Myths of peoples about the origin of man. Myths about the origin of peace among different peoples

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MOU "Malotayabinsk secondary school of Yalchik region of the Chuvash Republic"

"EXCELSIOR-2011"

History section

Creation myths

student

Ivanova Elina, grade 6

Supervisor:

Izosimova Nadezhda Alexandrovna, history teacher

Content

• Introduction
• I... Myths about the creation of the Universe from the World Egg
• Ancient China
• Ancient india
• Slavic mythology
• II... Myths about the creation of the world from the primary Ocean
• Ancient Egypt
• Sumerian mythology
• III... Creation Bible
• Conclusion
• Literature

Introduction

All modern people know how our world works. We live on planet Earth, which, together with other planets, revolves around the Sun. Our solar system is part of a galaxy with many other galaxies ...

The question of the structure of the Universe is inseparable from the question of its origin. Man at all times worried about where this world came from and what are the main stages of its formation.

In any national traditional culture there are myths explaining the origin of the universe and man, as well as telling about the initial stage of the existence of the Earth. In science, this part of mythology is called cosmogony, and myths are called cosmogonic.

Cosmogonic myths, myths about creation, myths about the origin of the universe from chaos, the main starting plot of most mythologies. They begin with a description of chaos (emptiness), the absence of order in the Universe, the interaction of the primordial elements. The main motives of cosmogonic myths are the structuring of outer space and time, the division of the earth and sky by the gods, the establishment of the cosmic axis - the world tree, luminaries (separation of day and night, light and darkness), the creation of plants and animals. Creation ends, as a rule, with the creation of man.

Various peoples have myths about the origin of the world from the world egg, the primary Ocean, God the Creator.

Purpose of the work: to reveal the similarities and differences in the myths about the creation of the world of different peoples;

Tasks: analysis of myths from the point of view of their origin;

Research object: myths of the peoples of the world about the creation of the world;

Hypothesis: creation of the world from the world Egg, from the primary Ocean and by God the Creator.

Research method: acquaintance with the myths about the creation of the world and their analysis.

creation world myth bible

I. Myths about the creation of the Universe from the World Egg

Ancient China

In the beginning, the universe was like an egg. In this egg was born by itself

Ancient india

In the beginning there was nothing. There was no sun, no moon, no stars. Only water

stretched infinitely. In the beginning, the primordial cosmic waters gave birth to fire. By the power of cosmic heat - tapas - an egg was born in the waters. It floated in the waters, when the time was not yet measured, but after an interval equal to a year, the creator of the Universe Brahma arose from a golden embryo. Brahma divides the egg into two halves by the power of thought: from one the sky is created, from the other - the earth; there is an air space between them. Brahma established the earth among the waters, created the cardinal points - not without reason he has four faces and four arms - and began the countdown. But when the creator looked around and saw that the universe was empty, the fear of loneliness seized him. Since then, everyone is afraid of loneliness. Brahma, on the other hand, continued to reflect and became firmly established in the thought that one can be afraid of something outside of oneself. A lonely person has no one to fear, but his existence is bleak. Then Brahma by the power of thought gave birth to seven sons - the lords of all creatures. The eldest is Marici, the embodiment of starlight, he was born from the soul of Brahma. From his eyes was born a second son - Atria. From the mouth was born Angiras, the mediator between people and gods. The fourth, Pulastya, is from the right ear, and from the left is Pulah. The sixth son of Kratu was born from the nostrils of Brahma. The youngest - the seventh son of Brahma was Daksha, born from the big toe on his right foot; from the toe on the left foot was born the only daughter - Virini. They produced numerous offspring with Daksha, their children became constellations in the sky.

Slavic mythology

At the beginning of time, the world was in darkness. But the Almighty revealed the Golden Egg, in which the Rod was imprisoned - the Parent of all that exists. Rod gave birth to Love - Lada-mother and, by the power of Love, destroying its dungeon, gave birth to the Universe - countless star worlds, as well as our earthly world.

Then the sun came out from His face.

The moon is bright - from His chest.

Frequent stars are from His eyes.

The dawns are clear - from His eyebrows.

Dark nights - yes from His thoughts.

The violent winds are out of breath.

So Rod gave birth to everything that we see around - everything that is in the Rod, - everything that we call Nature. Rod separated the visible, manifested world, that is, the Reality, from the invisible, spiritual world - from Novi. Rod separated the Truth from Krivda. In the fiery chariot the Rod approved the thundering Thunder. The Sun God Ra, who emerged from the face of Rod, was confirmed in a golden boat, and the Moon in a silver one. Rod sent out the Spirit of God from its lips - the Mother bird. The Spirit of God gave birth to Svarog - the Heavenly Father. Svarog finished peacemaking. He became the master of the earthly World, the ruler of God's Kingdom. Svarog approved twelve pillars supporting the firmament. From the Word of the Most High, Rod created the god Barma, who began to mutter prayers, glorifications, and recount the Vedas. He also gave birth to the Spirit of Barma, his spouse Tarusa. Rod became the Heavenly Spring and gave birth to the waters of the Great Ocean. From the foam of the waters of the Ocean, the World Duck appeared, giving birth to many gods - Yasuns and demons-Dasuns. Rod gave birth to Cow Zemun and Goat Sedun, milk spilled from their breasts and became The milky way... Then he created the Alatyr stone, with which he began to churn this Milk. From the butter obtained after churning, the Mother of Cheese Earth was created.

All three myths are united by a common idea of \u200b\u200bthe origin of the world from the Egg. From the Egg, a creator is born, who subsequently separates the earth from the sky and creates all living things.

II. Myths about the creation of the world from the primary Ocean

Ancient Egypt

A long time ago, many millions of years ago, there was Chaos - an endless and bottomless ocean. This ocean was called Nun. It was a grim sight! The frozen, cold waters of Nun seemed to be frozen forever in immobility. Nothing disturbed the peace. Centuries, millennia passed, and the Nun ocean remained motionless. But one day a miracle happened. The water suddenly splashed, swayed, and the great god Atum appeared on the surface. - I exist! I will create the world! I have no father and no mother; I am the first god in the universe, and I will create other gods! With an incredible effort, Atum broke away from the water, soared over the abyss and, raising his hands, uttered a magic spell. At the same moment, there was a deafening roar, and Ben-Ben Hill rose from the depths of the foamy spray. Atum descended the hill and began to think about what to do next. I will create the wind - so Atum thought. Without wind, this ocean will freeze again and remain motionless forever. And I will also create a goddess of rain and moisture - so that the ocean water obeys her. And Atum created the wind god Shu and the goddess Tefnut - a woman with the head of a fierce lioness. This was the first divine couple on earth. But then misfortune happened. The impenetrable darkness still enveloped the Universe, and in the darkness of Chaos Atum lost his children. No matter how much he called them, no matter how much he shouted, deafening the water desert with weeping and groaning, silence was his answer. In complete despair, Atum tore out his Eye and, turning to him, exclaimed: - My eye! Do what I tell you. Go to the ocean, find my children Shu and Tefnut and return them to me. The eye went to the ocean, and Atum sat down and waited for his return. Finally losing all hope of seeing his children again, Atum shouted: - Oh woe! What should I do? Not only have I lost my son Shu and my daughter Tefnut forever, I also lost my Eye! And he created a new Eye and placed it in his empty eye socket. The Faithful Eye, after many years of searching, nevertheless found them in the ocean. As soon as Shu and Tefnut stepped onto the hill, God rushed to meet them in order to hug them as soon as possible, when suddenly the Eye, all flaming with rage, jumped up to Atum and rasped angrily: - What does this mean ?! Was it at your word that I went to Ocean Nun and returned your lost children! I have done you a great service, and you. - Do not be angry, - said Atum. - I will place you on my forehead, and from there you will contemplate the world that I will create, you will admire its beauty. But the offended Eye did not want to listen to any excuses. Striving at all costs, to punish God for betrayal, he turned into a poisonous snake cobra. With a menacing hiss, the cobra inflated its neck and bared its deadly teeth, aimed directly at Atum. However, the god calmly took the snake in his hands and placed it on his forehead. Since then, the serpent-eye adorns the crowns of gods and pharaohs. This snake is called Urey. A white lotus rose from the waters of the ocean. The bud opened, and from there flew out the sun god Ra, who brought the world the long-awaited light. Seeing Atum and his children, Ra wept with joy. His tears fell to the ground and turned into people.

Sumerian mythology

A long time ago, when there was no heaven or earth yet, there lived Tiamat - the goddess of sweet waters, Apsu - the god of salt waters, and their son - a fog that rises above the water.

Then Tiamat and Apsu gave birth to two pairs of twins: Lahma and Lahama (demons), and then Anshar and Kishar, who were smarter and stronger than their elders. Anshar and Kishar had a child named Anna. Anna became the god of the sky. Ea is born to Anna. This is the god of underground waters, magic. The younger gods - Lahma, Lahama, Anshar, Kishar, Anna and Ea - gathered every evening for a noisy feast. They prevented Apsu and Tiamat from getting enough sleep. Only Mummu, the eldest son of Apsu and Tiamat, did not take part in these amusements. Apsu and Mummu appealed to the younger gods with a request to stop the festivities, but they were not listened to. The elders decided to kill everyone who interfered with sleep.

Ea decided to kill Apsu, who was plotting against the younger ones.

Tiamat decided to avenge her husband's death. Her new husband, God Kingu, strongly supported this idea. So Tiamat and Kingu came up with a plan for revenge. Upon learning of Tiamat's plan, Ea turned to Anshar's grandfather for advice. Anshar offered to hit Tiamat with the help of magic, because her husband was dealt with in this way. But Ea's magical powers have no effect on Tiamat. Anu, Ea's father, tried to reason with the angry goddess, but nothing came of it. Since magic and negotiations have led nowhere, it remains to turn to physical strength. Whom to send to battle? All decided that only Marduk could do it. Anshar, Anu and Ea dedicated the secrets of divine magic to young Marduk. Marduk is ready to fight Tiamat, as a reward for victory he demands the undivided power of the supreme god. Young Marduk gathered all the Anunnaki (as the gods called themselves), so that they approved the war with the supreme goddess and recognized him as their king. Anshar sent his secretary Kaku to call Lahma, Lahama, Kishara and Damkina. Upon learning of the impending war, the gods were horrified, but a good dinner with lots of wine calmed them down. In addition, Marduk demonstrated his magical powers, and the gods recognized him as king. The merciless battle lasted for a long time. Tiamat fought desperately. But Marduk defeated the goddess. Marduk removed the "tables of destinies" from Kingu (they determined the movement of the world and the course of all events) and put it on his neck. He cut the body of the slain Tiamat into two parts: from one he made the sky, from the other - the earth. People were created from the blood of the murdered Kingu.

What should be singled out from these myths ... In both Sumerian and Egyptian mythology, we find the concept of the original existence of only one boundless ocean, which was by itself. This ocean was lifeless. Then from the Ocean gods are born, who give birth to other deities, with many relatives, and create the whole world. Gods create people. That is, in these myths, three main stages are traced, following one after another: 1 - the existence of the original Ocean, 2 - the birth of gods and the creation of the world, 3 - the creation of man.

III. Creation Bible

Christianity views the origin of the universe as the creation of a single Creator God. God created the whole world in six days: "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. The earth was waterless and empty, and darkness was over the deep; and the Spirit of God hovered over the water. And God said: Let there be light. And there was light. And God saw. light, that it is good: and God separated the light from the darkness. And God called the light day, and the darkness night. And there was evening and there was morning: day one. And God said: Let there be a firmament in the midst of the water, and let it separate the water from And it was so. On the third day he gathered together all the waters on the earth. So the ocean poured out, and dry land appeared from the water. On the fourth day he created two luminaries: one to shine during the day and the other at night. On the fifth day he created fishes and reptiles, as well as birds in heaven. And the sixth day created all kinds of animals roaming on earth. Then God created man in his image and likeness, and on the seventh day God rested from his labors and blessed this day, making it a holiday forever.

A distinctive feature of the Biblical myth is that the true creator of man is a single Creator God. The whole world was created only for the sake of being a man who is the image of God and who is destined to reign over the world. And in mythologies, the appearance of a person looks like a secondary event against the background of the origin of the gods. The creation of the world in six days is sequential, stepwise. After the next stage of creation, God characterizes the primordial nature and creation as perfect in his own eyes. There is no such recognition in myths. The biblical understanding of the creation of the world and man differs from the myths about the creation of the world from the Egg and the primary Ocean.

Conclusion

Cosmogonic myths of the peoples of the world are an integral part of mythology. Their material clearly shows the common and the differences. The interpenetration of cultures is observed and this explains the similarity of motives and elements in the myths of different peoples.

These myths will be passed down from generation to generation. They will be forever. And I think that the secrets of the Universe will always attract a person to them.

Literature

1. Myths about the creation of the world / V.Ya. Petrukhin. - M: Astrel: AST: LUX, 2005.

2. Myths of Ancient India / E.N. Temkin. - M: Science, 1976.

3. Religion of Ancient Egypt / M.А. Korostovtsev. - M: Science, 1976.

4. History of the Ancient World / А.А. Vigasin. - M: Education, 1993.

5.http: // ru. wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC % D0% B8% D1% 80% D0% B0_% D0% B2_% D0% 91% D0% B8% D0% B1% D0% BB% D0% B8% D0% B8

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Legends about the origin of humanity. The legends of different peoples surprisingly have many overlaps. Initially, all ancient peoples had faith in one God, the most important, the creator of the entire universe and all that exists. For many ancient myths, it is characteristic that initially everything had an anthropomorphic appearance - all creatures, animals, objects, natural phenomena. Therefore, the emergence of a person is often presented not so much as his creation, as his isolation from the number of other human-like creatures, which gradually lose their human appearance, which is preserved only in humans. (Totemistic myths).

Ancient Indian myths. The progenitor of the world was Brahma. People appeared from the body of Purusha - the primordial man, whom the gods sacrificed at the beginning of the world. From this sacrifice, hymns and tunes, horses, bulls, goats and sheep were born. From his mouth arose priests, his hands became warriors, from his thighs were created farmers, and from his feet the lower class was born. From the mind of Purusha a month arose, from the eye - the sun, fire was born from his mouth, and from his breath - the wind. Air came from his navel, the sky came from his head, and the sides of the world were created from his ears, and his legs became earth. Thus, out of the great sacrifice, the eternal gods created the world. From the descendants of Brahma, other gods began to arise, and in total there were thirty-three thousand, thirty-three hundred and thirty-three more.
According to Hindu beliefs, the Universe is divided into 14 regions, and the Earth is the seventh from the top. Together with the sun, the lord of the solar disk arose - the god Vishnu, who could take various forms, ranging from a fish and a turtle to a human form. In the form of a boar, Vishnu plunged into the depths and lifted all the earth from the depths on his fangs. Soon the land was inhabited by animals and birds.

The birth of a person. In ancient Slavic mythology, people were born by Gods, and considered their Gods as a family, relatives.

It is worth noting that the legends of the ancient peoples have undergone significant changes during the wars of conquest (this is especially true of the American continent). But in the mythology of various peoples, an amazing collorite of local customs has been preserved.
Creation of man.
In many ancient beliefs, humans are artificially created by the gods. Man was created or created by God, deified beings. So in the myths of the Sumerians, the origin of mankind from aliens. Perhaps this also includes the Indian myths about the Lunar ancestors in the Prologue legend - "The Great Lords gave the order to the Lords of the Moon - Pitris - to create people."
What were humans created for? This issue is not discussed in totemic legends. The main thing is to create a good, correct person. All Sumerian and Babylonian myths agree on one thing: that man should serve the gods, perform temple rituals and feed the gods. Also in Egyptian mythology, the gods created the world specifically for people, demanding from them only worship, the erection of temples and regular sacrifices in return. In Jewish mythology, man was created to cultivate, cultivate the land.

How man was created. Scandinavian mythology Northern, Scandinavian and Germanic, the ancient religion is known as Odinism (in honor of Odin), as well as asatru (Icelandic term meaning "faith (tru) in the gods (ases)") or simply as troth (from English troth - faith or loyalty). It was believed that the structure of the world cannot be reflected in a two-dimensional or even three-dimensional model. It consists of nine worlds, or spheres. The first man and woman were created from trees by the triad of gods of consciousness (Wotan-Willie-Ve, or Odin-Khenir-Lodur). The man was made of ash, and the woman was made of elm. The first people did not breathe, they did not have spirit, blush on their faces, warmth and even voice. But then Odin gave them breath, Henir gave them spirit, and Lodur gave them warmth and blush. This is how the first people appeared, and their name was: a man - Ask, and a woman - Embla.
Greece. The ancient Greeks, as far as can be judged from the sources that have come down to us, the origin of people was of little interest. They were interested in the gods, their birth and death, their intrigues and exploits. The Greek gods did not separate themselves from people with an impregnable wall, but even took part in earthly affairs. In Greek mythology, a new kind of people originated from stone. The only people who could survive the flood were Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha. And the great gods invited them to create a new humanity. Deucalion and Pyrrha, according to legend, began to throw stones behind their backs, and the stones began to turn into statues. The statues sang songs, Deucalion and Pyrrha had to choose one they liked
them a song about humanity, and they chose from all the songs a story about Greek heroes: about Theseus, Hercules and other demigods. And thus humanity was reborn on earth. But by no means all Greeks were descended from stones. Some tribes considered themselves autochthonous, that is, arising from the earth. The Thebans, for example, thought that they came from the teeth of the dragon killed by the Phoenician Cadmus, which he sowed into the ground.

Apparently, a later borrowing in Greek mythology: People were molded from earth and water by Prometheus, the son of the titan Iapetus, a cousin of Zeus. According to some myths, people and animals were created by the Greek gods in the depths of the earth from a mixture of fire and earth, and the gods instructed Prometheus and Epimetheus to distribute the abilities between them.

The creation of people from clay or earth, by analogy with the Biblical version, is found in almost all Indo-European mythology. Linguists even note that in the Hebrew language the words "earth" and "man" have a similar origin. (there is a connection between the Latin words homo - man and humus earth).
Egyptian mythology In ancient Egyptian myths, little attention is paid to the creation of man. Although myths make it clear that Ra - Atum - Khepri created himself, emerging from the chaos, which was called Nun, or the First Ocean. This ocean had no physical dimensions or time. The newborn god could not find a place where he could stay, and therefore created a hill, or rather the island of Ben-ben. Already on solid ground, he began to create other gods. Thus, the Great Nine of Gods arose - the Heliopolis Ennead. In Memphis, many gods were included in the myth of the creation of the world, subjugating them Ptah, who acted as the creator of everything. It is interesting that here the creation of the world was not a physical process, but exclusively by thought and word.
The Egyptians believed that people and their Ka (soul) were molded from clay by the ram-headed god Khnum. He is the main creator of the world. He sculpted the whole world on a potter's wheel, the first people and animals from clay.

Among the peoples of Africa (the supreme deity of the Dogons Amma makes the first human pair from raw clay.
In one of the variants of the Sumerian myth, Enki and Ninmah first mold "successful" people from the clay of the underground world ocean, and then, drunk, create freaks.
In the Sumerian myth of Lahar and Ashnan: At the behest of Nammu, the mother of the gods and Ninmah, with the help of other gods, mixing water and clay, man was created.
According to the Akkadian version, Marduk (together with the god Eya) makes people from clay mixed with the blood of the Kingu monster he killed.
In the Babylonian creation myth, called "Enuma Elish", the creation of man is described in the sixth tablet (seven were found). The god Marduk from clay mixed with the blood of the killed god Kingu, in the image and likeness of Kingu creates people,

In Jewish mythology, there are two options for the creation of the world. In both versions of the myth, a person is created from clay, and life fills the clay in one case with the blood of Yahweh in the other with divine breath

At the Turks. Humanity was born on a black mountain. In a cave alone
a pit was formed, which in shape resembled a human body,
streams of rain carried away the clay and filled the mold. Clay,
warmed by the sun, remained in shape for nine months. And after
nine months the first man came out of the cave: AI ATAM, whom
called the father of the moon.

At the Arabs. There is an option for creating the Old Testament. In their cosmogony
for a person to be born, an earth of four different colors is needed:
blue, black, white and red. God sent the angel Gabriel for her,
but when he bent down to gain land, the earth spoke
and asked what he wants. “Earth so that God can create
a person, ”Gabriel explained. The earth replied: “I cannot give you this
allow, because the person will be uncontrollable and want to destroy me. "
The angel Gabriel conveyed her opinion to God. Then God sent the angel Michael.
The same story happened. Exactly the same failure. The earth resisted again
the birth of a person. Then God sent the angel Azrael, whose feature was
that he was the angel of death. He was not convinced by the arguments of the land. So
Thus, man exists thanks to the angel of death, and therefore man is mortal.
From the brought earth, God created Adam. But that for forty years nothing
did, just lay on the ground. The angel could not understand why the person did not move.
He looked into Adam's mouth to find out what was inside him and realized
why Adam remains motionless. Inside, the man's body was empty. Then the angel
told about it to God, and he decided to give the person a soul. Adam came to life, and God, for
in order to give him an advantage over land, nature, plants and
animals, allowed him to name everything that surrounded him. One man has
the right to give names even to spirits (jinn) and mountains. And every time he
pronounces the name, he conquers the one whom he calls. (Taba ri, Arabic
chronicler of the 9th century, Caliphate Abba Sidov.)

U Mongol. Man was created by God, who dug a hole in the ground in the form
human figure. Then God caused a storm, and clay with streams of water
filled the hole (very similar to the Turkish version). The rain is over, moisture
dried up, and the man, like a cake out of a mold, came out of the pit.
In Altai mythology (Ulgen creates the first seven people from clay and reeds),

America. Iroquois. Yoskeha sculpts the first people from clay according to his reflection in the water.
Cahuilla Indians. Demiurge Mukat, who took out the black earth from his heart, creates from the body of people. Temayauit, who took out the white earth from his heart, unsuccessfully sculpts people with bellies on both sides; with eyes on both sides of the head; when Mukat proved to him the failure of his creations, Temayahuit, angry, hides with them in the underworld, trying to drag the whole earth with him.
Mexicans (XVII century). the formation of the legend was equally influenced by ancient cults and Catholicism. God made a man out of pottery clay and put him in a furnace. But left it in the oven for too long. Therefore, the man came out of the furnace burnt and black. God decided that he was mistaken, threw his child on the ground and ended up in Africa. But God did not stop there and created another person, whom he left in the furnace for a much shorter time. The man turned out to be completely white. God decided again that he was wrong. And again he threw the man to the ground and ended up in Europe. The third time, God took a closer look at the process and monitored the readiness of his product. He waited for the man to bake properly, until golden brown. This time, God did it. And slowly, very carefully, he placed a successful person in America. This is how the Mexicans appeared
North American Akoma tribe. the first two women learned in a dream that people live underground. They dug a hole and set people free.
The Incas. In Tiahuanaco, the creator of all things created the tribes there. He made from clay one person from each tribe and painted the dress that they were to wear; those who should be with long hair, sculpted with long hair, and those who should be cut with short hair; and each nation was given its own language, and its songs, and cereals, and food. When the creator finished this work, he breathed life and soul into every man and every woman and ordered them to go underground. And each tribe went out where it was ordered.
Central America. The first people were blinded by the gods from wet clay. But they did not meet the hopes of the great gods. Everything would be fine: both alive and able to speak, but how can clay fools even turn their heads? They stare at one point and goggle. And then they will begin to creep, sprinkle them with a little rain. But worst of all - they came out soulless, mindless ... The gods got down to business a second time. "Let's try to make people out of wood!" - they agreed. No sooner said than done. And the earth was inhabited by wooden idols. But they had no heart, and they were foolish.
And the gods decided to once again take up the creation of people. “To create people out of flesh and blood, we need a noble material that will give them life, strength, and intelligence,” the gods decided. They found this noble material - white and yellow maize (corn). They threshed the cobs, kneaded the dough, from which they made the first reasonable people.
Indians of Mexico. When everything was ready on Earth, Nohotsakum created humans. The first were the kalsia, that is, the monkey people, then the koha-ko - the wild boar people, then the kapuk - the jaguar people and, finally, the chan-ka - the pheasant people. So he created different nations. He made them out of clay - men, women, children, fitted them with eyes, noses, hands, feet and everything else, then put the figurines into a fire, on which he usually baked tortillas (corn cakes). The fire hardened the clay, and people revived.

Anthropogonic myths of a totemic nature are of great interest, according to which a person once did not differ from animals (for example, he was covered with wool, as in the mythological ideas of the Selkups, Western Siberia). In Anthropogonic myths of a totemic nature, most often we are talking about the origin of not all people, but of a certain group, the zoomorphic totemic symbol of which is this or that animal.
The Tibetans arose on their own. Their ancestors were the mountain spirit Aryabalo and the monkey, which was the embodiment of Darehe. According to another legend, which explains the origin not of the world, but only of the Tibetan people, Tibetans descend from the monkey and the deity of the underworld and the waters of Lu. According to another version of the legend, it was not Avalokiteshvara himself who took the form of a male monkey, but sent his disciple to Tibet. A male monkey, settled in Tibet for contemplation, became the king of the monkeys that lived there. The monkey king was handsome, and the demoness of the mountains and rocks, Lu, fell in love with him. The similarity between man and monkey gave rise to two types of A. m. Of the opposite character. According to one of them, which exists in Tibet and among the Hazapi tribe in South Africa, man is descended from a monkey. According to another, known among the Bushmen, monkeys (baboons) were once people, but the mythological hero Tsagn turned them into monkeys, punishing them for killing his son. According to the myths of some other African peoples (bambuti, efe), chimpanzees are an ancient people who went into the forest because they were deceived by pygmies.
America. Among the Sioux tribes. According to Sioux legend, man was created by the universe rabbit, who found
on the road a blood clot., turned out to be a real little boy,
the first boy in the world. Rabbit called this first person a rabbit
boy. This was the ancestor of the Sioux.
The myth of the North American Indians. Once it was such a hot summer that the pond in which the turtles lived was dry. Then the turtles decided to look for another place to live and hit the road. The fattest turtle took off its shell to make it easier for itself. So she went without a shell until she turned into a man - the ancestor of the Turtle clan.
The Navajo Indians. In the beginning, half-humans, half-beasts lived on earth. They crossed
three heavens, from which they were expelled because of their foolish deeds. Finally
they went down to earth, where four local gods: blue, white, black
and yellow, came to see them. The gods tried to teach them something when
using gestures, but the subhumans did not understand anything. Then all the gods except
alone, black, left them. The black god told the demi-humans that they
dirty and smelly fools. "The rest of the gods will return in four days," said
he them. "Wash yourselves and we will indulge in the human creation ceremony."
The gods brought with them various objects, deer skins and two ears of corn,
yellow and white. From the white ear came a man, and from the yellow one a woman. They are
made love under the awning and gave birth to five pairs of twins. The first twins were
hermaphrodites, but the rest gave birth to children, and these children got married with an alien
people. This is how modern humanity appeared.

Australian myths. At first, the Earth was covered by the sea, and at the bottom of the dried up primitive ocean and on the slopes of rocks protruding from the waves, there were already ... lumps of helpless creatures with glued fingers and teeth, closed ears and eyes. Other similar human "larvae" lived in water and looked like shapeless balls of raw meat, in which only the rudiments of human body parts were guessed. A flycatcher bird with a stone knife separated human embryos from each other, cut through their eyes, ears, mouth, nose, fingers .. She taught how to make fire by friction, cook food, gave them a spear, spear thrower, boomerang, each provided him with a personal churin-goy ( the keeper of the soul).
Various Australian tribes consider kangaroo, emu, opossum, wild dog, lizard, crow, bat as their ancestors.
Once upon a time there lived two brothers, two twins - Bunjil and Palian. Bunjil could turn into a falcon, and Palian could turn into a crow. One brother made mountains and rivers on the earth with a wooden sword, and the other - salt water and fish that live in the sea. Once Bunjil took two pieces of bark, put clay on them and began to crush it with a knife, sculpting the legs, torso, arms and head - this is how he created a man. He made the second one. He was pleased with his work and danced the dance with joy. Since then, people have existed, since then they have been dancing with joy. He attached wood fibers to one man as hair, and to another too - the first had curly hair, the second had straight. Since then, men of some genera have curly hair, while others have straight hair.

PS / Preliminary version. A brief incomplete review of the mythology of the peoples of the World, materials of research works, numerous articles on the Internet

Chinese.

Scandinavians.

According to the Scandinavians, in the beginning there was the emptiness of Ginungagap. To the north of it was the frozen world of darkness Niflheim, and to the south lay the fiery red-hot land of Muspellheim. From such a neighborhood, the world emptiness of Ginungagap was gradually filled with poisonous frost, which began to melt and turned into an evil frost giant Ymir. Ymir was the ancestor of all frost giants.
Then Ymir fell asleep. While he slept, the sweat dripping from under his arms turned into a man and a woman, and the sweat dripping from his feet turned into another man. When a lot of ice melted, the cow Audumla arose from the formed water. Ymir began to drink her milk, and she liked to lick the salted ice. Licking the ice, she found a man under him, his name was Buri.
Buri had a son, Boryo Bor, married to the frosty giantess Bestle, and they had three sons: Odin, Vili and Ve. The Sons of the Storm hated Ymir and killed him. So much blood leaked from the body of the slain Ymir that she drowned all the giants, except for Bergelmir, Ymir's grandson, and his wife. They managed to escape the flood in a boat made from a tree trunk.
Odin and his brothers brought Ymir's body to the center of Ginungagapa and created the world out of it. The earth was made of Ymir's flesh, the ocean was made of blood. The sky was made of the skull. And the brain was scattered into the sky, and clouds turned out.
The gods ignored only the part in which the giants lived. It was called Etunheim. They fenced off the best part of this world with the eyelashes of Ymir and settled people there, calling her Midgard.
Finally, the gods created people. From two tree knots, a man and a woman, Ask and Emblya, turned out. All other people descended from them.
The last to be built was the impregnable fortress of Asgard, which rose high above Midgard. These two parts were connected by a rainbow bridge called Beavrest. Among the gods, the patrons of people, there were 12 gods and 14 goddesses (they were called Ases), as well as a whole company of other smaller deities (Vanir). All this host of gods crossed the rainbow bridge and settled in Asgard.
Above this layered world, Yggdrasil ash grew. Its roots grew in Asgard, Etunheim and Niflheim. An eagle and a hawk were sitting on the branches of Yggdrasil, a squirrel ran up and down the trunk, deer lived at the roots, and below all sat the serpent Nidhogg, who wanted to eat everything. Yggdrasil is what has always been, is and will be.

Greeks.

At the beginning of everything there was a formless, dimensionless Chaos, then Gaia (Earth) appeared with Tartarus (the abyss) deeply buried in its depths and the eternal, long-before-existing attraction force - Eros. The Greeks called the god of love who accompanied the goddess of love Aphrodite by the same name, but Eros, who stood at the beginning of the universe, excludes any feeling. Eros can be compared to the force of gravity - it is like a law. It was this force that set in motion Chaos and the Earth. Chaos produces the feminine principle - Night and the masculine principle - Erebus (Darkness). Night gave birth to Thanat (Death), Sleep (Hypnos), a huge number of dreams, goddesses of fate - moir, the goddess of retribution Nemesis, Deception, Old Age. The spawn of the Night was also the embodiment of rivalry and strife, Eris, from which came Toil, Hunger, Sorrow, Battles, Murders, False Words, Litigation and Iniquity, but also an adamantly just Orc who punishes anyone who takes a false oath. And from the conjunction of Night with Erebus was born a transparent Ether and a shining Day - Light from Darkness!
According to the myth about the origin of the world, after that Gaia awoke: first she was born Uranus (Heaven), then the Mountains rose from its depths, their wooded slopes filled the nymphs born by her, spread over the plains of Pontus (Sea). The covering of the Earth by Heaven led to the appearance of the gods of the first generation - there were twelve of them: six brothers and six sisters, powerful and beautiful. They were not the only children from the union of Gaia and Uranus. Gaea also gave birth to three huge, ugly cyclops with a large round eye in the middle of the forehead, and after them three more haughty Hundred-handed giants. The Titans, having taken their sisters as wives, filled the expanses of Mother Earth and Father Heaven with their offspring: they gave rise to a tribe of gods of the most ancient generation. The oldest of them, Ocean, had three thousand daughters, beautiful-haired Oceanids, and the same number of river streams covering the entire land. Another pair of titans produced Helios (Sun) Selene (Moon), Eos (Dawn) and numerous Stars. The third pair gave rise to the winds Boreas, Notu and Zephyr. Titan Iapetus could not boast of such abundant offspring as his older brothers, but he became famous for a few, but great sons: Atlas, who took on his shoulders the heavy burden of the firmament, and Prometheus, the noblest of the titans.
The youngest son of Gaia and Uranus was Cronus, impudent and impatient. He did not want to endure both the arrogant patronage of his older brothers and the power of his own father. Perhaps he would not have dared to raise a hand against him, encroaching on the supreme power, if not for Gaia's mother. She shared with her matured son an old grudge against her husband: she hated Uranus for the ugliness of her sons - the Hundred-armed giants and imprisoned them in its dark depths. Cronus, under the protection of Nikta and with the help of mother Gaia, seized the paternal power. Taking his sister Rhea as his wife, Cronus laid the foundation for a new tribe, which people gave the name of the gods. However, the insidious Cronus feared his offspring, because he himself raised his hand against his father, and so that no one deprived him of his power, he began to swallow his own children immediately after their birth. Rhea bitterly complained about her sad fate to Gaia and received advice from her on how to save another baby. When the child was born, Gaia herself sheltered him in one of the inaccessible caves, and Rhea gave her husband a swaddled stone.
Meanwhile, Zeus (as the mother of the rescued baby was named) grew up in a hidden cave on the slopes of wooded Ida, the highest mountain on the island of Crete. There he was guarded by young men kurets and koribants, drowning out children's crying with blows of copper shields and the clatter of weapons, and Amalfeya, the noblest of the goats, fed him with her milk. In gratitude for this, Zeus, later taking a place on Olympus, constantly took care of her, and after death he lifted her up to heaven so that she would shine forever in the constellation Auriga. It is interesting that Zeus kept the skin of his nurse, making a shield out of it - a sign of higher power. This shield was called “aegis”, which in Greek meant “goat”. According to him, Zeus received one of his most common epithets - aegis. The horn, which Amalthea accidentally broke during her earthly life, the lord of the gods turned into a cornucopia and gave it to his daughter Eirene, the patroness of the world.
Growing up, Zeus became stronger than his father and not by deceit, like Cronus, but in an honest duel overcame him and forced him to vomit from the womb of the swallowed brothers and sisters: Hades, Poseidon, Hera, Demeter and Hestia. So, according to the myth of the origin of the world, the end of the era of the Titans, which by this time had filled the heavenly and earthly expanses with their several generations, began - the era of the gods of Olympus began.

Zoroastrians.

In the distant past, before the creation of the world, there was nothing: no heat, no light, no living beings on earth and in heaven. In the immense space, there was only one Zervan - infinite eternity. It was empty and lonely, and then He had a plan to create the world. He wanted a son to be born to him. The desire was extremely great that Zervan began to perform sacrifices for a thousand years. And two sons were born in his womb - Ormuzd and Ahriman. Zervan decided that He would give his first-born son Ormuzd power over the whole world. Ormuzd read the Father's thoughts and told Ahriman about them. However, even then, evil was the essence of Ahriman, and in order to be born first, hastily tearing apart the shell of the Father, he was born. The evil Ahriman told his father: "I am your son, Ormuzd." Zervan looked at the ugly, filled with Darkness Ahriman and sobbed: this was not what He was expecting. Immediately after Ahriman, Ormuzd appeared from the womb, radiating Light. Ahriman, hungry for power over the world, was a younger brother, but by cunning he was born first. So he boldly reminded Zervan that he was the one to rule the world as promised. Zervan replied to Ahriman: "Begone, Unclean One! I will make you a king, but only for nine thousand years, but Ormuzd will have power over you, and after the end of the allotted time the kingdom will be given to Ormuzd and He will correct everything according to His will."
So, after the creation of the world, it was divided into two parts. The dwelling place of Ormuzd, constant and boundless in time, full of omniscience and virtues, is pierced by endless light. The area under the control of Ahriman, who is in darkness, ignorance and the passion of destruction, which was, is, but will not always exist, is called the Abyss. Between the Light and the Dark Abyss, there was a void in which endless light and endless darkness mixed. Ormuzd began the creation of a perfect world by shedding a particle of his pure light into the abyss that separated him from Ahriman. But out of the Darkness Ahriman rose, as predicted. The insidious younger brother, who did not possess omniscience, did not know about the existence of Ormuzd, and was so enraged by the creation of the world that he declared war on the entire Creation. Ormuzd tried to convince Ahriman that there was no benefit from such a war, and He did not hold any grudge against his brother. However, Ahriman did not listen, as he decided: "If the Omniscient Ormuzd tries to resolve the matter peacefully, then He is powerless." Ahriman did not know that he was not in a position to harm his brother, but could only harm existence - only the Omniscient Ormuzd knew about this.
The brothers are allotted nine thousand years from the beginning of the creation of the world: the first three thousand years, events will take place at the will of Ormuzd, the next three thousand years - the will of Ormuzd and Ahriman will mix, and in the last three thousand years the evil Ahriman will be weakened and their opposition due to Creation will end ... He showed Ormuzd Ahriman his victory at the end of history: the powerlessness of the Evil Spirit and the destruction of divas, the resurrection of the dead, the final incarnation and the future pacification of creatures forever. And in fear Ahriman fled back into the Darkness. And although he fled, he continued his mad struggle against Creation - he created divas and demons who rose to intimidate. The first thing that Ahriman created is the Lies that undermine the world. Ormuzd, however, created for himself eternal immortal companions: Good Thought, Truth, Obedience, Devotion, Integrity and Immortality. Then He created beautiful angels who became the messengers of Ormuzd and protectors of good. Ormuzd continued the creation of the world: He created Heaven and Earth, and between them He created light, stars, the moon and the sun. The Omniscient has defined places for everyone, so that they are always ready to fight evil and be saved.

Arikara Indians.

The Great Heavenly Spirit, Nesaru, who is sometimes called the Great Mystery, was the master of all creation. Under the sky was a vast sea, on which two ducks swam for ever. Nesaru created two brothers, the Wolf Man and the Lucky Man, who commanded the ducks to dive to the bottom of the great sea and bring some earth. From this land, the Wolf Man created the Great Plains, and Happy man - hills and mountains.
Two brothers went underground and found two spiders. They explained to the spiders how to reproduce. The two spiders gave birth to many species of animals and plants, as well as humans. They also gave birth to a race of evil giants.
These giants were so vicious that Nesar eventually had to destroy them with a great flood. Nesaru loved people and saved them from death.

Huron Indians.

In the beginning, there was nothing but water. Only a wide, wide sea. Animals were its only inhabitants. They lived on water, underwater, or flew through the air.
Then a woman fell from the sky.
Two polar loons flew past and managed to catch her on their wings. However, the burden was too heavy. The loons were afraid that they would drop the woman and she would drown. They called loudly for help. At their call, all the creatures came and sailed.
The Great Sea Turtle said:
- Put the celestial on my back. She will not go anywhere from my broad back.
The loons did just that.
Then the council of animals began to think about what to do next. The wise Sea Turtle said that a woman needs land to live.
All the animals in turn began to dive to the bottom of the sea, but none of them reached the bottom. Finally, Toad dived. It took a long time before she appeared again and brought a handful of earth. She gave this land to the woman. The woman flattened it on the back of the Turtle. This is how dry land was created.
Over time, trees grew on it, rivers flowed.
The children of the very first woman began to live.
To this day, the earth rests on the back of the Great Sea Turtle.

Maya Indians.

A long time ago there were no people, no animals, no stones, no trees on the earth. There was nothing. It was an endless and sad plain covered with waters. The deities Tepev, Kukumats and Huracan dwelt in the twilight silence. They got into a conversation and came to an agreement about what was to be done.
They turned on the light that illuminated the earth for the first time. The sea receded, revealing land that could be cultivated and on which flowers and trees bloomed. A beautiful fragrance ascended to the sky from the newly created forests.
The gods rejoiced in their creations. However, they thought that trees should not be left without servants and keepers. Then they placed animals of all kinds on the branches and near the trunks. The animals remained motionless until the gods ordered each of them: - You will go and drink water from the rivers. You will go to sleep in the cave. You will walk on four legs, and one day your back will know the weight of the loads you carry. And you, a bird, will live in the branches and fly through the air, not afraid to fall.
The animals obeyed orders. The gods thought that all living things should be placed in their natural environmentbut should not live in silence, since silence is synonymous with devastation and death. Then they gave them votes. But the animals only knew how to scream, not being able to say a single reasonable word.
The grieved gods consulted and turned to the animals: “Since you have failed to understand who we are, you will live forever in fear of others. Some of you will devour others without any disgust.
Hearing these words, the animals tried to speak. However, only screams came from their throats and mouths. The animals submitted and accepted the verdict: soon they began to be persecuted and sacrificed, and the meat was cooked and there are much more intelligent creatures who were to be born.

In the sixth grade, from the first lessons of literature, we begin acquaintance with the myths of Ancient Greece about the gods and heroes of ancient times. But the myths of any country and nationality have their own interpretation of the origin of the world and humanity. Some talk about a flat plate that replaced the globe, others about three elephants that held the earth's surface. And there are many controversial questions about the origin of the first man. But how did the ancient Greeks view this? How they explain the origin of the world and humanity on earth. ? This is what I decided to do in my research.

I learned from Greek mythology that in the beginning there was only eternal, boundless, dark Chaos. It was the source of life. Everything arose out of boundless Chaos - the whole world and the immortal gods. The Earth goddess Gaia also originated from Chaos. It is spread wide, powerful, giving life to everything that lives and grows on it. Far below the Earth, as far away as the immense light sky is far from us, in the immeasurable depth was born the gloomy Tartarus - a terrible abyss full of eternal darkness. From Chaos was born a mighty force that animates everything Love - Eros. Boundless Chaos gave birth to the eternal Darkness - Erebus and the dark Night - Nyukta. And from the Night and Darkness came the eternal Light - Ether and the joyful bright Day - Hemera. The light spread over the world, and night and day began to replace each other.

The mighty, blessed Earth gave birth to the endless blue Sky - Uranus, and the Sky stretched over the Earth. The high Mountains, born of the Earth, proudly rose to him, and the eternally rustling Sea spread wide. Uranus - Heaven - reigned in the world. He took a blessed land for himself. Uranus and Gaia had six sons and six daughters - powerful, formidable titans. Their son, the titan Ocean, flowing around the entire earth, and the goddess Fedita gave birth to all the rivers that roll their waves to the sea, and the sea goddesses - oceanids. The Titan, Hiperion and Theia, gave the world children: the Sun - Helios, the Moon - Selene and the ruddy Dawn - rosy-toed Eos (Aurora). From Astraeus and Eos came the stars that burn in the dark night sky, and the winds: the stormy north wind Boreas, the eastern Evrus, the humid southern Note and the gentle western wind Zephyr, carrying heavy rain clouds.

In addition to the titans, the mighty Earth gave birth to three giants - cyclops with one eye in their foreheads - and three huge, like mountains, fifty-headed giants - hundred-handed (hecatoncheirs), named so because each of them had a hundred hands. Nothing can resist their terrible power, she knows no limit.

Uranus hated his children - giants, in the bowels of the Earth goddess he imprisoned them in deep darkness and did not allow them to come out into the light. Their mother Earth suffered. She was oppressed by a terrible burden enclosed in her bowels. She summoned her children, the titans, and persuaded them to rebel against the father of Uranus, but they were afraid to raise a hand against their father. Only the youngest of them, the insidious Cronus, cunningly overthrew his father and took power from him.

The Goddess of the Night gave birth to a whole host of terrible deities as punishment for Cronus: Thanata - death, Eridu - discord, Apatu - deception, Kerra - destruction, Hypnos - a dream with a swarm of dark and difficult knowledge, Nemesis who knows no mercy - revenge for crimes, and many others. Horror, strife, deception, struggle and misfortune brought these gods into the world, where Cronus reigned on the throne of his father.

Krohn was not sure that power would forever remain in his hands. He was afraid that children would rise up against him and doom him to the same fate that he had doomed his father Uranus to. And Cronus commanded his wife Rhea to bring him the children who were born and mercilessly swallowed them. Already five have been swallowed by Cronus: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades and Poseidon. Rhea did not want to lose her last child.

On the advice of her mother Earth, Rhea wrapped a stone in infant shroud, and Cronus swallowed this stone instead of the newborn Zeus, who was secretly brought up in a refuge on the island of Crete.

Meanwhile, Zeus grew up in Crete in a deep cave hidden from view on the slopes of the wooded Ida. The nymphs Adrastea and Idea cherished little Zeus. They fed him with the milk of the divine goat Amalfea. And the young men of the kureta, guarding the cave, hid the cry of Zeus with blows of copper shields and the clatter of weapons.

Let the singer share your fleeting century!

Is it the Promethean cry or the cursing of the air camps?

Where I am! Around the clouds is fire - the darkness of the abyss - and the snow of wings

And proud muscles straining the might of the titans

Viach. Ivanov

Having matured, Zeus became stronger than his father, and not by cunning, like Cronus, but by force overcame him and forced his father to vomit the swallowed stone, thus freeing the rest of the children.

The end of the era of the Titans was approaching, which by this time had filled the heavenly and earthly expanses with several generations. The era of the gods was beginning, but they still had to defeat their powerful predecessors.

Sons and daughters had already managed to be born and matured to the gods, when finally the time for the decisive battle came. Equal were the rage and strength of the gods and titans marching against each other, and there was no end in sight to their battle until it became known to Zeus that only by freeing the Hundred-Hands hidden in the bowels of the earth, the gods would win. The Cyclops and some of the Titans also joined the gods.

The Titans were defeated and thrown into Tartarus. Cron's time is over. And although after this there were other uprisings - for example, the monster Typhon, Zeus suppresses them all.

Zeus reigns high on the bright Olympus, surrounded by a host of gods. Here are his wife Hera, and the golden-haired Apollo with his sister Artemis, and the golden Aphrodite, and the mighty daughter of Zeus Athena, and many other gods. Three beautiful Orrs guard the entrance to high Olympus and raise a thick cloud that closes the gates when the gods descend to earth or ascend to the light halls of Zeus. High above Olympus is a deep blue sky, and golden light pours from it. There is no rain or snow in the kingdom of Zeus; there is always a bright, joyful summer. Deep in the depths of the sea stands the wonderful palace of the brother of the Thunderer Zeus. Poseidon dominates the seas, and the waves of the sea are obedient to the slightest movement of his hand, armed with a formidable trident. And deep underground reigns the inexorable, gloomy brother of Zeus, Hades. The rays of the bright sun never penetrate there. Abyss leads from the surface of the earth to the sad kingdom of Hades. Gloomy rivers flow in it. The sacred river Styx flows there, the waters of which the gods themselves swear.

There are many wonderful forces in nature,

But there is no stronger man

There was a place in this world for humanity. The Greeks had only one ancient myth about the origin of man: the story of how, after the worldwide flood sent by Zeus, only Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha (daughter of Prometheus) survived. All people descended from them or emerged from stones that spouses threw behind their backs. It is possible that in the oldest version of the myth, the creator of people was Prometheus himself (as in later legends), since this would explain the close connection between his actions and the fate of mankind. At the same time, some Greek tribes considered themselves "autochthonous" who arose from the land. In particular, the Thebans thought that they came from the teeth of the dragon killed by the Phoenician Cadmus, which he sowed into the ground. The most ancient idea of \u200b\u200bthe origin of man is evidenced by the title of Zeus - "the father of gods and people."

Created primarily a generation of people golden

Ever-living gods, owners of Olympic dwellings

The first human race was created happy, it was the golden age. As blessed gods, people lived in those days, knowing no care, no work, no sorrow. They did not know weak old age, their legs and arms were always strong and strong. Painless and happy life theirs was an eternal feast. The death that followed after a long life was like a calm, quiet sleep. The gods themselves came to them for advice. But the golden age on earth ended, and no one was left of the people of this generation. After death, people of the golden age became spirits, patrons of people of new generations. Shrouded in mist, they rush across the earth, defending the truth and punishing evil. So Zeus rewarded them after their death.

The second human generation, called silver, lived much worse than the first. But it did not know about it, for the gods did not give it reason. For a hundred years, people grew up unintelligent in their mothers' homes and amused themselves with children's games. Having barely reached maturity and gained some intelligence, they soon died, never having time to enjoy a full life. Not seeing any benefit from this generation, Zeus hid it deep underground.

Zeus created the third kind and the third century - the copper age. It does not look like silver. From the shaft of a spear, Zeus created people - terrible and powerful. People from childhood were armed with spears with copper tips, wore copper armor, and lived in houses with copper roofs and impenetrable copper walls. The people of the copper age loved pride and war and destroyed each other. They quickly descended into the dark kingdom of the terrible Hades. No matter how strong they were, the black death took them away, and they left the clear light of the sun.

As soon as this family descended into the kingdom of shadows, Zeus immediately created on earth the fourth century and a new human race, a more noble, fairer, equal to the gods race of demigods - heroes. Many heroes died in battles near the walls of Thebes or Troy, killing each other, or died on their return to their homeland. The survivors Zeus resettled to the islands washed by the Ocean, and gave them the blissful life of the people of the Golden Age.

The last, fifth century and the human race is iron. It continues now on earth. Night and day, without ceasing, people are ruined by sorrows and exhausting work. The gods send people heavy worries. True, gods and good are mixed with evil, but everything is even greater than evil, it reigns everywhere. Children do not honor their parents, a friend is not faithful to a friend, a guest does not find hospitality, there is no love between brothers. People do not observe this oath, do not value truth and goodness. Each other's cities are being destroyed. Violence reigns everywhere. Only pride and strength are valued.

Goddesses Conscience and Justice left people. In their white clothes, they flew up to the high Olympus to the immortal gods, and they left people only grave troubles, and they have no protection from evil. The troubles of the people of the Iron Age are also spoken of in the future time, which will come if people do not stop in their atrocities and the lost veneration of parents by children, comradeship, brotherhood is not restored:

Children with fathers, with children - their fathers cannot come to an agreement.

Comrade will become alien to comrade, guest - the host.

There will be no more love between brothers, as it once happened.

The fist will replace the truth. Cities will be plundered

The shame will disappear. To a good man, people are thin

The deceitful will be harmed by showing, falsely swearing

Mournfully from the wide-road land to the many-headed Olympus,

Tightly wrapped a beautiful body in a snow-white cloak,

Then they will ascend to the eternal gods, flying away from mortals,

Conscience and shame. Only the most severe grave troubles

Will remain for people

So the Olympian gods entered modern world and continue to live in it, in no way hindering people and enriching them with beauty, valor, spiritual breadth, love of life.

So my research is over. I learned a lot of new and interesting things. Thanks to this work, I plunged deeply into the secrets of the ancient world. Myths captured the history of the emergence of the world, human development of the environment and knowledge of his place in it. Myths reflect not only a person's understanding of the power of these forces, but also false ideas about the possibility of somehow protecting oneself from them. With the help of myth, man soared over wingless reality, sought justice, defeated the strongest opponents, penetrated into the most remote corners of the earth and the universe. This provided the myth with the love of all human generations.

I really wanted to know more about him, about the gods and heroes of Ancient Greece. In my next work I will try to highlight the Pantheon of the gods of Ancient Greece.

According to some, the world was created by Allah, Yahweh, the One God - whatever you call it, but we owe our lives to him. Not a big bang, not a natural cosmic process, but a creature that, according to the opinion, looks like Alanis Morisett. But this was not always the case, once each nation offered its own version of the creation of life with the participation of sweat, masturbating gods and other heresies.

Scandinavians

According to the Scandinavians, in the beginning there was a void with the complex name Ginungagap. Next to the void, as it should be, was the frozen world of darkness Niflheim, and in the south lay the fiery red-hot country of Muspellheim. And this is where elementary physics begins. Some ancient Scandinavian, noticing that frost appears from the contact of ice and fire, ventured to suggest that from such a neighborhood the world emptiness was gradually filled with poisonous frost. What happens when the poisonous frost melts? He usually turns into evil giants. The same thing happened here, and an evil giant was formed from the frost, whose name gives off Muslim notes. Simply put, Ymir. He was sexless, but since this, according to James Brown, “ Male world"Then we will refer to him as a man.

There was nothing to do in this emptiness, and, tired of hanging in the air, Ymir fell asleep. And here the most delicious begins. Considering that there is nothing more intimate than sweat (I mean secondary urine, not the Cambodian dictator), and they came up with the idea that the sweat dripping from under his arms turned into a man and a woman, from which the family of giants later went. And the sweat dripping from his feet gave birth to Trudgelmir - a giant with six heads. This is the story of the emergence of giants. And even with a smell.

And the ice continued to melt, and, realizing that they needed to eat something, they invented a cow with a beautiful name Audumlu, which arose from melt water. Ymir began to drink her milk, and she liked to lick the salted ice. Licking the ice, she found a man under him, his name was Buri, the progenitor of all the gods. How did he get there? There was not enough imagination for this.

Buri had a son, Boryo, who married the frosty giantess Bestla, and they had three sons: Odin, Vili and Ve. The Sons of the Storm hated Ymir and killed him. The reason is purely noble: Ymir was evil. So much blood leaked from the body of the slain Ymir that she drowned all the giants, except for Bergelmir, Ymir's grandson, and his wife. They managed to escape the flood in a boat made from a tree trunk. Where did the tree in the void come from? Why do you care! Found, that's all.

Then the brothers decided to create something that the world had never seen before. Your Universe with Drakar and Vikings. Odin and his brothers brought Ymir's body to the center of Ginungagapa and created the world out of it. They threw flesh into blood - and the earth became. Blood, respectively, by the ocean. The skull made the sky, and the brain was scattered across the sky, and clouds were obtained. So next time, flying in an airplane, catch yourself thinking that you are cutting the brains of a giant in a giant's skull on a huge bird.

The gods ignored only the part in which the giants lived. It was called Etunheim. They fenced off the best part of this world for centuries Ymir and settled people there, calling it Midgard.
Finally, the gods created people. From two tree knots, a man and a woman turned out, Ask and Emblya (which is typical). All other people descended from them.

The latter built the impregnable fortress of Asgard, which rose high above Midgard. These two parts were connected by a rainbow bridge called Beavrest. Among the gods, patrons of people, there were 12 gods and 14 goddesses (they were called "asses"), as well as a whole company of other smaller deities (Vanir). All this host of gods crossed the rainbow bridge and settled in Asgard.
Above this layered world, Yggdrasil ash grew. Its roots grew in Asgard, Etunheim and Niflheim. An eagle and a hawk were sitting on the branches of Yggdrasil, a squirrel ran up and down the trunk, deer lived at the roots, and below all sat the serpent Nidhogg, who wanted to eat everything.

This is the beginning of one of the world's most remarkable mythologies. Reading "Senior" and "Younger" Edd will not make you regret the time spent for a second.

Slavs

Let us turn to our ancestors, as well as to the ancestors of Poles, Ukrainians, Czechs and other Slavic peoples. There was no one definite myth, there were several of them, and none of them arouses the approval of the ROC.

There is a version that it all started with the god Rod. Before the white light was born, the world was shrouded in pitch darkness. In this darkness there was only Rod - the Progenitor of all things. When asked what came before - an egg or a chicken, the Slavs would have answered that it was an egg, because Rod was imprisoned in it. Sitting in an egg was not very good, and in some magical way, some, to the extent of their licentiousness, understood how Rod gave birth to love, which, ironically, called Lada, and by the power of love destroyed the dungeon. This is how the creation of the world began. The world was filled with Love.

At the beginning of the creation of the world, Rod gave birth to the kingdom of heaven, and under it created the heavenly kingdom. He cut the umbilical cord with a rainbow, and separated the Ocean from the heavenly waters with a stone firmament. Then there were household trifles like the separation of Light and Darkness. Then the god Rod gave birth to the Earth, and the Earth plunged into a dark abyss, into the Ocean. Then the Sun went out of His face, the Moon from His bosom, the stars of heaven from His eyes. Clear dawns appeared from the eyebrows of the Rod, dark nights - from His thoughts, violent winds - from His breath, rain, snow and hail - from His tears. Thunder and lightning are nothing but his voice. Actually, Rod is all living things, the father of all gods and all that exists.

Rod gave birth to the heavenly Svarog, and breathed his mighty spirit into him, and gave him the ability to look in all directions at the same time, which is very useful in our days, so that nothing can hide from him. It is Svarog who is responsible for the change of day and night and for the creation of the Earth. He makes the gray duck reach the land hidden under the ocean. More worthy ones were not found.

At first, the duck did not appear for a year, could not get the Earth, then again Svarog sent her for the Earth, she did not appear for two years and again did not bring it. The third time Rod could not stand it, he freaked out, struck the duck with lightning and gave her crazy strength, and the shocked duck was absent for three years until she brought a handful of earth in her beak. Svarog crushed the Earth - the winds blew the Earth from his palm, and she fell into the blue sea. The Sun warmed her, the Earth baked on top with a crust, the Moon cooled her. He approved three vaults in it - three subterranean kingdoms. And so that the Earth would not go back to the Ocean, Rod gave birth to a powerful snake Yusha under it.

The Carpathian Slavs believed that there was nothing but the blue sea and the oak. How they appeared there is not specified. On an oak tree sat two positive pigeons who decided to take out the fine sand from the bottom of the sea to create black soil, “chilled water and green grass” and a golden stone from which the blue sky, sun, moon and all the stars were made.

As for the creation of man, there was, of course, no natural selection. The Magi said the following. God washed in the bathhouse and sweated, wiped himself off with a cloth and threw it from heaven to earth. And Satan argued with God, who out of her to create man. And the devil created man, and God put his soul into him, because a man dies, his body goes to the earth, and his soul goes to God.

There is also an ancient legend about the creation of people among the Slavs, in which there were eggs. God, cutting eggs into halves, threw them on the ground. Here, one half turned out to be a man, and from the other, a woman. Men and women, formed from the halves of one egg, find each other and marry. Some halves fell into the swamp and died there. Therefore, some are forced to spend their entire lives alone.

China

The Chinese have their own ideas about how the world came to be. The most popular myth is that of Pan-gu, the giant man. The plot is as follows: at the dawn of time, Heaven and Earth were so close to each other that they merged into a single black mass. According to legend, this mass was nothing more than an egg, which was a symbol of life for almost every nation. And inside it lived Pan-gu, and lived for a long time - many millions of years. But one fine day he got tired of such a life, and, waving a heavy ax, Pan-gu got out of his egg, splitting it into two parts. These parts later became Heaven and Earth. His height was unimaginable - some kind of fifty kilometers in length, which, by the standards of the ancient Chinese, was the distance between Heaven and Earth.

Unfortunately for Pan-gu and fortunately for us, the Colossus was mortal and, like all mortals, died. And then Pan-gu decayed. But not the way we do it. Pan-gu was decomposing really abruptly: his voice turned into thunder, his skin and bones became the solidity of the earth, and his head became the Cosmos. So, his death gave life to our world.

Ancient Armenia

Armenian legends are very similar to Slavic ones. True, the Armenians do not have a clear answer to how the world came about, but there is an interesting explanation of how it works.

Heaven and Earth are husband and wife who are separated by the ocean. The sky is the city, and the Earth is a piece of rock, which is supported by an equally huge bull on its huge horns. When he rocks his horns, the earth cracks at the seams from earthquakes. That, in fact, is all - this is how the Armenians imagined the Earth.

There is also an alternative myth, where the Earth is in the middle of the sea, and Leviathan swims around it, trying to grab onto its own tail, and constant earthquakes were also explained by its floundering. When Leviathan finally grabs himself by the tail, life on Earth will stop and the apocalypse will come. Have a nice day.

Egypt

The Egyptians have several myths about the creation of the earth, and one is more striking than the other. But this one is the most original. Thanks to the cosmogony of Heliopolis for such details.

In the beginning there was a great ocean, whose name was "Nu", and this ocean was Chaos, and apart from it there was nothing. Not until Atum, by an effort of will and thought, created himself out of this Chaos. And you complain about the lack of motivation ... But further - more and more interesting. So, he created himself, now it was necessary to create land in the ocean. Which he did. After wandering around the earth and realizing his total loneliness, Atum became unbearably bored, and he decided to touch more gods. How? Climbed the hill and began to do his dirty work, desperately masturbating.

Thus, Shu and Tefnut were born from the seed of Atum. But, apparently, he overdid it, and the newborn gods were lost in the ocean of Chaos. Atum grieved, but soon, to his relief, he nevertheless found and found his children again. He was so glad to be reunited that he cried for a long, long time, and his tears, touching the ground, fertilized it - and from the ground people grew up, many people! Then, while people fertilized each other, Shu and Tefnut also had coitus, and they gave life to other gods - Geb and Nut, who became the personification of the Earth and the sky.

There is another myth in which Atum replaces Ra, but this does not change the main essence - there, too, everyone is massively fertilizing each other.