An account of years in the history of calendars of different nations. The calendar

The calendar is usually called a certain system with which it becomes possible to differentiate the flow flow at certain intervals, which helps to streamline the flow of life. In the entire history of mankind, the calendars were a huge set, and they were based on different principles. In this article we will discuss calendars, as well as let us talk about what form of our modern time reference system can take.

The origin of the word "calendar"

Before proceeding to the description of the names of the number systems themselves, find out where the word happens from where the word occurs. The term "calendar" is etymologically dates back to the Latin verb Caleo, which is translated as "to proclaim". Another option that has become the source of the word "calendar" is Calendarium. The last in ancient Rome was called a debt book. Caleo keeps the memory for us that in Rome the beginning of each month was specially proclaimed. As for the debt book, its importance is due to the fact that all interest on debts and loans in Rome paid the first number.

The origin of the calendar system

The fact that time flows on a certain circle, humanity has been realized on the basis of cyclically repetitive events and phenomena, which are quite a lot. This, for example, the change of day and night, the time of the year, the rotation of the heavenly spheres and so on. Based on them over time, various types of calendars have developed. The main unit of time of any of them is a day that include one turnover of the Earth around its own axis. Then the moon played an important role in the history of which forms the so-called synodic month. It is referred to as the Greek word "Synodos", which is translated as "rapproche". We are talking about rapprochement in the sky of the Sun and the Moon. Well, finally, the change of four seasons is the tropical year. Its name comes from the Greek "Tropos", that is, "turn".

Why do different peoples living on the same planet have different types of calendars? The answer lies in the fact that the duration of the daily circle, the synodic month and the tropical year does not correlate among themselves, which provides ample opportunities for choosing the calendar.

Three types of calendar

Based on the described values \u200b\u200bat different times, attempts were made to make a calendar suitable for society. Some of them were guided only by lunar cycles. Thus, the lunar calendars appeared. As a rule, they counted at twelve months, focused only on the movement of the night shone, and did not correlate with the change of seasons. Others, on the contrary, did their calculations only on the basis of the circle of the time of the year, not believing with the Moon and its rhythm. This approach gave the beginning of solar calendars. Third took into account both cycles - solar and lunar. And, pushing away from the latter, tried, anyway, to reconcile both among themselves. They gave rise to mixed sunny moon calendars.

Moon calendar

Now let's discuss the nuances of time based exclusively on the movement of the moon. The lunar calendar, as already mentioned, is based on the synodic month - the change in the shift of the lunar phases from the new moon to full moon. The average duration of this month is 29.53 days. Therefore, in most lunar calendars, the month lasts 29 or 30 days. At the same time, the year most often consists of twelve months. Thus, it turns out that the length of the year is about 354.36 days. As a rule, it is rounded up to 354, while inserting a periodically leap year in 355 days. Do it everywhere in different ways. For example, a Turkish cycle is known, where for eight years there are three leap years. Another option, with a ratio of 30/11, offers a Arab system based on a traditional Muslim calendar.

Since the lunar calendars are in no way connected with the movement of the Sun, they gradually disagree with him because of the difference at ten days a year. Thus, the cycle of the Solar calendar at 34 corresponds to 35 years of moon. Despite such inaccuracy, this system satisfied many nations, especially at an early stage of development, when a nomadic lifestyle was characterized for them. The moon is easily observed in the sky, and this calendar does not require significant complex calculations. Over time, however, when the role of agriculture has increased, its possibilities were insufficient - it took a more rigid binding of months to the times of the year and the circle of agricultural work. It stimulated the process of developing a sun calendar.

Lack of lunar calendar

In addition to the fact that the calendar, founded entirely on the lunar cycle, is significantly different with the tropical year, it also has another significant drawback. It is that due to a very difficult orbit, the duration of the synodic month changes continuously. The difference can reach six hours. It should be said that the point of reference of the new month in the lunar calendar is not a new moon, which is difficult to breathe, and the so-called ance is the first appearance of a young moon at sunset. This event follows a new moon after 2 or 3 days. At the same time, the time of the moment depends on the time of year, the duration of the current month and the location of the observer. This means that the calendar, calculated in one place, will be completely inaccurate for another area. And in general, no system based on lunar cycles is not able to accurately reflect the real movement of the night shone.

Sunny calendar

The history of the calendar cannot be complete without mentioning the solar cycle. I must say that today it is the main form of time count. It is based on a consisting of 365.24 days. To make calculations more accurate, periodically introduced leap years, which collect the accumulated "surplus" in one "extra" day. There are various leaps systems, thereby familiar with many types of calendars based on the Sun movement. The point of reference is traditionally considered. Therefore, one of the requirements of the solar calendar is to ensure that every year this event accounted for the same date.

The first system of the leaps was possessed by his weak point was that in 128 he gained one extra day, and the equinox point was shifted, respectively, back. This inaccuracy tried to fix various ways. For example, Omar Khayam offered a special 33-year-old cycle, which was then based on the Persian calendar. Later, on the initiative of the Pope Gregory, the Gregorian calendar was introduced, which is the main civil calendar of modern society. He also gradually picks up one extra day, but this period is stretched from 128 years to 3300.

Another attempt to improve the Julian system was made by Milutin Milankovich. He developed the so-called Novoyulian calendar, who gained a mistake for a day at 50,000 years. This is done thanks to a special rule in relation to century-old years (they can be considered leaps, only if at a division of 900 in the residue) 2 or 6). The disadvantage of the Gregorian and Novoyulian calendar, with their accuracy, is the fact that the equinox date becomes floating, and is accounted for every year for different days.

Solar-moon calendar

Finally, let's touch the sunny-lunar calendar. Its essence is to reconcile in one cycle movement of the sun with the movement of the moon. To do this, it was necessary to periodically extend the year for one month. Called such a year by Embolismic. In ancient Greece and Babylon, three additional months were introduced for eight years. His error is one and a half days over the entire eightary period. A longer cycle, as the calendar history reports, was adopted in China, although they knew about it in Babylon, and in Greece. His error is one day for 219 years.

Calendar varieties

Now let's talk about what kind of calendar varieties exist today. It will be about constructive, not about astronomical features. So, the most in demand today is flip, wall-mounted, pocket and tear-off calendars.

Calm calendars

Another name of this type of typographic publication is "House". Although some options may have a different design, which includes a plastic stand. The latter often make up one integer with a stand for pencils and departments for clips. The bottom line is that the flipping calendar is constructed so that the months of the months are located on different pages that need to be overbilled in a timely manner. Together with the calendar, they are very conveniently located various information or just beautiful images included in the overall design of the room. Such products are used most often in offices, conveniently located in the corner of the desktop. The cake calendar also often serves as a gift or souvenir.

Wall calendar

Many in the kitchen have such a calendar attached to the wall, refrigerator door or doors. Wall calendars are very popular, because it is convenient to use, and their aesthetic value in our time makes them a wonderful decoration for the house. Sometimes they are combined with the technology of "houses". In this case, wall calendars, as a rule, are real albums dedicated to this or that topic. And the function, in fact, the calculus of time goes into them into the background.

Pocket calendar

This type is probably the most common in our time. Pocket calendars are small cards, on one side of which is located, actually, the calendar plate, and on the other - some drawing. Very often such products serve as bookmarks, business cards. Often they are used for promotional purposes. Pocket calendars are a kind of cards that carry an additional feature. They can be easily put in the wallet and wear with them, getting as needed.

Target calendars

Soviet tear-off calendar is familiar to everyone. Once they met in almost every home, but today their popularity fell somewhat, although they are still often found. These products are real books, where each page is highlighted under one day of the year. When a new day comes, the old page is broken. Therefore, it is called tearless. On the back of the page contains any text. As a rule, each such calendar is devoted to any topic and presents a rather informative source within its framework.

Church calendars

A few words should also be said that such a church calendar, since many, coming to the temple or reading church literature, are faced with a double dating system. In fact, under the church Orthodox calendar, an ordinary Julian calendar is meant. Just for two thousand years, he began to lag behind the real astronomical time of time for almost two weeks. The Catholic Church corrected this, which was the result of the Gregorian calendar. But the Orthodox this reform did not accept. Russian Orthodox Church and several other independent jurisdictions, for example, still adhere to Julian chores. But most of the Orthodox churches of the world still moved to the Novyulian calendar, which currently coincides with the Gregorian.

The church calendar thus has at least three varieties. In some countries, in addition, their national calendars apply in churches. For example, in Egypt, the Coptic chummer system is distributed. There are calendars and other religious organizations. For example, Vedic, Buddhist, Islamic, Bahairship and other time organization systems are known.

Mayan calendar

In conclusion, let's say a few words about what an ancient Mayan calendar is. In fact, this is not one, but a whole system of different yields. The civil calendar for the year of the Mayan Indians was sunny and consisted of 365 days. Its main purpose was to streamline agricultural life. There was also a ritual calendar, which was called Zolkin. It is translated as a "day account". He is somewhat unusual in its structure. So, the calendar for the year according to Zolkin contained not 365, but 260 days. The latter were divided into two cycles - twenty-day and thirteenty-day. The days of the first of them had their own name, and the second contained only the sequence number. The Mayanskaya time account system included both periods such as Tuna (360 days), Katuna (20 Tunov), Bactins (20 Katun). The very big one was considered the era of 260 Katunov. In terms of the usual account, this is 5125 years. In 2012, one such era was completed, called the fifth sun, and began a new era of the sixth.

There are various types of calendars, and this word itself comes from the ancient Calendarium (from Latin - a long book), according to which the debtors in ancient Rome paid on the day of the calenda relying interest. In general, the calendar is a system of calculating the time intervals based on the periodical of the Moon and the Sun movement, it is from here that almost all types of calendars occurred.

Separation

It has long been suited for solar and lunar calculations of the time intervals, remaining only at the disposal of zealous gardeners. However, they are constantly used in confessional purposes, from where there is an incessant disagreement of servants of different cults about the methods of numbering. Today, the types of calendars differ, rather, on the design of the list of days of the year, where they are divided into months and weeks indicating weekdays and holidays.

Registration may be the most different. All use either a desktop version or a cake or wall mounted. All kinds of calendars in the modern world are reference periodicals, where days, weeks, months of this year are consistently listed, often with accompanying information of the most different nature.

Very often on each page somewhere on the side, the position of the Sun or Moon is indicated on the day, but this information is provided by all types of calendars.

Dates

Each people from time immemorials had their own ways to dating occurring events. Many ancient calendars lead time from the creation of the world. For example, the Jews had the world in 3761 BC, but Alexandria calendar identified this date twenty-fifth of May 5493 BC. For the Romans, the time began with the legendary day of the foundation of his capital in 753 to our era, and Parfyan began their records and calculations when the first king reigned on the throne.

Very engaged to study the ancient calendars, many of which are monuments of history. The Egyptians with each pharaoh dynasty began a new countdown of time. All world religions founded their own calendar: the Grigorian calendar shows 7525 from the creation of the world, Islamic - only 1438, according to Buddhist - humanity has already lived in the era of Nirvana, and the Bahai calendar, probably the most young, there is only today 174 year. The invention of the calendar with the development of each civilization was inevitable.

Causes

Each people calendars were needed for different purposes. For example, the Egyptians denied the end points between the Sirius sunrises, because just at that time the nile feeder was spilled annually. It was necessary to accurately calculate the harvest, otherwise the river will remove, as well as the time of Seva, when the Great Stream is forgotten, leaving behind the lifeful Il. And the Egyptians coped very well with such a task: the invention of the calendar they managed to fame. Scientists all over the world celebrate the amazing accuracy of the ancient Egyptian calculations.

And the ancient Russia led the calendar in all four annual seasons, widely using and sunny, and the lunar calendar. It was not so simple: every nineteen years had to be included in the overall move another seven months extra. However, in the very gray-haired antiquity, the Russians had a saddimitsa - a seven-day week - long before they were told about the works of the Lord on the creation of the world. In 988, Christianity established, and the score went from the creation of Adam, in Byzantine, although Russia stubbornly did everything in its own way, and even the Byzantine calendar acted here with some deviations from the main number. For example, the Byzantines celebrated the New Year on September 1, and the Russians are in habit - March 1. More anywhere, such "special" calendars were not applied.

Number systems

When transferring a certain date from one summer to another, it is fairly easy to get confused. And in general, time is the most amazing substance, it is impossible to feel - sniff, touch. This is the fourth dimension of the physical three-dimensional world.

There are theoretical physicists today who study the theory of strings, they are confident that there is no time at all. However, it is necessary to some ways to celebrate our birth, growth, maturity, old age, departure from this world. We have a very small planet, but there is no single calendar and a single calculus system.

Moon calendar

The lunar year is not equal to the solar star, it is not tied to the annual movement of our star, therefore the calendar drawn up by the Phases of the Moon is quite strongly shifted relative to the sunny: per year comes almost eleven days, and in thirty-four solar years one lunar is junk. But changing the phases of the moon is much easier to observe, it is generally one of the most easily observed phenomena, which is why the lunar calendar has always been extremely popular.

However, the moon has a very difficult orbit, and the movement affects the compilation of the calendar, and therefore its flaws over time ceased to use condescension of people. All agricultural work is usually tied to the shifts of seasons, which is not the moon, and the sun. And with rare exceptions (for example, the Islamic calendar) luna was inevitably replaced by sunny or moon-sunny. Moreover, with more and more developing communications, it was quite difficult to use the lunar calendar: in different latitudes and at different times the time of the year the time of the Moon is changing, and therefore residents of different countries could not withstand specific terms of contracts.

Lunarly solar calendar

The beginning of the month in this form of the calendar is, as in the lunar, one, that is, the first appearance with the convened sun of a thin sickle who arose for the moon. The synodic month lasts twenty-nine and a half days, and the tropical year is three hundred and sixty-five with a quarter of a day. So months in the tropical year 12.36.

Thus, the lunarly sunny annual calendar consisted of twelve months (ordinary) or thirteen. The calendar year cannot be equal to tropical, so it is necessary to insert an additional month that the time is necessary and did people in ancient Russia.

Sunny calendar

Also a rather complicated calculation, since the tropical year is not equal to the calendar. However, the solar calendar is most close to the one we use today. Here, in the usual year, three hundred sixty-five days, and in the leap-three hundred sixty-six, and to bring the duration of the calendar year to tropical, the insertion of the leaps was always happening.

Julian calendar inserted an extra day every four years. Thus, for four hundred years should be added a hundred leapsday days. Nevertheless, there are errors in this calculus. The average duration of the year is obtained somewhat more tropical, accumulating in one hundred twenty-eight years one extra day, shifting the date of the spring equinox.

China

The most ancient of those famous on Earth (sixteenth century BC) is a Chinese calendar of the Shan era. In general, even then in China, the summer caught not in one thing. Sunny - for agricultural work, and the sunny-lunar for the rest of the need, and he also was in two versions. The first one, named after the first dynasty, in East Asia and is now extremely popular. He counted a year since spring. The second is Zhuan, named after the first ancestor of the Qin dynasty. He counted the New Year in the autumn.

Modern China enjoys both Gregoryan, but the lunar calendar is not forgotten. For all traditional holidays, the Date defines the Chinese Calendar of the Moon. For example, the Spring holiday is an Eastern New Year - on the lunar calculus variable, comes to the second new moon from the winter solstice (in the interval between January 21 and February 21).

Apocalypse?

It is impossible to keep in an article about the types of calendars about one of the most famous - this is the Mayan calendar. The popularity of the knowledge of these ancient civilizations began not so long ago, we largely must be obliged to the novelist and mysticism, the author of the most interesting novels on this topic, - Frank Waters. Now almost every person on Earth knows about those who have gone long ago, but those who left the alleged traces of the inhabitants of America. The "Book of Hopi" is the main one, the most inefficually considering this calendar. The philosophy of Aztecs and Maya on the occurrence of the sixth and last era of consciousness is very unusual in terms of worldview.

The author suggested that the end of the calendar warns the transformation of people's consciousness throughout the world. But people very simplified this information that the author brought in the book, and prepared for an inevitable apocalypse, which the Indians were destined with a specific date in 2012. By the way, the calendar is on this date ended. Apparently, the Maja monuments are not yet fully deciphered, and the date is definitely incorrect, otherwise how could humanity might survive?

Scientists

Researchers say so: the ancient artifact is not as simple as it was possible to think. The information that is laid in it is quite possible that they do not even belong. It is much older. This code is trying to decipher the scientists of the whole world. Yes, and almost any calendar is a separate mathematical system and can be a coded message, as all the well-known mathematician of Pakhomov assures, more and more excitement of public opinion.

Mathematical laws can submit a calendar as a numerical matrix that will decipher a variety of messages from a variety of ancient calendars. So this scientist argues, and many colleagues agree with him. It is possible that calendars are messages with hidden knowledge that the ancestors have retained for us.

Poster calendar

Office and industrial premises, as well as ordinary residential buildings and apartments very often decorate not painting, but a beautiful modern poster. A poster calendar is widespread because its production has a rather low cost and is manufactured not only quickly, but also the taste of the buyer. This is a classic combination of a beautiful photo or a slide and a beautifully decorated calendar grid for the whole year - economically, convenient, beautifully, very many years have been very in demand.

Images are possible a variety of, since the slideboard can be filmed infinitely. The poster calendar is lacquered or laminated. The printing houses are currently have a powerful printing base, and if a real designer works on the image, this product may well be compared to emotional effects with the highest art.

Clemented calendar

Such a product is also usually located on the wall, but it is an even more interesting type of printed products. Its thematic design is associated with very often using the accompanying text - not just useful in the farm thing, it is also a wonderful gift.

Design individual, print quality. Typically, a flipping calendar consists of six or twelve sheets. In the first case, printing will be double-sided, and in the second one - one-sided. In addition, there is almost always a cover and a substrate. This is the most prestigious of all kinds of calendars. It is performed by the format A2 or A3 - large, colorfully and bright. Sheets clamped with spring or special paper clips.

Desk calendar

This is a more modestly performed reminder of the rapidly leaving time, nevertheless many advantageous advantages have such a calendar still possesses. Its format allows you to always be before your eyes, strictly informative, compact, accessible to any vision compared to a pocket calendar or telephone.

The desktop calendar, made by the "house", is easily folded and folded, and a bench-top cake can serve as an organizer simultaneously. It is convenient on trips, moreover, many printing firms supply it with high aesthetic qualities.

Calendar is a system for the number of large periods, based on the frequency of visible movements of the celestial bodies. Calendars have already existed 6,000 years ago. The word "calendar" itself came from ancient Rome. So the debt books were called, where the Roshovshchiki listed monthly interest. It happened on the first day of the month, which was previously called "Calend".

Different nations at different times have created and enjoyed three types of calendars: sunny, lunar and sunny moon. The most common solar calendar, which is based on the movement of the Sun, allowing you to agree on the day and year. Currently, residents of most countries use this type of calendar.

One of the first creators of the calendars were the inhabitants of ancient Sumer (located in the territory of Iraq). They used the lunar calendar based on the observation of the movement of the moon. With it, you can agree on a day and lunar month. There was 354 days in the ancient hours, and it consisted of 12 months to 29 and 30 days. Later, when the Vabylonian astronomer priests determined that the year consists of 365.6 days, the former calendar has been recycled, it became moon-sunny.

Back in those days, when the first Persian states began to form, the ancient farmers had already had their calendar and knew: there is a day for a year, when the shortest day replaces the longest night. This day of the longest night and the shortest day is called the day of winter solvent and on the modern calendar falls on December 22. Many centuries ago, the ancient farmers celebrated the birth of the God of the Sun - Mithra. The festive action included a lot of mandatory rites, with the help of which people helped Mitre to be born and defeated the villain winter, providing the arrival of spring and the beginning of agricultural work. All this was for our ancestors a very serious occupation, because by the timely arrival of Spring, their lives depended.

Later from Persia, the god of Mitra fell to the Romans and became one of the worships of the gods. In the Roman Empire, the months had different lengths (sometimes the length of the month could be changed for a bribe), but the new year was consistently accounted for January 1 - the date of change of consuls. When the Roman Empire officially accepted Christianity and it turned out that the new one, the Unified God Jesus Christ was born on December 25, this even more strengthened the tradition of celebrating the winter solvent and became a convenient time for the New Year's walking.

In 46 BC, Julius Caesar, who was not only a commander, but also by the Supreme Priest, using the calculations of the scientist coinned, switched to simple forms of Egyptian solar year and introduced the calendar called Juliansky. This reform was necessary, since the existing calendar was strongly dismissed with natural, and by the time of reform, this lag from the natural change of the seasons was already 90 days. This calendar was based on the annual movement of the Sun on 12 zodiacal constellations. According to the imperial reform, the year began on January 1. The first month of the year was named after God Janus, personifying the beginning of everything. The average duration of the year in the interval of four years was equal to 365.25 days, which is 11 minutes 14 seconds longer than the tropical year, and this temporary inaccuracy began to race again.

In ancient Greece, the beginning of the summer had to be at the longest day of the year - June 22. And the chick of the Greeks led from the famous Olympic Games, which were arranged in honor of the legendary herakla.

The second significant calendar reform was conducted by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. This calendar called the Gregorian (new style), and he replaced the Julian calendar (old style). The need for change was determined by the fact that the Julian calendar lagged behind the natural. The day of the spring equinox, very important to determine the dates of religious holidays, was shifted and every year became even earlier. The introduced Gregorian calendar has become more accurate. The date of the spring of the Spring Equinox was entrenched for March 21, leapy years were withdrawn from the calendar, which in recent years of centuries: 1600, 1700, 1800, etc., - therefore it has fewer leap years introduced to eliminate the discrepancy of the calendar with a raincar account.

The Grigorian calendar was immediately adopted by many European countries, and at the beginning of the 20th century was established in China, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Egypt.

In Russia, the announcing invented by the Romans was used in Russia, and the Julian calendar acted with the Roman names of months and seven-day weeks. To the Decree of Peter I (1700), the Russians conducted their calendar "from the creation of the world", which, according to Christian teaching, occurred 5506 years before our era, and the beginning of the new year was celebrated where in September, after harvesting, and where - in March, On the day of the Spring Solstice. The royal decree led our chores in line with European and commanded to celebrate the New Year in winter - January 1.

Until October 1917, Russia lived on the Julian calendar, "lagging behind" from European countries for 13 days. The Bolsheviks with the coming to power conducted the reform of the calendar. On February 1, 1918, decree came out, who announced this day on the 14th day. This year turned out to be the shortest, consisting of 352 days, as according to the reform of the calendar, for January 31 of the previous year, he followed immediately ... February 14.

There was a danger of continuing to reform the Russian calendar in the spirit of revolutionary ideology. So, in the 1930s, they were offered to introduce "five days" instead of weeks. And in 1939, the "Union of Militant Sugurizians" made an initiative to assign other names with generally accepted names. It was proposed to call them so (we give it from January to December): Lenin, Marx, Revolution, Sverdlova, May (agreed to leave), the Soviet Constitution, harvest, the world, Comintern, Engels, the Great Revolution, Stalin. However, there were sensible heads, and the reform was rejected.

Proposals with amendments to the current schooling system continue to appear. The last attempt to reform the calendar was undertaken in 1954. A draft approved by many countries was proposed for the UN project, including the Soviet Union. The essence of the proposed changes was that all the first number of quarters began from Sunday, and the first month of the quarter would contain 31 days, and the remaining two months - by 30. This option of changing the calendar was considered and previously approved by the UN Council as a convenient in "service maintenance "And recommended for approval by the UN General Assembly, but under pressure from the United States and other countries was rejected. There are no new projects for changing the calendar of information yet.

In a number of Muslim countries, still enjoy the lunar calendar, in which the beginning of the calendar months corresponds to the moments of New Moon. The lunar month (synodic) is 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes 2.9 seconds. 12 of these months are lunar year of 354 days, which turns out to be shorter than the tropical year for 11 days. In a number of countries in Southeast Asia, Iran, Israel, there are varieties of lunarly solar calendar, in which the change of the Moon's phases is consistent with the beginning of the astronomical year. In such calendars, an important role is played by a period of 19 solar years, equal to 235 lunar months (the so-called cycle methons). The lunarly solar calendar is used in the Jews professing Judaism to calculate the deadlines of religious holidays.

For us, this is a rectangular grid with the days and weeks and the beginning of the year on January 1, but for other nations, the calendar looked differently. This is how if your calendar could be custom if you were born not here and not in our time.

Calendars of different nations of the world - from Egypt to China

• Egypt was used both lunar and solar calendars. The Lunar Calendar of the Egyptians began to use another 4 millennia to our era, and Sunny later, about 1700 BC. e. The year lasted 365 days, and was divided for 12 months to 30 days. But the seasons were not four, as we are familiar, but three that they answered the stages of sowing, harvesting and the flood season. At the end of the year there were 5 extra festive days in honor of the children of the God of the Earth. Interestingly, the Egyptians carried an account of the years from the moment of entry into the throne of New Pharaoh.
• The Chinese calendar is also called oriental. Now it is still used to determine the dates of traditional Chinese holidays. This calendar has become the basis for others - Vietnamese, Japanese, Tibetan and Korean. It consists of a 60-year cyclic system that combines two circles of cycles - the twelve-year-old "earth branches" cycle, where every year has the name of the animal, and the ten-year-old cycle of "Heavenly Things", followed by one of the five elements every year - water , wood, fire, metal or land.
• Everything will remember the mythical end of the world on December 21, 2012? This "important" date appeared due to the calendar of the Maya people. In this calendar, all the time was divided into cycles, or the "Sun". The Mayan tribes believed that by the end of each "Sun" there should be a large-scale destruction of humanity. December 21, 2012 fell precisely at the end of 5 cycles. The previous 4 cycles are over earthquakes, hurricanes, "fiery" rain and floods, respectively. The sixth cycle in the calendar was empty, as the priests could not see the future after the end of the fifth "sun."

Almost "modern" calendars of the peoples of the world

• At the beginning of the revolutionary era, the French decided to make their calendar. He was introduced in 1793, but later, in 1806, Napoleon I canceled it. In principle, the calendar did not stand out - all the same 365 days, and 12 months - but for 30 days. The remaining 5 days (for leap years - six) did not turn on in the month and had a special name. A feature of this calendar was the beginning of the year on the day of autumn equinox - that is, in each year there was a "new" new year.
• It is impossible not to mention the Soviet revolutionary calendar! Although he did not fit, but was pretty interesting. The chorement was conducted as in the Gregorian calendar, but in the most calendars the year was indicated as "NN for the Socialist Revolution". There were also 12 months, 30 days in each, and the days that remained, were called "insteadless vacation." The week consisted of 5 days, and for each layer of workers, weekend accounted for different day.

Gregorian calendar It is considered the most common in the world. Most of the inhabitants live in the XXI century. But calendars in different countries of the world begin with different events that, according to historical or religious reasons, were important for residents of these regions.

• Buddhist calendar. Starts his countdown from 543 to n. E., In 2013, in the courtyard stood 2556. In 2018 - 2561 year b. This calendar originates since the year of the death of the founder and the chief philosopher of Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama. Such summer is used in Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar.
• Jewish calendar. In 2018, 5778 came. The calendar originates from the date of the first noving, which happened a year before the creation of the world - 3761 BC. e. In Israel, the Grigorian calendar is used along with Jewish.
• Solar zoroastrian calendar. In 2018, the yard costs 1387. In this calendar there are 12 months to 30 days and there is no week. Zoroastrianism is considered one of the most ancient religions, which was distributed in the territory of Middle and Asia Minor. Zoroastrian calendar is reported from 632 years. e. when the Shah rose on the throne of the state of Sasanids Yezdigand III. This calendar is used in the remaining communities of the followers of Zoroastrianism in India, Iran and Azerbaijan.
• Unified National Calendar of India. Acts along with Gregoryan. He was accepted in 1957, and he leads from 78 years from 78 years. er. when the ruler of the Satavahan dynasty, Gautamiputter Satakarni., stopped the invasion of Iranian tribes south of India. In this calendar, the duration of the year is equal to the length of the tropical year, that is, 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 46 seconds. According to this calendar, in 2018 there is 1939.
• Islamic calendar. In 2018, 1439 came. This calendar leads from July 16, 622 N. e. when prophet Mohammed And the first Muslims moved from Mecca to Medina. This is a lunar calendar, in it 12 lunar months contain approximately 354 days. On the Islamic calendar, some Muslim countries determine the dates of religious holidays.
• Calendar Juche. In the Korean People's Democratic Republic in 2018 came 107 years. Soothing is conducted from 1912, when the future founder of the state and the first ruler appeared Kim Il Saint.
• Ethiopian calendar. In 2018, 2010 began. Soothing is conducted from August 29, 8 years. e. According to the Julian calendar, when, according to the allegations of the Alexandria Monk Aniana, archangel Gabriel Brought the Virgin Mary good news about the early birth of the Savior. The Ethiopian calendar uses the Eritrean Orthodox, Catholic and Evangelical Church of the country.
• Chinese calendar. In 2013, the yard stood the 30th year of the 78th cycle. This 60-year-old calendar was introduced by Emperor Juan-di in 2637 BC. e. It is used in China to calculate the dates of traditional holidays.
• Japanese calendar. In 2018, the 29th year of Era Haysey came. In 1989, he was introduced into use in 1989, when the throne and now the Healthy Emperor Akihito ascended.