Hero Sartre Nausea. Images and ideas of literary works Sartre w p Sartre Nausea adventure concept

Introduction

Existentialism is the philosophical course of the nineteenth-twenty centuries, which highlights the absolute of human freedom to the fore and is trying to seriously deal with the consequences of this fact for the daily life of people, - this tradition is most often associated with the name of Jean-Field of Sartre. Encyclopedias call him a philosopher and writer, but such definition is not flawless. The philosopher Hydegger considered him rather a writer than a philosopher, but the writer Nabokov, on the contrary, rather a philosopher than a writer. But all, perhaps, would agree with the capacious definition - "thinker". The existential direction in psychology and psychotherapy, over the past half century, which has gained great popularity, goes back to his ideas about the nature and appointment of a person.

Jean-Paul Sartre acquired fame after the publication of his first novel "Nausea" in 1938. Until that time, he studied and taught philosophy, published his first philosophical work - and worked hard over the novel, considering this occupation to himself. He lived a long life and wrote many works, many of whom were published only after his death. In the novel "Nausea", Sartre expressed his philosophical concept, his version of existentialism, which, unlike many, considered it an optimistic, the writer emphasized the importance of freedom, the difficulties that it introduces into the existence of a person, and chances to overcome them. Sartre depicts the struggle of every person trying to cope with the existence. "Nausea" turns out to be part of this struggle.

Philosophy of existentialism in Roman J.-P. Sartre "Nausea"

"Nausea" affects the reader from the first moments of reading, and even before it. Eco claimed that the name should not be associated with the text in order not to embarrass the reader and not to let its creative associative activities in a certain direction. In the given case, a vague, troubled feeling, the title, is necessary. It creates that initial push, which, from the very first rows, picked up with text and carries feelings (not thought, it is feeling!) The reader to the very sensation of nausea, which must be experienced to fully understand the author, understand his thoughts. One of the characteristic features of this text is that all the main philosophical reasoning, all the thoughts expressed by the author are located in the text immediately beyond the points of sensual impact, causing the necessary state of the reader and entering it into close emotional contact with the hero, which allows, following Behind the feelings, feel like your, his thoughts, the problems that you are worried, allows you to feel the importance and improperness of these problems.

Roman is a rokanten diary, the cause of which he served as his peculiar "disease". The disease approached Rockanten. Imprivant, then rolling, then retreating until he was played out with might and. It began with the fact that it can not even be called an event. "On Saturday, the boy did" pancakes ", and I wanted to throw pebbles together with them. But then I stopped, dropped the stone and went out. I must have a lost look, because the boys laughed in my back." Rokanten experienced a strange feeling of fear, "some nausea in the hands."

What happened to the hero? He disappeared the holistic perception of the world; The items have lost their usual, "manual" character, their proportionality with human ideas about them. "The existence unexpectedly revealed. She lost the harmless view of the abstract category, a variety of objects, their individuality was only visibility, outdoor gloss. When the shine disappeared, monstrous, flabby, random masses remained, bare masses that are frightened by their obscene nag." And I am a sluggish, relaxed, obscene, disgraced by gloomy thoughts - I was too extra. "

The conclusion that he is "supervisory," involuntarily sums up the hero to the thought of suicide and turns out to be the most dramatic moment of his revelation, but the hero unexpectedly finds a saving loophole, in which the lizard is rushed: "I vaguely dreamed of my destruction to eliminate At least one of the unnecessary existentials. But my death would also be excessive. There would be an overview of my corpse, excessive - my blood on these stones, among these plants ... I was excess for eternity. "

The knowledge of "excesses" of its existence leads the hero not to death, but to the discovery of "fundamental absurdity" of being, determined mainly by the fact that "existentition is not needed." Those who burst from these truths believing that it has special rights to exist, Rockanten protects the word "bastard". The life of "bastards" is also meaningless, they are also "superfluous", for any human existence resembles the "awkward efforts insect tipped onto the back."

Love is a tested means of salvation hero from metaphysical "neurosis". Sartre suggested Rokanten to check him on himself. The knight "nausea" was once lover, Anni, with whom he broke up, but to which he retained the most tender feelings. She lives on the other side of La Mansha. Annie is a secondary actress of the London Theater. When Rokanten fell ill with "nausea", thoughts about Annie became often his visit. "I would like Anni to be here," he admits in the diary. The meeting in the Paris Hotel caused a melancholic sense of nostalgia from the hero at the same time, which the more intensified, the more he understood that the past was not returned. Spiritual life, or, or rather, spiritual nonsense, Rockanthen and Annie has a lot of common features. It would be possible to even say that Anni is a double roconnet in female accieve opportunity, if it did not find out that rather Rokanten followed Anni along the way of comprehending "Truth", rather than the opposite. Annie lives surrounded by dead passions. I got to "save" Rokanten, it turns out, you need to "save" yourself, but - "What can I say to her? Is I know the reasons that prompted to live? Unlike her, I do not fall into despair, because I did not expect anything special. I am rather ... I stand in surprise in front of life, which is given to me for anything. "

Rokanten returns to Buville. In the atom of the same port city, it covers the feeling of endless loneliness. "My past died. Mr. Rolfon died (Rokanten scored work on the book. - V. E), Annie arose only to take away all hope for me. I am alone on this white street, which gardens surround. Lonely and free . But this freedom is somewhat losing to death. "

"Nausea" gave rise to not only new rockanthen relationship with trees, fountains or pieces of paper on the street. She put it in a new relationship with people, developed a new look at them. The essence of novelty is revealed in the conversation of Rockanthen with self-taught, which invites the hero to dine together at the restaurant.

Self-taught - familiar Rokanten in the library - spends time reading books on humanitarian sciences. It looks like a warehouse discarded by Sartre "Illusions". His thesis is extremely simple: in life it makes sense, because "after all there are people." A self-taught person is an axiom value that does not allow any doubt. For the sake of serving this value, self-taught was recorded in the socialist party, after which his life became a holiday: he lives for others. The refutation of this thesis in the novel comes at the expense of an ironic attitude to the ideal model of a person - the values \u200b\u200bthat the real, "everyday person" is opposed. Rockanten rejects humanistic abstractions, but: "I will not be stupid, saying about myself that I am" antihumanist ". I am not a humanist, that's all." In the end, the conversation about the Humanism causes a real crisis from the hero, his shakes: Nausea came. Nausea, who visited him is a condition in which the loss of landmarks, evil and even disgust caused by the consciousness of the uncertainty characteristic of the fundamental life situation of the person. The basis of this situation is the initial freedom.

Over time, Rockantan realized that nausea causes for most part his sense of freedom. And indeed, our existence is concerned about us. Nobody asked, we are injured in life - we have to live with others and for others - and we form it according to your choice. However, Rockantan is by no means delighted with such freedom - he perceives it as a grievous burden. Let even freedom allowing creativity - Rockantan realized that nausea caused by the struggle to cope with the existence would always be somewhere nearby. Even curled, depressed or for the time the forgotten nausea will be flooded again and will require it to re-identify its attitude to alternatives to the alternatives.

Rokanten is in a state of alienation from the world of people - it is well reflected in one of the episodes of the novel. Observing somehow in the evening from the top of the hill behind people walking through the streets of Buville, loving his "beautiful bourgeois city", Rokanten feels that belongs to the "other breed", and he even disgusts to think about what again, descending, he Severe their thick, self-confident faces. Boulevards are sacred to the inviolability of the laws of being, perceiving the world as a givenness that does not tolerate any transformations. This confidence in the world gives rise to social and domestic stability: "They constitute the laws, they write populist novels, marry, make the highest nonsense, producing children." But Rokanten knows: the current form of nature is only a random habit that can change, like fashion on hats with ribbons. The world is unstable, it only has the visibility of stability, and Rokanten is not without pleasure draws a picture of the treason of peace to their habits. Treason will be cruel and unexpected. Mother with horror will see how new eyes will germinate through her baby's cheeks; A modest manual will turn into a lively waist in the living paws, or other: one day he will wake up and will not find himself in a warm cozy bed, but on a blue soil of a monstrous forest with dilly-shaped trees, as dire in heaven, etc.

The hero is confessed in his own impotence something to change, prevent, save. In addition, it is not clear why to awaken people to bring them as radical means of lethargic sleep if they have nothing to do with each other if they immediately paralyzes the feeling of loneliness. The goals of the Rockanten Bunt are purely negative.

With all that the position of the hero on the hill, above the senselessly fussy residents of Bouvil, is very symbolic and answers the ideas of Rockanthen about its position in the world. At first, Rokanten turned away from human resourceless ideas as no good illusion. Now, cold despair, mined as a result of cleansing from all illusions, gives him a feeling of superiority over not devoted to the Order "nausea". The feeling of superiority - what is the whole capital! In any case, it is so wonderful that Rokanten can already live on interest from him. Rockanten believes that "nausea" is an error-free criterion for checking any movement of the soul. This faith turns it into the dogma of despair, and, like any other, dogmatism "nausea" deprives him of freedom. That is why anyone not dependent on the "nausea" manifestation of the feeling is perceived by him as a nonponant, false, and he hurriedly rushes on its exposure. He cannot do not rush: he turns into the gendarm "nausea" from the knight.

Devotion of rocked "nausea" by the end of the book The reader perceives as a substantial trait of the hero: the hero gives it all the grounds. Deciding in the end of the way to move to Paris from the unbearable Buville, Rokanten lasts the last time in the cafe and there is a final reconciliation with "nausea", "modest, like dawn." Before the end of the book - five pages, and the reader is in full confidence that nothing can change the ideological position of the hero. And suddenly - complete surprise. The Grand Coup de Theater is happening, which is like an adventurous novel. No, the cafe door was not discharged, Annie did not enter and did not rush to Rockanten in his arms. Actually, no one, besides the rocker himself, did not notice. Externally, everything remained in its place, the full-shaped trees did not sprout through the floor. But Rockanten secretly made a betrayal: he changed "nausea".

Treason occurred seemingly insignificant about. She was caused by the Rokanten Melody of the American jazz song, which Madeleine started on gramophone in honor of the departing client. Listening to a well-known melody, Rokanten suddenly discovers that the melody does not exist, it is impossible to "grab", breaking the plate; She is out of things, outside the incredible stratum of existential, there is nothing superfluous in it, it's all the rest - more superfluous to her. It does not exist - it is. And thanks to her unintended being, two were rescued: the American Jew from Brooklyn, her writing, and the Negro singer, her performing. Thanks to the creation of the songs "they were cleared of the sin of existence." Rockanten covers joy. "So you can justify your existence? Very little bit? I feel terrible orothies. Not that I have a lot of hope. But I look like a completely frozen man who has committed a journey through the snowy desert, which unexpectedly entered the warm room."

But how does Rokanten intend to "justify its existence"? Among the ways to "justification", the idea to write a novel seems to him the most seductive and real. Write a novel that would be "beautiful and strong, like steel," and which "would have forced people to be ashamed of their existence." Rokanten dreams that he will have readers who will say about the novel: "He wrote to Antoine Rokanten, the red-type style that rushes around the cafe," and they will think about my life, as I think about the life of the black women: what about "So precious and half legendary."

At the same time, the hero is completely legal worried about the question of its own gifting: "If I were only sure that I have a talent ..." Well, and if there is no talent? On Rokanten, only the creator of works of art can be saved, the consumer in salvation is denied. Rokantena is ironic about those who are looking for consolation in art, "like my aunt Bioua:" The prelude choppene I was such a help when your poor uncle died. "

Rockanthen clearly hurried to announce the possibility of "salvation": the story of his "Resurrection", described on the last pages of the novel, was actually a history of failure. Rokanten did not save - he saved before his own ambition, about the existence of which we began to suspect when he rose to the top of the hill: already then "nausea" was a sign of electing. But the height of the hill was not enough. He wanted to stand over the "nausea", and in this impulse, "jump" (Vaughn from the absurd) in the direction of a certain aesthetic version of the Nietzshean concept "Superstoy" was expressed.

"Nausea" was written by Jean-Paul Sartre in 1938, during the writer's stay in Havre. In his genre, this work refers to the philosophical novel. It analyzes the classical problems inherent in existentialism as a literary direction: understanding the subject of the category of existence and arising from it (understanding) the position of the absurdity of human life, its meaninglessness and gravity for thinking consciousness.

According to its form, "nausea" is a diary of the thirty-year historian Antoine Rokanten. In it, the hero carefully and describes in detail its opening of the category of the existence of its world and itself, as its component. Living on rent and engaged in historical surveys, the character is delighted with the writer from the need to work, which means to be immersed in society. Antoine Rokanten lives alone. In the past, he had a big love with Annie - actress, suspended on creating "perfect moments." In the present hero, it is still approaching an understanding of what it is. Time for rokanten is an important side of existence. He feels like a series of moments, each of which pulls another. The irreversibility of time he feels like a "sense of adventure", and he sees herself at such minutes "the hero of the novel." Rokanten periods perceives the time as a capacious substance in which the surrounding reality sounds. Looking at the events taking place in the present, the hero understands that there is nothing but the current time and can not be: the past has long disappeared, and the future is meaningless, because nothing important happens in it. But what is most frightened by Rokanten - so this is the surrounding items and his own body. With each new record, he penetrates deeper into the essence of things and realizes that they do not differ from each other: the red bench may well be a dry donkey, and his hand is a cross-head crab. As soon as the items begin to lose their names, all the severity of knowledge fell on the hero. The nausea approaches it is "eye-minded evidence", with which it is difficult for him to reconcile.

The composition of the novel is distinguished by the logicality of the structured artistic episodes growing towards the final in the classic philosophical reasoning about the existence. The style of "nausea" is closely related to the general course of the narration: at the beginning he resembles the diary records of an ordinary person, then develops into historical publicism, then acquires the features of the usual artistic style (bright, metaphorical) and ends with clear philosophical positions expressing the main conclusions to which came The main character of the work:

• he feels superfluous and understands that even death will not change this state, since his dead flesh will be the same too much;
• the existence of the world and humans - has no reason, which means that it makes sense;
• all the horror of the existence is that it is already there - there is even something that does not want to exist, because it simply "cannot but exist."

The awareness of the hero of these simple truths is completed by the understanding of his loneliness, freedom and, as a result, spiritual death. In God, Rokanten does not believe, the human society does not belong, and love in the face of Anni for him is forever lost, because it has long ago concluded that there is no "perfect moments" in the world, and she is the most common "Live Dead" . The same loners, as he himself, can not help Rokanten. So people are bored with each other. With singles, the warehouse of self-taught the hero is simply not along the way, since he belongs to people indifferent: he does not like them, but does not hate them. People for Rockantine are just another substance of being.

The output from the state of nausea is a hero in creativity. Listening throughout the novel an old plate with a black woman song, Rockanthene seemed to be asked over time. In his opinion, the music does not belong to the overall existence. She is in itself as a feeling like emotion, like a gusting of the souls. And it is through music that the hero comes to the idea that it is possible to overcome the severity of the world by writing a book that will show people an excellent part of existence.

History of creation

"Nausea" is a literary debut of Jean-Field of Sartre. The French writer and the philosopher finished his work in 1938 in Havre. In his novel, the author emphasizes the absurd of human existence, and the forefront, loneliness and hopelessness of the era are put forward to the fore. The philosopher in "Nausea" presents his atheistic existential look at the world order and gives his hero to guess what the meaning of life is.

For his work, Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1964, from which he was meaningfully refused, which attracted the head of the Soviet state Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, and he invited the writer with a visit to the USSR. When the Secretary General became interested in the personality of the scandalous laureate, he was told that one of the main works of the philosopher - the novel "Noshnota", and the politician greatly indignantly because of the name of the novel, although he was explained later that nausea in the literary work is not literally given.

Genre and direction

The work of Sartre was written in the epoch of modernism, when a new answer was found on the eternal question about the meaning of life: in the 1920s, the existentialists first stated that there was no sense. If earlier the truth was in faith in God, in self-development, in love, now she was lost at all, or disappeared behind the existence itself. "Nausea" is written in the form of the diary records of Antoine Rokanten, in which the author puts forward his existential position, so the invaluable heritage of Sartre is a philosophical novel.

About what?

Red-haired Antoine Rokanten begins to lead the diary to get to the bottom. He believes that everything in the world has somehow changed, and it is not in itself. Material items cause a disgust with him, gone to the hero with its existence. He perceives the world around him differently, otherwise looks at ordinary things - on forks, tubes, door handles or, for example, on a pebble, which he could not quit in the sea for an incomprehensible reason. The character is hard because it feels superfluous in the world. Antoine cannot find his destination, so it is "nauseous." Nausea in the novel - metaphysical, at first the hero simply cannot explain this condition, it only seeks the reason for change in itself.

Antoine leads a diary about Marquise de Rolband and wants to prove that he put his hand to the murder of Paul I. Also, the hero with tenderness recalls his former love - actress Anni, with which they will meet again by the end of the work, but love will not be the meaning of its existence . And what will happen then? Every day, more understanding that such a nausea for himself, Rokanten will find answers to all his questions.

Main characters and their characteristics

Antoine Rokantten. A thirty-year-old scientist is engaged in historical surveys. He is immersed in his thoughts, begins to record any minor trifle, just to find out why he is "nauseous." It is free from society, but suffers from the impossibility to speak. The character even throws work on the book for the truth, which he is so desperate looking for, although throughout the novel the tip was next to him. The lonely hero is interesting perceives not only the usual items, but also such a thing as time - it is for him a series of moments, in which reality is immersed. The future he sees meaningless, and the past has disappeared at all, despite the permanent memories. The reader seems to be in Antoine's head, outwardly turns his inner world and, together with a red-haired narrator comes to a decision.

Annie - The girl with whom Antoine has long broke up. She appears in his memories right at the beginning of the book. The main character falls into nostalgia, and the previous feelings wake up, but after the meeting he only suffers from his position. Annie is similar to the main hero. The girl sees the world in gloomy colors, even calls himself a "living dead." It can be said that Anni is the twin of Antoine in the female appearance. During their meeting, a man understands that he cannot save a woman, call the reasons that prompted live, because at that time he has not yet gotten out of "nausea." Annie is an important character in which the reader together with Antoine sees false hope for salvation.

Separately, it is worth highlighting a humanist Rye P.. Or, as Antoine calls himself - self-taught. Such a nickname of the character appeared due to its special book reading techniques (in alphabetical order). The main character periodically avoids communicating with a pedantic reader, because he does not share his worldview, and he, on the contrary, is glad to communicate with him. Self-taught lives for others, because of his love for people, he signed up in a socialist party. Antoine is not on the way with such a character, however, Comrade Humanist plays an important role in the work and is interested in his mindshore.

Problems

1. At first, Antoine, together with the reader, is desperately trying to figure out what nausea is and why she torments him so much. In the end, he understands that this is "witnessing the evidence of the fact that there is no point. However, the long-awaited understanding of the difficult state is easier for him, on the contrary - now it is necessary to somehow overcome the "nausea". It is possible to accept the lack of meaning of life - the main philosophical problem of the novel. The hero is looking for its purpose, its place in the world, its meaning, and the reading public - with him.
2. No less acute in the novel is the problem of loneliness. Undoubtedly, Antoine Lones. It is not clear to us only, whether he enjoys it or it is like this - and he himself is not clear. It can be seen that the hero suffers from the impossibility of talking about his illness, but at the same time he avoids people. It is free from society and is isolated from the world, but this alienation does not bring him joy. Sartre obrives his character to freedom: Antoine has no schedule, therefore, there is a time to think about "nausea", which others are not suspected of, ever-worried about work. The hero is alienated, which is suffering, but what does not want to get rid of.
3. Noticing the female name and longing of Antoine, the reader anticipates the romantic history that lives in the past heroes. So we spoil the problem of love. They are similar, but love does not become an incentive of life for them, so their relationship is doomed even at the beginning of the work. The meeting of the characters gives a little hope of salvation, but after only aggravates the already difficult position.

What's the point?

Finally, realizing what is "nausea", the hero will soon reach the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe work. Antoine is hard to accept the meaninglessness of life, so he does not give up and continues to "dig." Throughout the novel, he listens to the song "Some Of These Days", and only at the end of the book she brings him to the idea that the exit - in creativity. Antooman listens to the contrary song and understands that the music does not belong to the overall existence: you can break the cassette or simply turn it off, but the song will remain in any case. Thus, human activity brings the meaning of the world around the world. Just as the American song saved the singer, the future book of Antoine will save him. He decides to write a novel whose history will inspire others to exist. If the author of his own history will also think with tenderness as Rockanthane thinks about the performer "Some of These Days", he will be happy. Indeed, leave a trace in life is extremely important, and each of us will find their essence thanks to creativity, which only needs to be released.

Existentialism in the novel

The ideas of existentialism proclaimed the need to accept the meaninglessness of life and simply called it to enjoy it, but Antoine did not reconcile as "outsiders", but finds his decision. The foundations of philosophy are embodied in the novel in the possible options for salvation of Rokanten and in his worldview, and it can be safely argued that there is a faithful medicine from such a "nausea".

Images and ideas of literary works of Sartre.

Sartrovsky Roman "Noshnota" has become a kind of model and symbol of existentialist literature. It is written in the form of a diary, allegedly belonging to the historian Antoine Rokanten, who came to the seaside town, to the library where the archive of French Velmazb's end of the XVIII - early XIX century was kept. The life and fate of the Marquis de Rolband initially interested Rokanten. But soon the adventurous adventures of the Marquis (by the way, by the historical plot, he was in Russia and even participated in a conspiracy against Paul I) cease to be interested in rokanten. He writes a diary - with the vague hope to understand the disturbing thoughts and feelings. Rokanten sure: a radical change occurred in his life. He is still unclear what it consists. And he decides that it will describe and explore the state of the world, of course, as they are given, transformed it, Rockanthen, consciousness, and even more than these states themselves. In meaning there is a relationship with Gusserti phenomena. But if Gusserl distinguishes, describes phenomena consciousness to fix their impersonal universal structures, then Sartre - in the spirit of Jaspers, Hydegger, Marseille - uses a description of the phenomena of consciousness to analyze such existential states as loneliness, fear, despair, disgust and other truly tragic personality . At first they are fixed under a single Sartrovsky existential symbol. It is nausea, and the nausea is rather not literally, namely in the existential sense. Rockanten, following the example of boys who gave pebbles into the sea, picked up pebbles. "I saw something that I became disgusting to me, but now I don't know if I watched the sea or stone. The stone was smooth, on the one hand dry, on the other - wet and dirty, "Rokanten recorded in the diary. The feeling of disgust then passed, but something similar was repeated in another situation. The beer mug on the table, the seat in the tram - everything turns into Rockanten some incomprehensible terrible, disgusting side. In the cafe, the view falls on the shirt and tightening the bartender. "His blue stente shirt with a joyful spot stands out against a chocolate wall background. But this is also nauseous. Or rather, this is nausea. Nausea is not in me: I feel it there, on this wall, on these suspenders, everywhere inside me. It makes one thing with this cafe, and I inside "20. So, first of all, from a person, things will be rejected - and not only really disgusting, but also things that is considered beautiful, okay made by a person or arms with the very nature, in many causing admiration. Rockanta sees a plush bench in the tram - and it covers the next attack of nausea. It encourages Rockanten to endure an indictment to the world of things: "Yes, this is a bench, I whisper, like a spell. But the word remains at my lips, it does not want to stick to things. And the thing remains the fact that it is with her red plush, which is still a thousand smallest red paws, standing by the dead paws. Hasive turned upside down belly, bloody, bloated, sulking his dead paws, belly floating in this box, in this gray sky is not the seat at all. With the same success, it might be, for example, the abundant donkey, which, swept away from the water, floats the big, gray, widely blurred river, and I sit on the belly of the donkey, knocking my legs into light water. Things freed from their names. Here they are bizarre, stubborn, huge, and stupid to call them seats and generally talk about them. They surrounded me, lonely, wordless, defenseless, they under me, they need me. They do not require anything, do not impose themselves, they are just. " This Philippics against things is not just a description of the states of the painful consciousness, in which Sartre was a great master, with a stunning force, portraying a variety of shades of confusion of the mind and feelings of a single, desperate man. Here are the roots of that part of the Sartrovsky ontology, gnoseology, psychology, the concept of society and culture, where the dependence of a person from the first and second (that is, the modified humanity itself is depicted in the most tragic, negative light

Bunt against things - and at the same time against the benevolent poetic images of nature outside a person - it does not end. "Nausea" and other works of Sartre contain an expressive, talented accusatory accusation against natural needs, human intelligence, his bodies, which in Sartrov's works often appear in the most unsightly, animal form.

The situation is no better and with the world of human thoughts. "Thoughts are from what is especially Muorne. They are even worse than flesh. Stretch, stretch without end, leaving some strange taste. " The painful dressing of Rockanthen with his own thoughts is essentially becoming accused against the Cartesian Cogito, which is discharged as a sense of anyone's continuity "I think" and "I exist", turning, however, another deep painful supervision: "For example, this painful gum - Thought: "I exist", because I chew it out, I myself. The body once started to live, lives in itself. But thought - no; I keep it, developing it. I exist. I think that I exist. If I could stop thinking. My thought is me; That's why I can't stop thinking. I exist, because I think, and I can't prevent myself thinking. After all, even at that moment it is monstrous - I exist because I am horrified that I exist. This is me, I myself remove myself from the nonsense, to which I strive: my hatred, my disgust to existence is all different ways to force me to exist, imagine me to exist. Thoughts, as if dizziness, are born somewhere behind, I feel how they are born somewhere behind my backstage. It costs me to surrender, they will be in front of me, I always surrender between my eyes, and the thought swelling, swelling, and becomes huge and, filing me to the edges, renews my existence. " And again, before us - not only and not so much a description of what could be called the tormented state of the Spirit of Rockanden. In fact, here and in such passages of Sartrovski works there is a significant adjustment of complacent traditional rationalism, for whom the person's believer ability to think acted as a good, as the greatest advantage given to man by God. Sartre uses every effort of his brilliant talent to show that the movement of reasoning from "I think" to "I EXISTIVE", and in general, thinking processes can be a real torment, from which person cannot be rid of.

In "Nausea" and other works, Sartre is similar in the same way for strength deeply absorbed into European culture of value - love, including love for neighboring, communication and sociability. Even the saints, at first glance, the relationship of children and parents who loving men and women Sartre will prepare truly ruthlessly, exposing the hidden mechanisms of rivalry, hostility, treason to which supporters of romanticization of these relations prefer not to pay attention. Perhaps the most bright world of communication, as Sartre depicts him, captured in his drama.

Sartre quickly found the gift of playwright. Being in captivity, he wrote for the amateur play of the Pieces "Fly". All major categories of existentialist philosophy - love-enmity, fear, treason, wines, repentance, inevidatedness of suffering, existence, deprived of God, were embodied in the Sartrovsk stylization of the myth of Oreste, Electra, Agamemnon, Cliquenestre, Egishea. Orest killing his mother plays in Drama Sartre a different role than the same character in Eschila. "Orest, according to Sartra, is the lines of twilight of the gods and the speedy coming of the kingdom of a person. And in this he is a direct negation of Oesta Eschila. He killed contrary to the ancient maternal law, but killed at the venue of the Divine Oracle and in the name of the gods, only other - young, patrons of emerging statehood. No wonder he himself, and the wise of Athena saves him from Erinia, justifies revenge behind the Father. Sartrovsky Orest is not looking for any excuses outside himself. Something and the tragedy about him wears the Aristofanovsky comedy headline: "Flies" - another movement of ethics, drawing its norms in extras, divine destinies. "

In the play "Behind the closed door", Sartre anatomy human relations. In the room, like the camera, devoid of windows, with a tightly closed door - two women and one man. They have nothing but communication. And it turns into a real torture. In the end, it turns out that the gateness of these people is voluntary; They can come out of their "prison" at any time, but prefer to stay in it. And the hero of the drama concludes: Hell is not what Christians talk about; Hell is other people and communicating with them. For the heroes of Sartre, life in four walls is suffering, but in a certain sense is desirable, like the monastic ascetic. So you can redeem your worldly sins and, more importantly, to hide, get angry from the world. In his novels and plays, Sartre as it collects unusual, it is the border situations that deliberately turns them into some common models. For he believes that in such situations, a person can accelerately perceive and comprehend the meaning of its existence. Nausea Rokanten is the way to comprehend the existence. "Now, under my pen, the word is born absurdity - quite recently I did not find it in the park, but I did not see it, it was not for me; I thought without words about things, along with things. And, not trying to formulate nothing clearly, I realized that I found the key to existence, the key to my nausea, to my own life. In fact, everything that I was able to understand later comes down to the fundamental absurdity. But now I want to capture the absolute nature of this absurdity. "

Critics of Sartra, including from the Marxist Camp, tried to prove that he and other French existentialists "built the contradictions in Absolut", as well as the characteristics of truly tragic situations - like world war or occupation. But Sartre and Cami stubbornly stated that the tragedy of human existence is universal and does not know the historical or national borders. Depicting the drama of relations between man and nature, between individuals and other people, Sartre created small literary "horror films", which in the light of the events of the end of the XX century. Wrapped with rather realistic warnings. People live their daily life. "And meanwhile, the great, wandering nature sneaked into their city, penetrated everywhere - in their houses, in their office, in them themselves. She does not move, she hovered, they are full of her, they inhale her, but do not notice. And I, I see her, I see this nature. "What happens if she suddenly suffer? Scary naturalistic fantasies of Sartre are fantasy caution, but some of them (like the third eye in a child) in the era of Chernobyl are terrible to come true. They are completed by the accusations - to traditional humanism and rationalism. "I am sticking to the wall and shouting by:" What did you achieve your science? What did you achieve your humanism? Where is your dignity, thinking reed? " I won't be scary - in any case it is not terrible than now. Is it not the same existence, variations on the topic of existence. Existence - that's what I'm afraid. "

By the end of the XX century. - in the era of numerous wars, local conflicts, national-ethnic strife, constant threat to life due to radioactive catastrophe, environmental crisis, terrorism, in the era of the unprecedented voltage of human spiritual forces, devaluation of moral values \u200b\u200band other disasters - criticism by Sartre and other human existentialists There is no existence of existence, "philosophy of fear and despair" is not outdated. The most gloomy descriptions of the sartre of the tormented states of the existence did not lose meaning. And therefore, readers, learning in the experiences of heroes themselves, are looking for an answer to the question: what is the way out? How should a man behave?

About what is the answer to Sartra for these questions, was previously said. The key to the existence is a human freedom. But unlike traditional philosophy, glorified mind and freedom, Sartre recommends that a person does not feed any illusions. Freedom is not the highest and happy gift, but a source of suffering and call responsibility. The person is doomed to freedom. The meaning of the existential system as the essence of a person is to stand, stand up, after all, to take place as a person. In "Nausea", Sartre describes not only the state of despair and confusion, but also minutes of enlightenment. Such days and moments are similar to the outbreak. "Nothing has changed, and, however, everything exists in some other quality. I can not describe it: it's like nausea, only with the opposite sign, the word, I begin the adventure, and when I ask myself, why I took it, I understand what's the matter: I feel myself and feel me here ; This I cut the darkness, and I am happy, exactly the hero of the novel. "

Rockanten listens as the cafe sings black woman, and music allows you to think: there are people who are saved by inspiration and creativity "from the sin of existence." "I can't try? Of course, we are not talking about the melody. But can I not in another area. It would be a book - I can not know anything else. That was my mistake that I tried to resurrect the Marquis de Rolbon. No, the book should be in another way. In what, I still don't know exactly - but it is necessary, for its printed words, what would be guessed for her pages what would not be subject to existence would be over him. Say, the story that can not happen, for example a fairy tale. It should be wonderful and solid, like steel so that people will be ashamed of their existence. " So, freedom, choice, responsibility, hope, creativity is the fundamental concepts of the philosophy of the Sartre, intense from despair and suffering.

The tragic concept of existence, embodied in the literary works of Sartre, was blown in the abstract forms of philosophical ontology.

Nausea

Comments

The most uninteresting book from everyone I read. I did not master the end.

Rating 1 out of 5 stars from Sophie 06.02.2018 21:41

I read the comments of others and became sad. Before reading existential literature, familiarize yourself with the meaning of this flow, may then not be called a nudyatin and boredom, probably, the indicative book of the present existentialist. Sartra philosophy can like, and maybe they can do; It is also not always easy for me to understand existentialists. But his tongue is beautiful, smooth, driving, he is a genius of the word, no matter how much you say that the meaning of this word do not understand.

Rating 4 out of 5 stars from the fox 08/21/2017 09:16

Rating 5 out of 5 stars from Sirius Prime. 11.07.2016 19:18

People. Do not spit in Sartre! His philosophy can be close in some very exceptional cases, but the literary skills are indisputable. The book is pratically inconsity, dialogues at least, and you read - and I want to put bookmarks on each page, because these words found them not to evaluate. - How about my taste.

Rating 5 out of 5 stars from a toootist 08.05.2016 20:32

Nausea is a feeling when you read this book. From the first lines you understand that the book is written by an autistic. Most of all annoying when critics praise this absurdity. The book is for the sad and life of offended potential suicides who do not know how to enjoy life and constantly sick, poisoning the life of others. I do not recommend!

The book really liked! Read it in one breath ..

Rating 5 out of 5 stars from Evgeny 01/30/2016 18:26

That's what I love this book at all. Do not understand and do not believe. Described in the novel of experiences and feelings, if it can be called at all feelings, close to me. This is an ugly disgust and a housing community of the world, I'm just watching me badly. We understand what I found. You found a person who described your feelings. You are happy and you feel bad. Answer sweet sensation.

Conflict in the novel of Sartre "Noshnota"

Literature and library studies

And he decides that it will describe and explore the state of the world, of course, as they are transformed by its rockedden consciousness, and even more than themselves, these states of consciousness. But if Gusserl distinguishes the phenomena of consciousness to fix their impersonal universal structures, Sartre in the spirit of Jaspers Hydegger Marseille uses a description of the phenomena of consciousness to analyze such existential states as loneliness fear of despair disgust and other truly tragic personality. Exist means to conscious ...

35) conflict in the novel of Sartre "Noshnota"

Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) acquired fame after the publication of the novel "Nausea" (1938). Until that time, he studied and taught philosophy, published his first philosophical work - and worked hard over the novel, considering this occupation to himself.

Sartrovsky Roman "Noshnota" became a kind of model and symbol of existentialist literature. It is written in the form of a diary, allegedly belonging to the historian Antoine Rokanten, who came to the seaside town, to the library where the archive of French Velmazb's end of the XVIII - early XIX century was kept. The life and fate of the Marquis de Rolband initially interested Rokanten. But soon the adventurous adventures of the Marquis (by the way, by the historical plot, he was in Russia and even participated in a conspiracy against Paul I) cease to be interested in rokanten. He writes a diary - with the vague hope to understand the disturbing thoughts and feelings. Rokanten sure: a radical change occurred in his life. He is still unclear what it consists. And he decides that it will describe and explore the state of the world, of course, as they are given, transformed it, Rockanthen, consciousness, and even more than these states themselves. In meaning there is a relationship with Gusserti phenomena. But ifGusserl allocates, describes phenomena consciousness to fix their impersonal universal structures, then Sartre - in the spirit of Jaspers, Hydegger, Marseille - uses a description of the phenomena of consciousness to analyze such existential states as loneliness, fear, despair, disgust and other truly tragic personality. At first they are fixed under a single Sartrovsky existential symbol. This is nausea, and the nausea rather is not literally, namely in the existential sense.

The meaning of the philosophical acquires the existence of Antoine Rokanten, the ordinary existence of an ordinary, first oncoming person. The state of nausea denotes the appearance of such a meaning, marks the beginning of the transformation of "just a person" in the existentialist hero.

For this, ideas and emergencies are not needed - you need, for example, without breaking down to look at the beer mug, which makes Rokanten. He suddenly started that the world "is" that he is "out." "Everywhere things", the novel is carried out by naturalistic cataloging of cash ("This table, street, people, my tutu tobacco, etc.).

Rokanten avoids to consider the mug, because it suffers incomprehensible anxiety, fear is experiencing nausea. Rokanten "suppressed" things, the evidence of their existence is poured on it by unbearable severity. To exist - it means to conscious, to conscious the presence of things and the presence of our own consciousness, which acquires itself in this intentional act. The novel is written in the form of a diary, the space of the book is the space of this consciousness, because everything is "in the future of consciousness," everything arises in the process of awareness.

Nausea arises from the fact that things are "there" and that they are not "me." And at the same time because "I" is not a thing, it is "nothing." The existence precedes the essence, the consciousness "nigilas" things, they overcome, without which it cannot be. Rokanten catches both "being" and "nothing", catches the absence of meaning, i.e. the absurdity of existence. The lack of meaning entails unjustified, everything starts Rokanten to seem "excess"; Conventional things are converted, become unrecognizable, frightening. God did not - the accident reigned (Sartre conceived a novel about randomness), any surrealistic fraud can be realized.

The awareness of absurdity creates conditions for opposition to the world of things, as consciousness is "nothing", a permanent free choice. Consciousness is freedom, that grave cross, who boils the hero of the absurd world. Freedom and loneliness: Rockanthene tears all ties, breaks up with a beloved woman, leaves the history of history, leaves the world of ordinary people who do not live, but "break a comedy."

This Philippics against things is not just a description of the states of the painful consciousness, in which Sartre was a great master, with a stunning force, portraying a variety of shades of confusion of the mind and feelings of a single, desperate man. Here are the roots of that part of the Sartrovsky ontology, gnoseology, psychology, the concept of society and culture, where the dependence of a person from the first and second (that is, the modified humanity itself is depicted in the most tragic, negative lightBunt against things - and at the same time against the benevolent poetic images of nature outside a person - it does not end. "Nausea" and other works of Sartre contain an expressive, talented accusatory accusation against natural needs, human intelligence, his bodies, which in Sartrovski works are often appeared in an unsightly animal form.

The situation is no better and with the world of human thoughts. "Thoughts are from what is particularly vigorous ... they are even worse than flesh. Stretch, stretch without end, leaving some strange taste." The painful dressing of rokanten with his own thoughts is essentially becoming accused against the Cartesian Cogito, which is written as a sense of anyone's continuity "I think" and "I exist", turning, however, another deep painful supervision.

Sartre uses all the efforts of his brilliant talent to show that the movement of reasoning from "I think" to "I exist", and in general, thinking processes can become a real torment, from which a person cannot be rid of. In "nausea" and other worksSartre in a similar way feels deeply absorbed into European culture of value - love, including love for neighboring, communication and sociability. Even the saints, at first glance, the relationship of children and parents who loving men and women Sartre will prepare truly ruthlessly, exposing the hidden mechanisms of rivalry, hostility, treason to which supporters of romanticization of these relations prefer not to pay attention.

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It is worth starting with the fact that existentialism as a concept is the direction of philosophy, the main subject of the study of which the person itself becomes: its problems, the difficulties of existence in the environment. Existential literature, respectively, this is a subspecies of the philosophical novel, loaded by experiencing hero about the meaning of his own life.

Roman Jean-Field Sartra "Noshnota" became a certain model of philosophical literature of the 20th century. Before readers, diary records of some Antoine Rokanten - a historian who moved to Buville in the town to write a book. Every new day described in the diary, real torture for the main character. With each new record, he opens up new features of character, he knows himself and more and more makes sense that surrounds his mortar life.

From the first pages, Roman manits its depth. On "Easy breath" is unlikely to be able to read at least the first fifty pages. The hero delays the reader into the real puchin of his feelings, a hurricane of thoughts, a storm of emotions. The novel carries the severity not so much from the pressure of high words, how many of the philosophy of thoughts referred to in the work: almost after each paragraph unwittingly stop to realize the read.

The action of the novel occurs in just a few days, very rich in events and mental experiences. With the hero and his life, we get acquainted during his illness - permanent attacks of nausea. It is true: the historian suddenly feels how his feelings exacerbate, he begins to come to the awareness of peace and finding truth. However, the world turns out to be meaningless, incomprehensible. His eyes stuffed his face, he sees no close people next to him, but only the mess, proving all their negligence with their actions. The young writer feels only unbearable disgust for the existence of a dull bourgeois society. A diary that acts as a writer and plays the role of a certain conductor, helps "get to the bottom."

Rokanten wants to end with him, but in the end it is not solved to embody his plan, considering it superfluous, since everything is he and even his death is superfluous. The young writer considers his current existence with his spiritual death - the freedom obtained from loneliness. He has no more close people. The former beloved Annie became for him the "Live Dead", God for Antoine does not exist, and the society of people is someone else's environment.

Meanwhile, the hero gets acquainted with art and finds his salvation. Thanks to music, he comes to himself. It is the music that helps the hero no longer suffer nausea. The old plaque assumes it over time. Antoine interprets its salvation in another form of creativity, literature. The hero is confident: a book that will open the bright side of the life of people will allow to overcome the severity of the surrounding world.

From the point of view of the reader, that the novel seems very sensual, piercing. At first, Antoine's thoughts would look absurd, later the muddy and not until the end of a clear image, followed by a complete understanding and penetration of the main hero of the novel. The author of the diary declares the meaninglessness and excitement of its existence, and between them - about death. It makes the reader unwittingly doubt the values, priorities and indices of everyday life.

"And I myself am the sluggish, relaxed, obscene, digesting the eaten lunch and scrolling dark thoughts," I was too superfluous.<…> I vaguely thought about how to end the scores with life to destroy at least one of these worthless existences. But my death would be too extra ". In the process of reading the novel, each analyzes the thoughts of the main character in their own way. Despite differences in views, Jean Paul Sartre helped to answer the eternal question of life: "What is the meaning?".

Rytikova Kristina