What is a baroque short definition. Baroque in architecture

Baroque is one of the most significant styles in the cultural life of Europe. It has achieved the greatest popularity in countries such as Germany, Spain, Russia, France. Italy is considered homeland. The Baroque era covers about two centuries - from the end 16 to the middle of the 18th century.

Distinctive features of this style include sphere, solemnity and parade. Moreover, Baroque covers not only artistic creativity, literature and painting, but also the image of human thinking, its existence, as well as to some extent and science.

The works of this time are expressive and expressive, they are inherent in the sophistication of forms, the creation of illusory space, as well as the fancy game of shadows and light.

The era Baroque gave life to science. It is at this time that biology, anatomy, physics and chemistry, other disciplines begin their development. Previously, their study is cruelly punishable by servants of the church.

Wars, epidemics of various diseases, such as plague and smallpox, various led to the fact that a person felt unprotected and confused. His future was uncertain. More and more minds covered various superstitions and fears. At the same time, the church splits into two religious camps - Protestants and Catholics, which also generates a lot of black and battles.

All this leads to a new understanding of the Lord as the Creator of the Universe. God was considered only as the creator of the urgent, the man managed his alive and inanimate.

The Baroque era is also characterized by active colonization - the English settlements are formed in the old and new light.

The architecture of that time is rich in colonnades, abundance of various jewelry on the facades and in the interior. Multi-tiered domes of a complex, multi-level structure are also dominated. The most famous architects of that time include Michelangelo Buonaroti, Carlo Madern, Nikolai Sultanov.

In the painting of this epoch, religious and mythological motives are dominated, as well as the front portraits. Quite often, Madonna was depicted in the paintings surrounded by angels. The most era of Baroque - Michelangelo Merisi, Iasento Rigo, Peter Paul Rubens.

It is at this time that such as opera, a fugue originate. Music becomes more expressive. Composers of the Baroque era - Johann Sebastian Bach, Antonio Vivaldi, Giovanni Gabriel. As can be seen, there are many outstanding personalities at that time.

The Baroque era is one of the most significant in the history of human development. It is at this time that new styles and literature, music, painting, architecture originate. New glances for religion and man are formed. New directions arise in science. Despite some kind of spraying, this period presented with world culture many cultural monuments, which are highly appreciated in our time. The names of the masters and artists of the Baroque era still thunder for the whole world.

A regular continuation of this style became Rococo, formed in the first half of the 18th century. He managed to preserve his position until the end of the 18th century.

At the end of the XVI century, a new style - Baroque appeared. It is about him that it will be discussed in this article.

Baroque (Ital. Barocco - "Freaky", "Strange", "prone to excesses", port. Pe.rola Barroca - literally "Pearl with vice") - This is a style in art in general and architecture in particular.

Epoch Barochko

It is conditionally considered (as well as all historical periods) that the Baroque era continued during the XVI-XVIII centuries. Interestingly, it all started with, which by the 16th century began to slightly weaken in the international arena in economic and political terms.

The French and Spaniards actively conducted their policies in Europe, although Italy still remained the cultural center of the European Society. And the power of culture, as is known, determines its ability to adapt to new realities.

Here is the Italian to know, without having money to build the rich palaces, showing their power and greatness, asked for art to create the visibility of wealth, strength and prosperity with it.

That is how the Baroque era has come, which has become an important stage in the development of world art.

It is important to emphasize that the life of people at this time began to clearly change. For the Baroque era, there is a lot of free time. The townspeople prefer knightly tournaments (see) Horse riding ("Carousels") and a game of cards, pilgrimages - a walk in the park, Mysteries - theaters.

Old traditions based on superstitions and prejudices disappear. An outstanding mathematician and philosopher displays the formula: "I think, therefore, existed." That is, society is rebuilt on another thinking, where it is not expensive, which said some kind of authority, but what can be mathematically explained to any reasonable creature.

Interesting the fact that in a professional environment around the word "baroque" there are more disputes than about the era, as such. From Spanish, Barroco is translated as the pearl of the wrong shape, but from Italian - Baroco denotes a false logic output.

This second option looks like the most believable version of the origin of the controversial word, since it was in the Baroque era in art that some brilliant absurdity was observed, and even the fancy affecting the imagination with her porch and greatness.

Baroque style

For the style of Baroque, contrast, dynamism and tension, as well as a distinct desire for pomp and external magnitude.

Interestingly, representatives of this area were extremely organically united by different art styles. In short, the reformation and teachings played a key role in the Baroque Style Foundation.

If the Renaissance was intended for the Renaissance of the Renaissance, as a measure of all things and the most intelligent of the beings, then otherwise it is aware of themselves: "Something among all and nothing."

Art Baroque

The art of Baroque is distinguished, first of all, an extraordinary pomp forms, the originality of plots and dynamism. In the art prevailing throwing flowers. In painting, the most prominent representatives of this style were Rubens and.

Looking at some pictures of Caravaggio, unwittingly affect the dynamic of his plots. The game of light and shadows incredibly emphasizes various emotions and experiences of heroes. It is interesting that the influence of this artist on art was so big that a new style appeared is Caravagism.

Some followers managed to take naturalism from their teacher in transmission to canvas people and events. Peter Rubens, studying in Italy, became a follower of Caravaggio and Carrageach, having mastered their technique and shifting the style.

The Flemish painter Van Duck and the Dutchman Rembrandt was also prominent representative of the Baroque art. In this style, the outstanding artist of Diego Velasquez followed, and in - Nikola Pussen.

By the way, it was Poussin who began to lay the foundations of a new style in art - classicism.

Baroque in architecture

The architecture made in the style of Baroque is distinguished by spatial scope and complex, curvilinear forms. Multiple sculptures on the facades and in the interiors, various colonnades and the mass of fasteners create a magnificity and a majestic look.

Architectural ensemble "Zwinger" in Dresden

The dome acquire complex forms, and often have several tiers. An example can serve as a dome in the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome, whose architect was.

The most significant works of Baroque in architecture are the Versailles Palace and the building of the French Academy in. The largest Baroque ensembles include Versailles, Peterhof, Zwinger, Aranjuees and Schönbrunn.

In general, I must say that the architecture of this style has spread in many European countries, including B, under the influence of Peter the Great.

Style "Petrovskoe Baroque"

Music Baroque

Speaking about the Baroque Epoch, it is impossible to bypass the face of music, as it also underwent significant changes during this period. Composers united large-scale musical forms, while trying to oppose choirs and solo singing, voices and tools.

There are various instrumental genres. The most prominent representatives of Baroque music are Bach, Handel and.

Summing up can be said with confidence that this era gave rise to the geniuses of world importance, which forever entered their name in history. The best museums of different countries are still decorated with the work of many of them.

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Baroque (ITAL. BAROCCO - "Fancy", "strange", "prone to excesses", port. Perola Barroca - "Pearl of the wrong form" - the characteristic of the European culture of the XVII-XVIII centuries.

Epoch Barochko

The Baroque era gives rise to a huge amount of time for entertainment: instead of pilgrimage - Promenade (walks in the park); Instead of knightly tournaments - "Carousel" (horseback riding) and card games; Instead of Mysteries - Theater and Masquerade Ball. You can add another appearance of swings and "fiery fun" (fireworks). In the interiors, the place of icons took portraits and landscapes, and the music from the spiritual turned into a pleasant sound game.

Baroque features

Baroque contrast, tension, dynamism of images, affectation, desire for greatness and pomp, to combining reality and illusion, to the merger of the arts (urban and palace-park ensembles, opera, cult music, oratorio); At the same time, the trend towards the autonomy of individual genres (Concerto Grosso, Sonata, Suite in Tool Music).

Man era Barochko

A baroque person rejects naturalness that is identified with wildness, unceremoniousness, self-use, atrocity and ignorance. Baroque woman values \u200b\u200bthe skin with pallor, on it unnatural, cordlessly, corset and artificially extended skirt on a frame of a whale oce. She is on heels.

And the ideal of the man in the baroque era becomes a cavalier, gentleman - from the English. Gentle: "soft", "gentle", "calm". He prefers shave the mustache and beard, fumble of spirits and wear frowning wigs. To what power, if you are killed, clicking on the trigger coating.

Galilee first sends a telescope to the stars and proves the rotation of the Earth around the Sun (1611), and the levenguch under the microscope detects tiny living organisms (1675). Huge sailboats are furious expanses of the ocean, washing white spots on geographical maps of the world. Travelers and adventurers are becoming literary symbols of the epoch.

Baroque in sculpture

Sculpture is an integral part of the Baroque style. The greatest sculptor and recognized architect of the 17th century was Italian Lorenzo Bernini(1598-1680). Among his most famous sculptures - the mythological scenes of the abduction of Proserpina by the God of the underground kingdom of Pluto and the wonderful transformation into the village of Nymphs Daphne, pursued by the God of Light Apollo, as well as the altar group "Ecstasy Holy Teresa" In one of the Roman churches. The latter of them with their chopped clouds and as if waving in the wind, the attitudes of characters, with theatrically exaggerated feelings, very accurately expresses the aspirations of the sculptors of this era.

In Spain, wooden sculptures prevailed in Spain in the era of the Baroque style, they were given to a big truth-like, they were made with glass eyes and even a crystal tear, the real clothes were often put on the statue.

Baroque in architecture

For Baroque architecture ( L. Bernini, F. Borrombiniin Italy, B. F. Rastrelland in Russia, Jan Christoph Glaubitz In the Commonwealth speech), spatial scope, the fusion, the fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms are characteristic. Often there are deployed large-scale colonnades, abundance of sculptures on the facades and in the interiors, volitions, a large number of low-slip, ample facades with a platoon in the middle, rustered columns and pilasters. The dome acquire complex forms, often they are multi-tiered, like the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome. Characteristic details of Baroque - Tewamon (Atlant), Caryatida, Maskaron.

Baroque in the interior

For Baroque style, a windowless luxury is characteristic, although it retains such an important feature of the classic style as symmetry.

Wall painting (one of the types of monumental painting) was used in the decoration of European interiors with early Christian times. In the baroque era, she got the greatest distribution. In the interiors, many color and large, richly decorated parts were used: the ceiling, decorated with frescoes, marble walls and parts of the decor, gilding. Color contrasts were characteristic - for example, marble floor decorated with staggered tiles. Abundant gilded decorations were a characteristic feature of this style.

The furniture was the subject of art, and was intended almost only for interior decoration. Chairs, sofas and chairs were awaited by a dear, richly painted with a cloth. Huge beds with cauldanes and flowing down bedspreads were widespread, giant cabinets. Mirrors were decorated with sculptures and stucco with a vegetable pattern. As a material for furniture, southern walnut and Ceylon black tree were often used.

Baroque style is not suitable for small rooms, as massive furniture and decorations occupy a large volume in space.

Baroque Fashion

The Fashion Baroque era corresponds to the period of the reign of Louis XIV in France, the second half of the XVII century. This is the time of absolutism. At the courtyard reigned strict etiquette, a complex ceremony. The costume was subordinate to the etiquette. France was a fashion legislator in Europe, so in other countries the French fashion quickly adopted. It was an eyelid when the total fashion was established in Europe, and the national characteristics moved to the background or survived in the folk peasant costume. To Peter I, European costumes also wore some aristocrats in Russia, although not everywhere.

Suit were characterized by primness, pomp, abundance of jewelry. The ideal of the man was Louis XIV, the "King Sun", a skilled rider, dancer, arrows. It was low in growth, so he wore high heels.

Baroque in painting

Baroque style in painting is characterized by dynamism of compositions, "plane" and a pomp forms, aristocratic and uncommonness of plots. The most characteristic features of Baroque - catchy flowelery and dynamism; Bright example - creativity Rubens and Caravaggio.

Michelangelo Merisi (1571-1610), which at the place of birth near Milan nicknamed Caravaggio, consider the most significant master among Italian artists who created at the end of the XVI century. New style in painting. His paintings written in religious stories resemble realistic scenes with a modern life author, creating contrast of the times of late antiquity and new time. Heroes are depicted in a twilight, from which the rays of the light snatch expressive gestures of characters, contrasting their characterity. Followers and portraits of Caravaggio, which initially called Karavagisti, and the Caravagism itself, such as Annibal CarRachchi (1560-1609) or Guido Reni. (1575-1642), adopted the rust of the feelings and the characterity of the manner of Caravaggio, as well as his naturalism in the image of people and events.

Baroque Barochko

(Ital. Barocco, letters. - Fancy, strange), one of the dominant styles in the European architecture and art of the end of the XVI - mid-XVIII centuries. Baroque was established in the era of intensive addition of nations and national states (mainly absolute monarchies) and received the greatest distribution in countries where the feudal-Catholic response was playing a particularly active role. Closely connected with aristocratic circles and church, the art of Baroque was intended to glorify and promote their power. At the same time, limit the baroque framework of counter-processing and the feudal reaction is unforgettable. In the art of Baroque, there was an indirect reflection and anti-refortion protest and the national liberation movements of peoples against monarchical tyranny, who sometimes entered the jet of democratic rebar aspirations. Baroque embodied new ideas about the unity, infinity and diversity of the world, about his dramatic complexity and eternal volatility, interest in the real environment, to the human environmental element. Baroque came to replace the humanistic artistic culture of the Renaissance and the sophisticated subjectivism of the art of manherism. Refusing an inherent classical renaissance culture of ideas about the harmony and strict patterns of being, about the limitless possibilities of man, his will and mind, the aesthetics Baroque was built on the collisions of a person and peace, ideal and sensual, the mind and power of the irrational forces. A man in the art of Baroque appears to a multifaceted person, with a complex inner world involved in the cycle and conflicts of the medium.

For the art, Baroque is characterized by grandiosity, pomp and dynamics, pathetic elevation, intensity of feelings, addiction to spectacular spectacles, combining illusory and real, strong contrasts of scale and rhythms, materials and textures, light and shadow.

The synthesis of arts in a baroque, which is a comprehensive nature and affecting almost all layers of society (from the state and aristocracy to the city grounds and the partly of the peasantry), which is characteristic of the solemn monumental-decorative unity, affecting the imagination by his scope. The urban ensemble, street, square, park, the estate began to be understood as an organized, developing in the space an artistic whole, diverting in front of the viewer. Palaces and Baroque Churches Thanks to the luxurious, bizarre plastic of the facades, a restless game of lighting, complex curvilinear plans and outlines acquired painting and dynamics and as it were in the surrounding space. Paradinary interiors of Baroque buildings were decorated with a multicolor sculpture, smearing, thread; Mirrors and murals illusively expanded the space, and the painting of the plafones created the illusion of expressed archs.

In the visual art of Baroque, virtuoso decorative compositions of a religious, mythological or allegorical character, parade portraits, emphasizing the privileged public position of the person. The idealization of images is combined in them with rapid dynamics, unexpected compositional and optical effects, reality - with fantasy, religious affecting - with underlined sensuality, and often with acute naturalness and materiality of forms bordering illusiveness. In the works of art, Baroque sometimes include real objects and materials (statues with real hair and teeth, chapels from bones, etc.). In painting, the emotional, rhythmic and colorful unity of the whole, often casual freedom of smear are of great importance, often the picturesque fluidity of the form, the feeling of variability of the formation of the image, the wealth of aspects and impressions. In Italy - on the homeland of Baroque - individual prerequisites and techniques manifested themselves in the XVI century. In the easel and decorative painting of Correzo, imbued with the democratic buffint of Caravaggio, buildings of J. Vinologi (type of early borrowed church), sculpture of Jamball. The most complete and bright embodiment of the Baroque style found in full religious and sensual affectation of works by architect and sculptor L. Bernini, architect F. Borrombini, painter Pietro and Cortona. Later, the Italian Baroque evolved to fantastic the buildings of the city of Gvvarini, the philling phrase glavity of S. Roses and A. Manya, dizzying light of the paintings by J. B. Tapolo. In Flanders, the worldview, born by the Netherlands bourgeois revolution 1566-1602, has entered the art of Baroque powerful life-affirming realistic and sometimes folk beginnings (P. P. P. Rubens, A. Van Dequee, Ya. Yordans). In Spain in the XVII century. Some baroque features appeared in the ascetic architecture of the school H. B. de Errera, in realistic painting H. de Ribers and F. Surbaran, Sculpture of H. Montanes. In the XVIII century In the buildings of the Circle of H. B. de Churriggers, the Baroque form reached extraordinary complexity and decorative sophistication (even more hypertrophied in the "ultrabarakko" of Latin America). Baroque style received a kind of interpretation in Austria, where he was combined with Rococo trends (architects I. B. Fisher von Erlah and I. L. Hildebrandt, painter F. A. Maulberch), and the Absolutist states of Germany (architects and sculptors B. Neuman, A. Gaiter, M. D. Pöppelman, the Azam Brothers, the family of architectors Dinkzerhofer, who also worked in the Czech Republic), in Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Western Ukraine, Lithuania. In France, where the lead style in the XVII century. Classicism, Baroque remained until the middle of the century by the on-course, but with the full celebration of absolutism both directions were merged into a single pompous so-called big style (the decoration of the halls of Versailles, painting Sh. Lebedna). The concept of "Baroque" sometimes illegally extends to the entire artistic culture of the XVII century, including on the phenomena far from Baroque in content and style (for example, Naryshkin Baroque, or "Moscow Baroque", in Russian architecture of the late XVII century, cm. Naryshkinsky style). In many European countries in the XVII century. Bright national realistic schools were developed, based on the reception of Caravagizism and local artistic traditions of realism. They most brightly expressed in a unique kind of creativity of great masters (D. Velasquez in Spain, F. Khals, Ya. Vermer Delftsky, Rembrandt in Holland, etc.), fundamentally excellent, and sometimes consciously opposing the artistic concepts of Baroque.

In Russia, the development of the Baroque art, which reflected the growth and strengthening of the noble absolute monarchy, falls on the first half of the XVIII century. Baroque style in Russia was free from exaltation and mysticism (characteristic of the art of Catholic countries) and possessed a number of national features. Russian architecture Barochko, reached the majestic scope in the city and manor ensembles of St. Petersburg, Peterhof ( cm. Petrodvorets), Tsarist village ( cm. Pushkin) and others, it is distinguished by the solemn clarity and integrity of the compositions of buildings and architectural complexes (architects M. G. Zemtsov, V. V. Rastrelli, D. V. Ukhtomsky, S. I. Chevakinsky); Fine arts appealed to secular, public topics, received a development portrait (sculpture B. K. Rastrelli et al.).

The Baroque era is noted throughout the approach of monumental art and decorative and applied art, closely interconnected with architecture. In the first half of the XVIII century. Baroque evolves to the graceful light of Rococo style, coexists and intertwined with it, and from the 1770s. Everywhere is crowded with classicism.

P. P. Rubens. "Magic worship." 1624. Royal Museum of Fine Arts. Antwerp.

Literature: Velflin, Renaissance and Baroque, Per. with him., SPb, 1913; His, the basic concepts of the history of the arts, per. with him., M., 1930; Iri, t. 5, M., 1960; Viu, t. 4, M., 1963; Russian art Barochko, M., 1977; Weisbach W., Die Kunst Des Barock in Italien, Frankreich, Deutschland Und Spanien, (2 aufl.), V., 1929; Windfuhr M., Die Barocke Bildlichkeit und Ihre Kritiker, Stuttg., (1966); Bialostocki J., Barock-Stil, Epoche, Haltung, Dresden, 1966; Held J. S., Posner D., 17th and 18th Century Art; BAROQUE PAINTING, SCULPTURE, ARCHITECTURE, N. Y., 1971; HEIMBRGER M., Architettura, Scultura E Arti Minori Nei Barocco Italiano, Firenze, 1977; Martin J. R., BAROQUE, N. Y .- (a. O.), 1977; Hansmann W., Baukunst Des Barock, KCLN, 1978.

Source: "Popular Art Encyclopedia." Ed. Polevoy VM; M.: Publisher "Sovetskaya Encyclopedia", 1986.)

baroque

(from Ital. Barocco is a quaint, strange), artistic style that occupied the leading position in European art with con. 16 to gray. 18 V. Originated in Italy. The term was introduced into the con. 19th century Swiss art historians Ya. Burkhardt and G. Völflin. The style covered all types of creativity: literature, music, theater, but especially brightly manifested itself in architecture, visual and decorative and applied arts. A dramatic understanding of the conflict of being, infinite diversity, the ability to the Renaissance feeling of the clear harmony of the Universe, the infinite diversity, the abundance and constant variability of the surrounding world, the authorities over a person of the powerful natural elements. The expressiveness of the baroque works is often built on contrasts, dramatic clashes of an elevated and lowland, majestic and insignificant, beautiful and ugly, illusory and real, light and darkness. A tendency to the composition of complex and verbose allegory Neighboring with utmost naturalistic. Baroque works of art were distinguished by the redundancy of the forms, the passion and the strength of the images. More than ever, there was a strong feeling of the "Theater of Life": Fireworks, Masquerades, passion for dressing, reincarnations, all sorts of "deceivers" made a gaming principle, unprecedented entertainment and bright festivity.

The Masters of the Baroque era sought to synthesize various types of arts (architecture, sculptures, painting), to create an ensemble, which often included elements of wildlife, transformed by the artist's fantasy: water, vegetation, wild stones, thoughtful effects of natural and artificial lighting, which caused flourishing garden Park Architecture. In the baroque buildings, the structure of the architectural order was preserved, but instead of clear ordering, calm and dimension, characteristic of the classics, the forms have become fluid, movable, acquired complex, curvilinear outlines. Straight lines karnizov "Bashed"; Walls crushed collected in bundles columns and abundant sculptural decorations. Buildings and squares actively interacted with the surrounding space (D. L. Bernini. Ensemble Square St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome, 1657-63; Church of Sant Andrea Al Quirinale in Rome, 1653-58; F. Borrombini. Church of San Carlo Alla Koatro Fountain in Rome, 1634-67; G. Guvarino. Church of San Lorenzo in Turin, 1668-87).
For the sculpture, the baroque is characterized by special advanations, realness in the interpretation of forms, virtuoso, reaching illusiveness, demonstration of the textures of depicted objects, the use of various materials (bronze, gilding, multicolored marbles), contrasts of light and shadow, stormy emotions and movements, gesture and mimic patterns ( D. L. Bernini, Brothers K. D. and E. K. Azam).

Baroque painting is characteristic of monumentality and spectacular decorativeness, the neighborhood of perfectly sublime (brothers Carrageachi, Reni, Gr.) and landedly ordinary ( Caravaggio). The most fully baroque principles were manifested in lush front portraits (A. Wang Duck, Rigo); In luxury still lifes, who were the abundant gifts of nature (F. Sneiders); In the allegorical compositions, where the figures of rulers and the venels were adjacent to the images of the ancient gods, personified the virtues of portrayed (P. P. Rubens). Bright flourishing worried a flood (ceiling) painting (frescoes of the Sant Inyazio church in Rome A. Del Pozzo, 1685-99; Plafaf Palazzo Barberini in Rome P. Ya Korton, 1633-39; Palazzo Labi in Venice J. B. Tapolo., OK. 1750). Baroque Plafones created the illusion of the disappearance of the roof, the "breakthrough" in heaven with whining clouds, which was carried out in the rapid colorful whirlpool of the crowd of mythological and biblical characters. Baroque stylist's contact discovers the creativity of the largest masters 17 W.: D. Velasquez, Rembrandt, F. Hals and etc.
In Russia, Baroque elements appeared later than in Europe, in the second floor. 17th century - In the painting of Yaroslavl churches, in decoratively applied art, in buildings, etc. N. naryshkinsky Barochko, whose traditions developed in his work I. P. Zrudegin (Menshikova Tower in Moscow, 1704-07). The active penetration of style in Russian culture occurs with the beginning of Petrovsky transformations in the first decades of the 18th century; In the 1760 E GG. Baroque is replaced classicism. At the invitation of Peter I, many foreign masters arrive in Russia: Architects D. Trezini, A. Gaiter, G. I. Mattarnov, N. Miketi, Sculptors N. Pinot, B. K. Rastrelli, painters I. G. TannaauerL. Caravac, Graveloping A. Schonebek, P. Picar, etc.

In accordance with the personal tastes of Peter, visitors and domestic artists focused mainly to a more discreet version of Baroque, which established in Holland; Russian art remained alien to the mystical exaltation of the works of Italian masters. In Russia, Baroque neighbor (and often intertwined) not with classicism, as it was in Europe, but with the emerging rococo. The leading genre of painting was the portrait. The stylistics of Baroque penetrated the entire system of registration of holidays and celebrations of the early 18th century, which pretended to the kingdom of Peter I (illumination, fireworks, which were erected from temporary materials triumphal arches, richly decorated with decorative painting and sculpture). The leading baroque sculptur in Russia was Italian B. K. Rastrelli. In its portraits and monuments, the solemn elevation of the image, the complexity of the spatial composition is combined with the jewelry subtlety in the performance of parts ("Empress Anna Ioannovna with Arapchonkom", 1741). A bright sample of baroque naturalism - created by the raster of the "wax person" of Peter I (1725).
In Russian painting of the Petrovsk era (I. N. Nikitin, A. M. Matveyev) The effect of baroque is felt in special rates, increased internal energy of portrait images.

Baroque flourishing in Russia came to the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna (1741-61). The most striking embodiment of the style in the architecture was the solemn, full of life-affirming pathos building created by B. F. Rastrelli (Winter Palace, 1732-33; Palaisites M. I. Vorontsova, 1749-57, and S. G. Stroganova, 1752-54, in St. Petersburg). In the grand gardening of park ensembles in Peterhof (1747-52) and Tsarskoye village (1752-57), the synthesis of architecture, sculptures, painting, decorative and applied and landscape art was fully embodied. Bright - blue, white, gold - paints of palace facades; Water cascades and fountains in parks with their inappropriate noise and incessant movement of falling water, reflecting the day sun glare, and at night, the ghost fireworks of fireworks, - everything created a festive sight. In the church architecture of Rastrelli, the traditions of European Baroque and Old Russian architecture were united (Smolny Monastery in St. Petersburg, 1748-54). Leading baroque architects of the middle of the 18th century. S. I. Chevakinsky, who worked in St. Petersburg (Nikolsky Naval Cathedral, 1753-62), and D. V. Ukhtomsky, built in Moscow (red gates, 1753-57).
In the floating painting, the most recognized masters were Italians D. Valeriani and A. Perezinotti, who successfully worked in the genre of theatrical and scenery art. In the work of Russian masters, a portrait of the lead genre. In the works of A. P. Anthropova Barochko embodied in the saturated and power of images portrayed, the contrast of internal energy and external immobility, frosting, in the artistic confidence of individual, carefully written parts, in bright, decorative colorfulness.
Russian engraving Baroque era (A. F. Teeth) Combined rationalism, the relationship with the effects in the image of marine battles, solemn processions, the frontal species of the new capital of Russia. Grams are gray. 18 V. Often turned to the city landscape (the main types of St. Petersburg, made according to the originals of M. I. Makhaev), as well as to scientific, educational topics (artistic execution of architectural plans, geographical maps, projects of decorative design of the triumphal gates, fireworks and illuminations, teaching aids , Atlas and book illustrations). In these graphic works, the documentary care was combined in the image of the smallest details and an abundance of decorative elements - a carton with inscriptions, vignettes, rich and abundant ornament.
The stylistics of the baroque with its dynamic forms, contrasts and restless game of lighting again comes to life in the era of romanticism.

Baroque - Characteristics of the European Culture of the XVII-XVIII centuries, in the Epoch of the Late Revival, the center of which was Italy. Baroque style appeared in the XVI-XVII centuries in Italian cities: Rome, Mantu, Venice, Florence. The baroque era is considered to be the beginning of the triumphal march "Western civilization". Baroque opposed classicism and rationalism.

Baroque features

Baroque contrast, tension, dynamism of images, affectation, desire for greatness and pomp, to combining reality and illusion, to the merger of the arts (urban and palace-park ensembles, opera, cult music, oratorio); At the same time, the trend towards the autonomy of individual genres (Concerto Grosso, Sonata, Suite in Tool Music). The worldview bases of the style have developed as a result of shocks, which for the XVI century was the reformation and the teachings of Copernicus. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe world as reasonable and constant unity, as well as the Renaissance idea of \u200b\u200ba person as a reasonable creature changed in antiquity. According to Pascal, the person began to realize himself "something average between all and nothing", "For those who capture only the appearance of phenomena, but it is not able to understand their beginnings or their end."

Epoch Barochko

The Baroque era gives rise to a huge amount of time for entertainment: instead of pilgrimage - Promenade (walks in the park); Instead of knightly tournaments - "Carousel" (horseback riding) and card games; Instead of Mysteries - Theater and Masquerade Ball. You can add another appearance of swings and "fiery fun" (fireworks). In the interiors, the place of icons took portraits and landscapes, and the music from the spiritual turned into a pleasant sound game.

The Baroque era rejects traditions and authorities as superstitions and prejudices. True, everything that "clearly and clearly" thinks or has a mathematical expression, declares the philosopher Descartes. Therefore, Baroque is a century of mind and enlightenment. It is not by chance that the word "baroque" sometimes elevate to the designation of one of the types of conclusions in medieval logic - to baroco.. The first European Park appears in the Versailles Palace, where the idea of \u200b\u200bthe forest is expressed extremely mathematically: lime alleys and channels are listed on the line, and the trees are trimmed on the manner of stereometer figures. In the armies of the Baroque era, first received a uniform, much attention is paid to "Mushtra" - the geometric correctness of buildings on the fee.

Man era Barochko

The Baroque man rejects the naturalness that is identified with wildness, unceremoniousness, samoracy, atrocity and ignorance - all the fact that in the era of romanticism will become a virtue. Baroque woman values \u200b\u200bthe skin with pallor, on it unnatural, cordlessly, corset and artificially extended skirt on a frame of a whale oce. She is on heels.

And the ideal of a man in the baroque era becomes a gentleman - from the English. gentle: "Soft", "gentle", "calm". Initially, he preferred to shave the mustache and beard, fumble of spirits and wearing frowning wigs. To what power, if you are killed, clicking on the trigger coating. In the era of Baroque, naturalness is synonymous with atrocities, wildness, vulgarity and madness. For the philosopher Gobbs, a natural state (eng. state of Nature.) - This is a state that is characterized by anarchy and the war of all against all.

Baroque characterizes the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating the nature on the beginning of the mind. Do not tolerate need, but "fraudulent in pleasant and taught words to offer" (youth honest zerozal, 1717). According to the philosopher Spinoz, the attraction is already not the content of sin, but "the very essence of man". Therefore, the appetite is drawn up in the exquisite table of etiquet (it is in the baroque era of the baroque appear forks and napkins); Interest in the opposite sex - in the courtesy of flirting, quarrels - in a sophisticated duel.

For Baroque, the idea of \u200b\u200bsleeping God is characteristic - deism. God does not think as a Savior, but as a great architect who created the world just as a watchmaker creates a mechanism. Hence this characteristic of a baroque worldview as mechanism. The law of energy conservation, the absolute of space and time is guaranteed by the word of God. However, however, the world, God soil from his works and does not interfere with the universe affairs. Such God is useless to pray - it can only learn. Therefore, genuine guardians of the enlightenment are not prophets and priests, but scientists and naturalists. Isaac Newton opens the law of world community and writes the fundamental work "Mathematical starts of natural philosophy" (1689), and Karl Linny systematizes biology ("System of Nature", 1735). Everywhere in the European capitals are established by the Academy of Sciences and Scientific Societies.

The diversity of perception increases the level of consciousness - the philosopher of leibants says roughly. Galilee first sends a telescope to the stars and proves the rotation of the Earth around the Sun (1611), and the levenguch under the microscope detects tiny living organisms (1675). Huge sailboats are furious expanses of the ocean, washing white spots on geographical maps of the world. Travelers and adventurers of adventures are the literary symbols of the era: Robinson Cruzo, Gulliver Ship Doctor and Baron Münhgausen.

"In the era of Baroque, the formation of fundamentally new, different from medieval allegorical thinking. A viewer was formed, capable of understanding the emblem language. Allegory has become the norm of artistic vocabulary in all kinds of plastic and spectacular arts, including such synthetic forms as the festivities. "