tables, beds with cavities, decorated with rich carvings, chests, chairs, benches embedded in the wall narrow cabinets for wash basins and other furniture objects. Here we see the first attempts of plywood and primitive inlay.

The southern direction of Gothic captured the upper Hungary, where beautiful furniture was made. We reached us, first of all, the objects of the church environment: chairs for the closet, libraries, tables, etc., having simple, flat openwork threads, painting and gilding.

Gothic style to Italian architecture and furniture art had a very superficial effect, which can be explained by differences in living conditions and climate.

In Italy, where the influence of antique traditions is still extremely strong, the Gothic style was considered barbaric; Already in the title, he found an expression of disregard for alien to the art of the northern countries. Gothic style in Italy brought his ornamental, but all sharp gothic angles were dulled. Flat carving of southernemiest furniture influenced the ornamental of navaloalial cabinets. In the XV century In Venice and Veron, wooden chests were decorated with excellent openwork carvings with sockets and gothic deciduous ornaments. Chests from Central Italy (Tuscany and Siena, Ok. 1400) had a figured stucco, which was signed and covered with gilding (Vnukko).

Gothic style in England held quite considerable time. It is accepted to divide English gothic for three periods: early Gothic (1189-1307), decorative Gothic (1307-1377) and late, so-called Vertical, rectilinear Gothic (1377-1590). This is exactly where the revival was already in Italy in Italy, and England was still a third period gothic, which the British are called perpendicular style, which received such a name due to the predominance of vertical rectilinear lines of constructive and decorative elements. At this time, it was customary to sew the walls of the rooms with wooden panels of the film-filing design. Filins were decorated with a carved ornament. Internal wooden floors of premises were also decorated with carvings. In the early period of the English Gothic, the furniture is heavy, its profiles are simple and rude. The main decorative element is a folded ornament. Later, the influence of architecture begins to be felt in the membership of the furniture.

English furniture even late gothic is characterized by simplicity of design and a small number of jewelry.

The main furniture universal object continues to remain a chest. As well as throughout Western Europe, the jigsaw frame consists of thick bars, between which Fillycasts with flat threads of jewelry are inserted. The chest frame is also brought for the strength of iron stripes, and the locks are attached above fillets. The prototype of the English closet, as well as everywhere in Europe, are two placed one to another chest. The facade part of such a cabinet is shaped by the frame of the frame for six cells-frames, which inserted Filins. And the central phylins are wider, and the side - narrow. Narrow side films are decorated with an ornament with flaxes. The frames of wide filient are the door of the cabinet, hung on massive and well-decorated metal loops.

For English furniture late gothic characteristic of massive chairs, the frame of which is associated from the thick rectangular in the section of the bars, between which thin boards-fillets are inserted, decorated with flat threads. The backlogs are processed by the ornament of the Masvik, and Fillecasts of the Terches and the bottom of the chair - the folded ornament.

The side stands of the back and the landnings are additionally decorated with vertical racks and spiers. In addition to the cabinets, low and wide supply - Coupe Board have been widely distributed in England. Tables at this time have, as a rule, a rectangular tabletop and a massive substole, which is attached to the side shields instead of the legs. These shields and the substole are primitively decorated at the expense of figurine chopped edges and shallow threads of a simple vegetable pattern. Side reference panels of tables are often sealed, in the outdoor ends of which wedges are inserted.

Beds have a canopy, which is attached on four columns, which are a kind of continuation of the legs. At the bottom of the legs have a four-step section, and above the bed frames of the columns are treated with vegetable motifs in the form of polyhedra, various in the form of interceptions and others. The head back of the bed is made high, and its five filёlok decorate the thread of a low relief.

In general, English gothic furniture had a simple design, the elements of which were never masked and used as well as decorative elements. All nodes and articulations are clearly visible and understandable. All furniture was made exclusively out of oak. At the end of the XV - early XVI century. In England, a mixed style is formed - a kind of transition from Gothic to the revival, which received the name of the style of tyudors. A classic pattern begins to appear on the Gothic design.

The cross-cutting openwork ornament and the special type of arched jewelery still belong to the Gothic, however, the invasion of the early Renaissance is already noticeable to the new profiling of the parts of the furniture, sockets and other motifs. In most cases, this refers to furniture that has experienced a Dutch influence, such as wardrobes for dishes. The coat of arms of the owners begin to appear on the fillets of a wide variety of furniture objects.

The influence of new Italian art of revival begins to penetrate central Europe about 1500, primarily in France, where Italian artists worked at the royal court. French furniture end of the XV - early XVI century. Acquires a new, completely peculiar character.

The decor of this time in the form of a grotesque ornament, for example, is combined with gothic decorations. Starting openwork iron loops and locks are still in the go. One part of the Filönok supplies, for example, is decorated with an ornament of flaxes, and the other is grotesque. The front supports are made in the form of bars, but the boarding back of the wall continues to descend to donomu. The supply continues to be hexagon, but its front wall is wider than the side. However, in Germany, for example, supply, usually differed from the French simpler rectangular shape of the body and the absence of a solid back wall. In their decoration, profile images of human faces in the Ornament grotesque are sometimes replaced by the sculptural male and female heads. It was a transitional time when constructive and compositional clarity and definition be felt in the morphology of furniture objects, and all memberships and profiles are specially emphasized and manifested in external form.

Gothic style - An important stage in the history of the development of furniture styles. A lot of new types of furniture was created and resurrected to a new life forgotten antique furniture technique. The joinery craft, with his lively original form of expression in ornamenty, turned out to be on the rise. In the Gothic Interior, the furniture is still not quite mobile: many of its types are still on the walls or embedded in enclosing structures, have a close connection with architecture in terms of borrowing its forms, the nature of their members and decorative decorations. Already during the late Gothic, carpentry art was very developed, which served as the basis for performing even more complex tasks in the revival era.

Used materials studies. Benefits: Grishin A.A. A brief course of the style evolution of furniture - Moscow: Architecture-C, 2007

Dictionary Ushakov

Gothic

go tick, Gothic, mN. not, wives. (it. Gotik). Special style in the architecture of the European Late Middle Ages, characterized by fitted arches.

Dictionary Efremova

Gothic

1. g.
   1. The architectural style of the European Middle Ages, characterized by pointed structures, strangers, abundance of stained glass and sculptural ornament.
   2. . Works of architectural, sculptural, ornamental art created in such a style.

Dictionary of Ozhegov

G. ABOUTTick and, g. The style of medieval Western European architecture, characterized by pointed structures, strokes, abundance of stone threads and sculptural decorations.

| arr. gothic, Aya, OE. Gothic architecture. Font (Latin letter with angular, elongated and pointed letters).

Culturalology. Dictionary dictionary

Gothic

](italian. Gotico, letters. - Gothic, fr. Gothique - from the name of the German tribe is ready)

artistic style, mainly architectural, originated in the XII century. In France and in the late Middle Ages, spread throughout Western Europe; Gothic architecture is characterized by silicon embodiments on the ribs (ribs), an abundance of stone threads and sculptural decorations, the use of stained glass, as well as the subordination of architectural forms of vertical rhythm.

artistic style that completed the development of medieval art in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe. The leading architectural type during this period is the urban cathedral, unprecedented in the height and vastness of the interiors, with openwork towers, silicated windows, curved statues, complex ornaments and stained glass.

encyclopedic Dictionary

Gothic

(from Ital. Gotico, letters. - Gothic, from the name of the German tribe), artistic style (between Ser. 12 and 15-16 centuries), which completed the development of medieval art in Zap., Central and partly Vost. Europe. Gothic reflected fundamental changes in the structure of a medieval society. The leading architectural type was the city council: the frame system of the gothic architecture (the string arches are based on the poles; lateral spacers of the cross arches laid out on ribs are transmitted by ArkButans to the counterphorts) allowed the interiors of cathedrals unprecedented and extensity, cutting the walls with huge windows with multicolor stained glass windows. The aspiration of the cathedral is expressed expressed by giant openwork towers, silicon windows and portals, curved statues, a complex ornament. Urban planning and civil architecture (residential buildings, Town Hall, trading series, city tower with an elegant decor) have developed. In sculpture, stained glass, scenic and carved altars, miniatures, decorative products, the symbolic allegorical system is combined with new spiritual aspirations, lyrical emotions; The interest in the real world, nature, the wealth of experiences is expanding. In 15-16 centuries. Gothic replaces rebirth.

Design. Dictionary Terminos

Gothic

GOTHIC (from italian. Gotico letters - Gothic, from the name of the German tribe is ready) - Gothic style, artistic style (between Ser. XII and XV-XVI centuries), which completed the development of medieval art in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe. Gothic reflected fundamental changes in the structure of a medieval society. The leading architectural type was the city council: the frame system of the gothic architecture (the string arches are based on the poles; lateral spacers of the cross arches laid out on ribs are transmitted by ArkButans to the counterphorts) allowed the interiors of cathedrals unprecedented and extensity, cutting the walls with huge windows with multicolor stained glass windows. The aspiration of the cathedral is expressed expressed by giant openwork towers, silicon windows and portals, curved statues, a complex ornament. Urban planning and civil architecture (residential buildings, Town Hall, trading series, city tower with an elegant decor) have developed. In sculpture, stained glass, scenic and carved altars, miniatures, decorative products, the symbolic allegorical system is combined with new spiritual aspirations, lyrical emotions; The interest in the real world, nature, the wealth of experiences is expanding. In the XV-XVI centuries. Gothic replaces rebirth.

Medieval world in terms, names and names

Gothic

gothic style (from iT. Gotico - Gothic, from the name of the GEM. Tribe is ready) - art. The style, mainly architectural, dominated in the art of medieval Europe from the XII to the XV-XVI centuries. The flourishing of the city falls on the XIII-XIV centuries. Style arose in France; Cradle G. - Il de France. The term is introduced by IT theorists. Renaissance. The French successfully called G. "Right", "Strelded" style. The main phenomenon is the Cathedral. Gothich. The temple in the plan differs little from Romanesque. Based on its long "ship" - a nave (high, longitudinal hall, on both sides of which side oils are located, lower). The center, neopling, together with the side crossed the transverse hall (transplan). The main feature of the Gothic. The temple is a crusade of a rugged shape. The use of ribs (a fitted arc) is a magnificent engineering solution of the Middle Ages, which allowed to reduce the pressure of the arch on the walls, due to which the main pressure was distributed across separate supports - columns, columns, etc. By virtue of this, the massiveness of the walls has decreased. The stroke arc as it would move the axis of the temple: it turned into a vertical horizontal. Gothich. The temple rushed to swell, the walls were lighter, openwork, they cut down huge windows with multicolor stained glass windows. Characteristic feature of the Gothic. Temple - round stained glass windows (so-called "Roses"). The cathedral was decorated with fittings, portals, windows, openwork towers, statues, sculptural groups, ornaments and chimeras (fiction. Figures of animals). Cathedrals were raised by order of the mountains. Commune and symbolized the power of the church and the liberty of cities. The cathedral was the architectural center of the city.

Outstanding works of Gothic. Architectures were created in France: Church of Saint-Denis, Cathedral of the Paris Mother of God, Cathedral in Lana, Charther Cathedral, Cathedrals in Reims and Amiens, Capella Louis IX, "Holy Chapel" Saint-Chapel; In Germany: Cathedrals in Freiburg and Ulm, Cologne Cathedral; In England: Cathedral in Salisbury, Canterbury Cathedral, Cathedral of Westminster Abbey (close to G.); In Italy - Milan Cathedral; In the Czech Republic - the Cathedral of St. Vita, etc. The most famous cycle of the sculptures of the period of the period is considered the sculptural decor of the Cathedral in Naumburg (Germany) - the reliefs of the "Passions of Christ" ("The Last Supper", "Treachery of Judas", "Taking into custody") and 12 statues of the founders (donators) of the temple inside.

In the period of late G., in the XIV-XVI centuries, Gothic was developed. Urban planning: the construction of town halls, shopping rows, palaces, residential buildings. The era of G. - the heyday of book miniatures, enamel, art. weaving, decorative products from silver, etc. Gothich. The style combined the arts in a single ensemble. Objects of household, furniture, clothing, decorations and architecture.

Builders Gothic. Cathedrals united in the artel-lodge. Masonry arising in several centuries used this form of organization and borrowed the name itself - Frankmads (free bricklayers).

LIT: Dmitrieva N.A. Brief history of arts. Vol. 1. M., 1968; Lyascovskaya O.F. French gothic. M., 1973; The history of the art of foreign countries. Middle Ages, revival / ed. TsG. Nesselshraus. M., 1982; Sopozin O.I. Art of Western European Middle Ages. M., 1964.

Architectural dictionary

Gothic

(from italian. Gotico, letters. - Gothic, from the name of the German tribe is ready)

gothic style, artistic style (between Ser. 12 and 15-16 centuries), which completed the development of medieval art in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe. Gothic reflected fundamental changes in the structure of a medieval society. The leading architectural type was the city council: the frame system of the gothic architecture (the string arches are based on the poles; lateral spacers of the cross arches laid out on ribs are transmitted by ArkButans to the counterphorts) allowed the interiors of cathedrals unprecedented and extensity, cutting the walls with huge windows with multicolor stained glass windows. The aspiration of the cathedral is expressed expressed by giant openwork towers, silicon windows and portals, curved statues, a complex ornament. Urban planning and civil architecture (residential buildings, Town Hall, trading series, city tower with an elegant decor) have developed. In sculpture, stained glass, scenic and carved altars, miniatures, decorative products, the symbolic allegorical system is combined with new spiritual aspirations, lyrical emotions; The interest in the real world, nature, the wealth of experiences is expanding. In 15-16 centuries. Gothic replaces rebirth.

the architectural style, which prevailed in Europe from the XII to the XV century, for which the string arches are characterized, ribbed ribbed vaults passing through the ArkButans to the counterphorts; The most notable temple architecture, who inspired special religious feelings. Gothic temples with a multitude of windows filled with light, create an impression of aspirations.

(Architecture: Illustrated Directory, 2005)

(franz. Gothique - from the name of the GEM. Tribe is ready)

the artistic style, mainly the architectural, who came to the Romanesque change, originated in the XII in France, in late Middle Ages spread throughout the Zap. Europe. The term gothic, which occurred from the name of the German tribe, who destroyed Rome in 410 N. e., originated in Italy in the Renaissance era, as the negative characteristic of medieval art - Gothic, i.e., barbaric, primitive and coarse. The leading role in the Gothic art played architecture. Gothic cathedrals are at the heart of the frame from the poles (bunch of columns) and the fitted arches and arches on them. The lateral expansion of the arch with the help of the binding seven colors - ArkButans - is transmitted by a special protruding of the building by the powerful pillars-counterphorts, neutralizing this stretch. Thanks to the frame system, the need for massive outer walls has disappeared, which allowed the builders to fill the gaps between the pillars-counter -fts with huge windows windows. The building built on such a system created the illusion of the lung, asked the upward factories, which was emphasized and decorative design. Usually the cathedrals are abundantly decorated with openwork stone carvings and sculpture. A large place in the decorative design of buildings was occupied by an ornament built by the advantage of plant motifs. Basically, decorative decoration was focused on the facade. The architecture of Gothic with its rational and durable design, a huge inner space was a manifestation of a bold human thought that rejected dogmatism, the Sunday of Romanesque architecture with his domination of the cargo stone masses.

(Dictionary of terms of architecture. Yusupov E.S., 1994)

0 In Russia, a huge number of subculboretur, who fell to us from abroad. Some of them have a slight amount of fans, while others have a large community in many major cities today we will talk about Gotah, and about the youthful movement of Gothic, which means you can learn a little lower.
However, before you continue, I would like to advise you to familiarize yourself with another couple of popular articles on the subject of fashion. For example, who are Emo, whom they call vanillas, who are such a clap, which means the word to Famie, etc.
So, will continue what does Gothic mean? This term was borrowed from English " gotic.", and translated as" rough "," cruel "," barbaric ".

Gothic- It is a medieval style (sparkling-value) Western European architecture, which is allocated by pointed buildings, upholstery of stone threads, silicone vaults, and a variety of ominous sculptural jewelry

Initially, in this movement included exclusively teenagers and young people, but over time the range of age has expanded, and no one is not surprised to see the fifty-year-old gota.

In fact, this flow has no ideology, as such. The only thing that unites the whole of this diverse public is to death, they are her aesthetizeand cultivate.
It is clear that the goths, like the rest of the movements, perceive themselves, as a protest against the varnishes, mass consumption, mantlelessness, etc. At the time when Popis romantically rolls his eyes, and sings about love, harsh goths, frowning eyebrows on the cemeterywhere they spend their primitive rituals.

True, if you think that goths from those who dream of drinking out of our mortgage world, then you are very mistaken. Most of them, appreciate and love life in all its manifestations, and their gloomy outfits and atypical make-up, they are used as an empty. The kids just want them to finally turn their attention, and began to take seriously. Although there are people, externally very reminiscent are ready, but at the same time they are not, and they will insult if you suddenly take them to this subculture. For such individuals, most importantly is eupaz!

What do goths wear?

Now briefly let's talk about what is ready to be in their wardrobe. Everyone, a little, self-respecting representative of this gloomy flow, is in the honeycomb clothes exclusively blackcolors, sometimes decorated with silver ornament or pastel inserts. They have only noble silver decorations, gold goths are not even in perfume. The fact is that the gold symbol is the sunlight, the joy of being, an excellent mood, and silver - many refer to our planet's satellite - Moon, gloomy, dark and mysterious.

Initially, gothsfrom Panks almost no difference, with the exception of dark shades. But in our time, the goths are a very bright image that cannot be copped with any youth culture.

Canonical goth looks like a real vampire, as it is represented in Hollywood, he has a painful white face, black clothes, and black hair, black eyes and lips are very desirable. The hairstyle in the form of items, whiskey can be partially shaved, and painted into acid shades.
Recently appeared fashion for gothic dressesgirls stylized at the end of the 19th century implies abundant lace, caps and loose hair.
Nowadays now are popular, the so-called nU-GOTYwho prefer loose closure, for example, various mantles, wide T-shirts, short dresses in the style of Urban (urban).

Now there are quite a lot of currents, which a lot borrowed from the "Tru-preparation". This can be attributed to pastel ready, the fashion on which only grows. And if for gothicthe canon is required abundance of black, then for pastel is ready, exceptionally bright, pastel shades in clothing.

Cyber \u200b\u200b-Gotika is another interesting style that includes Industrial, Rivelhead and those most ready. This subculture was formed among the fans of Music Industrial. From simple ready for them can be distinguished by acid colors in clothing, dreadlocks and cyberoclockers (hairstyle, which was at the decex when he was popular in children), respirators or masks, gopers (strange glasses, smoking on welding),

Gothic - The period in the development of medieval art in the territory of Western, central and partly Eastern Europe from the XII to the XV-XVI century. Gothic came to replace the Romanesque style, gradually pusing it. Term "Gothic" most often applies to the known style of architectural structures that can be briefly described as "Aericiously magnificent".

But Gothic covers almost all works of fine art of this period: sculpture, painting, book miniature, stained glass, fresco and many others.

Gothic originated in the middle of the XII century in the north of France, in the XIII century she spread to the territory of modern Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Spain, England. In Italy, Gothic penetrated later, with great difficulty and strong transformation, which led to the appearance of "Italian Gothic." At the end of the XIVVEK, Europe covered the so-called international gothic. In the countries of Eastern Europe, Gothic penetrated later and lasted there a little longer - until the XVIV.

The buildings and works of art containing the characteristic gothic elements, but created during the level of eclectic (middle of the XIX century) and later, the term "neoochik" applies.

In the 1980s, the term "Gothic" began to apply and to designate the subculture that arose at this time ( "Gothic subculture"), including the musical direction ("Gothic music").

Elements defining Gothic Style

Gothic style has pretty clear elements, its defining. Gothic style is easily recognizable at certain techniques that were then applied. If you express it in one phrase, you can use the following - aspiration to swell into the world of spiritual, his religious sense. This idea was obtained in:

Gothic in the interior.

Gothic - Next step in the development of medieval art, the second pan-European style. The term "Gothic" was introduced by the Italian humanists to designate everything that is not related to classic, antique samples, that is, in their opinion, the ugly, associated with solid barbarism (Goths - "barbaric" German tribe).

Gothic stylewho dominated Western Europe in the XIII - XIV centuries., became the highest artistic synthesis of the Middle Ages.

Leading view of art in gothic Architecture remained, and the highest achievement was the construction of urban cathedrals, causing the feeling of lightness, singular airiness and spirituality. Unlike the Romanesque Gothic Cathedral - the city building, aspiring, rewarding over all urban development.

Transition from Romance Style to gothic In Western European architecture, a number of technological innovations and new stylistic elements was noted. It was believed that the introduction of the Strengthened Arch was based on the change, which emphasized the aspiration of the entire building toast, its appearance was associated with Arabic influence.

In the gothic architecture used basilic type of temple. Based on the buildings of the Gothic period lay a new design of the arch with a stable frame system. Central Neft gothic temple It was usually above the side, and part of the load was assumed by the ArkButans - special lifelong arches, which connected the base of the central neopa arch with counterphorts (special retaining columns) side. Such a structure made it possible to significantly alleviate the entire structure and expand the inner space of the building, almost removing the walls.

An important detail of the Gothic building is huge windows, which, as if replaced the walls and occupied all the intervals between the supports. Window decorated with color stained glass. All internal space thanks to stained-glass windows, was saturated with light painted in various colors.

Outside the Gothic building is usually two towers on the facade, and between them - a round large window, the so-called "Gothic Rose".

The feeling of lightness was emphasized and internal decor. The smooth surface of the wall disappeared, and the vaults cut the network of ribs; wherever possible, the wall was crowded with windows, dismembered niche or arches.

Objects of furniture The gothic period was severe enough and clumsy, they as a rule were located along the walls. On the cabinets bedsThe chairs met the most different elements of church architecture.

Later on wooden products, a geometrically accurate ornament is begun to be used, quite quaint and coupling.

Furniture products Go up roots to the church atmosphere. Furniture decorated with openwork, floral ornament, ribbon weaving. A characteristic feature of this period is a stylized carved ornament, presented on products of furniture in the form of an engraved leather scroll or imitation of fabric texture laid by bizarre folds.

One of the main types of furniture - chestPerforming a variety of functions. The chests were made from various breeds of wood and were decorated with figured stucco, rich metal inserts.

Used everywhere bench. They were a wide variety of species, for example, with the bottom, similar to a chest, with a high back.

Bed at gothic style It was equipped with a canopy, and in European countries with a softer climate, it was replaced by a wooden design, decorated with carvings, seals and finishing of different colors.

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