The main types of Puha Pier. Types of insulation, which is better - fluff or synthetics

Today we will talk about materials that save us from low temperatures - about insulation.

As always, in this niche, there is a confrontation of natural materials and synthetics, although in this case the natural material, and more specifically, the fluff - while the synthetic over a number of parameters is superior.

So, what are the materials designed to protect us from the cold?

We all probably remember from the lessons of physics, which gases are the lowest thermal conductivity, and the most common gas is air, so the main task of most insulation to keep this same air in themselves, thereby enhancing the heat released by man from the outer cold atmosphere. Perhaps you immediately had an idea of \u200b\u200ban inflatable costume, enveloping the air layer, but do not forget that the human skin must "breathe" otherwise with the slightest gestures you overheat, and this is no less dangerous than supercooling.

Warm and at the same time, air-permeable materials can be divided into three main groups: woven materials or fleece; Synthetic insulation and natural - fluff.

Downhautters

The most proven and has long been popular with the popularity of the insulation is the fluff. Pooh has excellent heat-resistance indicators, it is perfectly compressed and restores its volume.

Nevertheless, the fluff, like all the materials, can be completely different quality, and for its classification, a property has invented Fill Power. Fp is a characteristic describing the ability of a limited mass of the fluff to fill in a certain amount. A number of factors affect this characteristic:

• View, origin and breed of birds. Duck Down (Duck Down) has the smallest quality, goose (Goose Down) is very good fluffAnd Gagachi (Eder Down) is the highest quality. Best Pooh Get from the northern regions with a harsh climate.
• The quality of the processing of the pen.
• Poha and Feather ratio. This ratio can often be found on labels of downfunctions.

In addition, the durability of the muffle insulation Mit takes to be implemented only under the condition of proper and regular care of the finished product.

500 FP - is an acceptable value for down products, but when we talk about tourism and the importance of the outcome weight of the product, as well as its abilities to compression, the value of FP is preferably higher, for example, 800+ FP fluff is used already in the top-level equipment. The maximum indicator that I happened to see the finished product is 950 + FP, although there are already information and about higher values. However, do not forget that this value is important when you make it easier for your maximum and squeeze your gear. For example, an urban jacket with 450 FP in Posh, it can be very warm if the insulation is quite a lot. Such a jacket will be harder, but for the city it is not critical.

In the heat-rescue indicators per unit weight, high-quality fluff is still much higher than any synthetic insulation, so it is successfully used in clothing and sleeping bedrooms for heavy mutiy and weather conditions.

However, the fluff has a number of significant drawbacks:

1. Pooh completely loses its excellent properties during wetting, besides slowly dry. Manufacturers are struggling with this disadvantage, using special impregnations, allowing the fluff to get slower (Marking DWR next to the description of the fluff on the tag), but it does not completely solve the problem. Upper clothes complement the membrane waterproof layer so that the moisture does not get to the insulation.
2. The fluff is difficult to hold on the spot, that is, inside the finished product, it is constantly moving and can form not filled with insulation area. Plus everything for products must be applied tight fabrics Capable to keep the floss fiber inside. You probably remember someone who constantly looks like a man who escaped from the chicken coop? And the fault of the poor-quality inner lining of the jacket, which is not able to keep the insulation.
3. High-quality fluff is a very expensive material, and against the background of political events, he dramatically rose in price for last years.

However, the third point, as I believe, gave a small impetus for the tour of the industry, as the demand for synthetic materials and the manufacturers of the latter were activated and invented a number of very good MaterialsSo let's talk about the synthetics.

Synthetic insulation

Synthetics in insulation is applied already enough long ago, the technologies constantly make it possible to improve the characteristics of both the insulation itself and finished products and, in my opinion, it is behind the synthetic insulation that the future of the industry.

According to the characteristics of heat resistance, the best samples of synthetics have already approached the values \u200b\u200bof the fluff 600 FP and continue to be improved. But now synthetics can boast a tangible advantage - it is much better preserves its properties in wet conditions. What makes it necessary to unambiguously select synthetic insulation for wet conditions, at the same time for high-rise mountaineering is still the best choice will be the fluff.

Of course, the synthetics of the synthetic is dispersed, for example, which has already become a noneged "synthetone" is a collective concept that combines a number of non-branded synthetic insulation. We are also with you, as always, the highest quality insulation suitable for the needs of travelers. Therefore, it is worth noting three leaders: THERMOLITE, PRIMOLOFT and CLIMASHIELD. Each of the three brands has many different materials in its arsenal, and if you want to learn more, then you carefully read the label where the full name of your insulation will be written (for example, Primaloft One or Thermolite Extreme) and a description of its properties.

Synthetic insulation is divided into several categories: microfiber, continuous-fiber and blended. All of them differ slightly on operational characteristics and can also be applied depending on the proposed conditions.

Fleece insulation

Fleece - This is a synthetic knitted fabric of polyester. It is applied in clothes without additional layers, unlike other insulation. Thus, the fleece wins in charge characteristics and does not require additional costs for the production of the finished product.

The most famous manufacturer of fleece fabrics, of course, is the Polartec brand. They produce many different on the characteristics of fleece. This brand is mentioned very often and has long been worth talking about it in more detail than I do in one of the following articles, subscribe to not miss.

Fleece benefits:

• price, relatively other quality insulation
• good paр on this fleece warming layer is often used in sports

Fleece flavors:

• larger, relative to other insulation, weight
• large volume in transportation form, the fleece is practically not compressed

Comparison of insulation

Thus, it is possible to carry out a relative comparison of three main insulation

Analyzing this table, you can roughly submit to which insulation will suit you in each case

For example, Fleece is well suitable for sailing or other sports, where good moisture reference is important or for urban conditions. Synthetic is suitable for wet conditions and low temperatures, and the fluff for dry conditions, if necessary, minimal transportation volume and weight.

What measure the indicators of insulation

The main characteristic of insulation is their thermal resistance per unit of weight, distributed over the area, and the most common unit of measurement of this characteristic is Clo/ 100g / m2 (in the metric system), the greater this value, the warmer layer of the insulation.

So, 1 Clo Determines the amount of thermal insulator necessary to maintain thermal equilibrium by man at rest, at a temperature of the medium 21 ° C and the air flow rate of not more than 0.1 m / c.

I assume that here you can already get confused, in addition, this indicator is measured far from all manufacturers and all the more not everyone gives faithful information. We are with you CLO insulation will not say practically anything about us, since the actual thermal insulation of your jacket or a sleeping bag will depend on the set of other factors.

Heat insulating materials

In addition to breathable insulation in tourism, other heat insulating materials are used. One of the most popular is neoprene. Neoprene is a type of synthetic rubber, chloroprene rubber. Initially, DuPont's proprietary trademark. Waterproof and elastic, thanks to which it is often used in wetsters, gloves and other accessories, as well as additional inserts on clothing.

It is also worth noting the so-called aerogels that are used in clothing and shoes a number of manufacturers, including Sivera, can be read more about the material on their official website. If short, then it is a material with a record low thermal conductivity, while it is not frozen as other insulation, which allows it to use in the insoles, gloves and inserts on the knees and elbows.

Finally

Despite the fact that each particular insulation has certain characteristics, the ability to maintain heat in the final product can be completely different.

If I break somewhere a dozen meters PRIMALOFT ONE and I hide myself a jacket, it is unlikely that it will save me from cold as well as a jacket sewn in the factory The North Face, for example. Because in addition to the insulation itself, the outer and inner fabric, the methods of fastening the insulation, the methods of firmware of the parts of the jacket, the anatomy of Croy, and so on and the like.

Therefore, choosing a jacket or sleeping bag, pay special attention not so much on the insulation, as the manufacturer's company. Once again, I would note that the leaders of the OUTOR industry care about the quality of their products. Still, tourists are sociable and open people, and if you drive us a poor thing, then after another campaign, we will gladly write an angry report and tell horror stories About bad dressing for your comrades. I assure you, none of the famous manufacturers do not want this, and will try to please.

Warm journey to you and new meetings!

Depending on the type of poultry, with which the pen was removed, the feather raw material is divided into goose, duck, chicken and turhesha.

I. Goose feather It is considered the most valuable, as it is distinguished by very large elasticity, durability, ease, low thermal conductivity, resistance to falling in lumps, beautiful colorful and abundance of the fluff.

The goose feather is two colors - white and gray; The first is valued above the second. Fresh goose feather is found on the finest matte fall on the surface of the appeal. For the goose pen, there is also a lack of additional rods, so typical chickens.

The goose feather, depending on the place of the carcass, from which it was removed, is divided into the schistchik, the subsidence, a soft feather and fluff (Fig.).

1) the pistol is called hoofer feathers. They differ very large length (from 20 to 35 cm), a solid, elastic, almost direct rod with a well-developed tubular transparent purified (more than 8 cm long) and a rigid, elastic, narrow pawing with asymmetrically developed parties. Poocking is absent. Before these feathers were used for writing. Now they go to the manufacture of toothpicks, floats for fishing rods, stems for artificial colors and other small crafts. Sometimes they are split into artificial bristle for brushes.

From the pisters sometimes distinguish the feather and punching feather. Ferrous feathers are characterized by flying feathers, differ from the present paint-length of a smaller length (20-25 cm) and elasticity, fan-shaped, on the end of the rounded lap and slightly curved stem. Pen-Kosovka is flying feathers with oblique narrow pawing.

The specified types of feathers are used in the same way as a real paincher.

2) The subsidence is the crumbling feathers of the wing and the steering feathers of the tail of the goose. Flying feathers are distinguished significantly smaller sizes (length 8-23 cm), more subtle and not such a rigid rod, less asymmetric and softer puff and the presence of a small fluff. It is used primarily on duncan (duranka is called halves of landslide, torn off a whole plate from the rod; there is a duncan in various pen-down mixes for packing pillows).

3) Soft feather - contour feather of a goose trunk. Usually it is a pen 5-15 cm of length, 1.5-4.5 cm width. It is delicate, but elastic, flexible, slightly curved rod and soft, little dense pawing; The stamal plate has triangular outlines with an acute end, reversed, and almost direct external edge. The plump is developed very strongly and is usually 1/3- 2/3 of everything outpala. Feathers suddenness is almost completely devoid of this record and have the kind of one fluff. Usually, the goose is mixed to the soft Peru, then or another number of fluff. If there is a fluff in the amount of more than 15% (by weight), such a pen is called "semi-like".

From the soft pen, the so-called "cervical" feather (from the neck of the goose) is highlighted; It is distinguished by a subtle little rod and very narrow, pointed at the end of the pope; Its dimensions are very small.

4) The fluff of the goose is very thick, white or gray, wonderful gentle and warm.

With one goose, 200-300 g of the pen and fluff is removed. According to A.V. Trunova and F.S. Votorova, one goose on average gives 240 g of the pen and fluff, of which the Pischikov accounts for 24 g (10%), the liner 48 g (20%), a small pen 120 g (50%) and fluff 48 g (20%) . I.S. Pyattsky leads such norms of the outlet of the pen and fluff from one goose in various areas.

The weight of the boolean is an average of 7.5% of its live weight.

II. Duck feather It is valued below the goose, as it is smaller than it, less elastic, is easier to fall into lumps, contains less fluff. Duck feather is white, gray, brown and motley color; Pooh white with yellow tint or gray-brown. Like a goose feather, the feather ducks has a matte column and is deprived of an additional rod, as characteristic of the pen chicken and indeek.

Feather ducks is divided into a number of categories (Fig.).

Fig. Different categories of duck pen a and b liners. In a cervix G and d Soft feather from the torso. Semi-half. Well Pooh

1) liner - fly and large crumbling feathers of wings of ducks; They have a hard elastic rod, solid fed, almost without fluffing.

2) Soft feather covers the body of ducks; It is distinguished by smaller sizes, a soft curved rod, a delicate puff with a well-developed fluff. From the goose soft pen is the weak side bending of the rods of feathers, less development of the fluff.

3) The fluff of ducks is going to goose, but smaller it.

4) The neck is a shallow, soft, thin pen covering the neck of the duck.

A shallow duck pen with an admixture of a significant amount of fluff (at least 15% by weight) is called "half-pit." All the plumage of the duck is 5-6% of its live weight.

According to A. V. Troovan and F. S. Votlinova, one duck gives an average of 120 g of the pen and fluff, of which the subsidence accounts for 12 g (10%), a small pen 90 g (75%) and fluff 18 g (fifteen%).

I. Pitytsky believes that with a duck, on average, 100 g of fluff and a pen can be removed, including a fever 15 g (15%), a small pen 70 g (70%) and fluff 15 g (15%).

III. Chicken feather It is appreciated below the duck due to its fragility, less lightness, rod roughness, low elasticity, light relieves in Komny, lack of fluff; It usually happens dark (yellow, black, motley and other colors) coloring.

The chicken feather also recognizes along the addition rod (pitch), which there are no feather geese and ducks. The chickens of chickens are brilliant, glossy, without the feather geese and matte laid feather. It is usually narrowed by the end that is pointed.

The chicken feather is usually divided into: (Fig.)

1. The subsidence is hard, solid, long feathers of wings and tail.

2. The breakdown is soft loose feathers, torn off the bird's body.

In addition, the so-called "foot" feather distinguished from carcasses during their final cleaning from plumage; This feather consists of feathers removed from a variety of places of carcass, but it is dominated by the crumbling feathers of the wing, feathers from the abdomen and bokes of the body.

The foothold is usually severely contaminated with blood and has increased fatty and humidity. It is considered the worst variety of chicken feather.

With the pennation of the pen from the roosters, long, soft, shiny, sulfurically curved tail feathers (the so-called "brazers") and thin, elongated, pointed feathers from the neck (the so-called "mane") are collected separately.

The weight of the peer chicken is 7.5% of its live weight. According to I.S. Pisetsky, from one chicken is removed on average 100 g of the pen, including a fever of 15 g (15%), a breakdown of 60 g (60%) and a submitting 15 g (15%).

A. V. Trunov and F. S. Collars believe that with one hear of youth, on average, it is possible to remove 80 g of the pen, of which the fender is 17 g (22%), a breakdown of 42 g (52%) and a foothold of the pen 21 g (26 %).

IV. Indyushchee Feather - Large, rude, rigid, brittle and does not contain a fluff. Fake the feathers are wider than that of chickens; At the end, they seem to be chopped; The color of them is most often black, with a white marble pattern, motley or, less often, white.

Like a chicken, the turow feather is divided into the subsidence and a small feather (discernka). One turkey is about 70-100 g, the second 200-250 g.

Depending on the origin, the feather feed feed and dawns differ.

1. The feed feather comes with poultry farm enterprises, poultry, from poultry sizes and large poultry farms of collective farms. It is distinguished by relative homogeneity, lowered, but often there is an increased humidity, closed, and sometimes contaminated, although non-foreign mechanical impurities does not contain.

2. Rassdary feather is going in the order of the preparations of the peasant population from the bird of the residential slaughter. It is dry and clean, but in most cases a very inhomogeneous, consisting of feathers taken from the most different parts of a bird carcass, and even from birds of various types.

Fig. Peacock feather

According to the degree of freshness, feather-down is divided in fresh, there is little sleeper and sleeper.

Fresh pen is recognized as a recent fee, which is not used. It is characterized by elasticity, a normal form of a solid appeal, inadect the rod, the lack of lumps of a peasant pen, fresh smell; The goose pen has a matte flaw.

The pen is considered to be a pen, which has not yet been in use, but has broken for a long time after collecting. It is distinguished by a lying smell, the presence of a closer peer, altered by the form in individual features, less elasticity.

The goose feather loses a matte flaw, and the chicken is made dim.

Little with a fallen pen is called a pen, formerly in short use. It is little elast, separate areas of the appearal adjacent to a noticeably curved rod. The white pen appears a yellowish tint. Thickens are dark.

A spanging pen is considered a pen, for a long time used. It is distinguished by low elasticity, sophistication, special smell, bentness of features, which are adjacent to the rod.

Often, a sleeper pen in one or another quantity is admitted to fresh.

The color of the feather geese is sorted on white and gray, chicken feather - on white, yellow and black.

Feather geese from Siberia and from the Urals is particularly high quality; Somewhat worse than the goose pen from the central regions of the Russian Federation, the worst of the southern regions. The quality of duck and chicken feather from the areas of its origin almost does not depend.

The goose down is a standard of heat, lightness, has high hygroscopicity, guaranteeing high air exchange, perfectly restores the shape after compression, having a high degree of elasticity, wear-resistant, with the correct operation of the service life up to 15 years. Pooh fills the allocated space evenly and does not fall. All attempts to copy the fluff, creating alternative fibers, did not lead to the results comparable to the original, each fluff is able to hold heat more than any other material. To date, the goose fluff was and remains the best natural filler.

The main characteristic on which the fluff mixture can be estimated is its elasticity, determined by the Fill Power or FP parameter (the coefficient of the determining ability of the raw material to restore the volume after compression), the greater the digit, the better the quality of the raw material, the ideal indicator of the finished filler in the pillow and the blanket - 650-800 units.

The second characteristic of the finished fluff mixture is the presence of a pen. Standard ratio for down products 90% fluff and 10% of the pen, with an increase in the number of the pen, the mass of the product increases, the elasticity and thermal properties are reduced, theity is increased, i.e. An additional rustling sound occurs when whipping. Under execution punch pillows Adding a pen is good, because Softness decreases and decent head support is created.

The third characteristic of the goose fluff is quality. Quality is determined by origin, the best are considered to be geese with white plumage, breeding breeds - Rhinean, Hungarian, Vishtines, Severogberman. For greater degree, the quality of the fluff depends on the conditions of detention, and natural conditions. The largest way of geese grown in cold Siberia, if a natural climate, growing a warm geese, then fluff shallow and soft. For this reason, the fluff filler from China has bad reviews. The most good is considered the Pooh collected from the living bird as a result of a natural molting, twice a year in spring and autumn, in it there is practically no pile, which greatly affects elasticity. What, hides the terrible name of the lifetime community or the fluff assembled with a living bird, this is the method of assembling raw materials when geese is plugged in a natural way during molting, the old pen and the fluff is replaced by a new one. Under normal conditions, growing geese, full feeding and content, the change of plumage occurs during a certain period, twice a year adult geese dumps all the plumage in the spring and only part in the autumn period. During the natural molting from one adult goose, you can get up to 120 grams of puffer raw materials, and the fluff in it will be 35-42 grams. The process of removal of the fluff and the pen during the period of natural molting for the bird passes painlessly, because The old feather is pushed back by the new growing. The closure of the misappropriate feather causes anxiety in Gusey, in the future slowing down the growth of a new plumage. In addition, the immature pen is not valuable, it is fragile, may contain blood located in the cleansing, such raw materials will quickly. A patient and weak bird is not subject to the community, before the community of geese, they necessarily bathe, do not first feed, but do not limit in drink. The process of community communities is laborious and requires large knowledge from the vet. The process of the community of the goose fluff and the pen is carried out by hand. The community starts from the bottom of the chest, from the abdomen and remove from the front of the back and the bottom of the neck, slowly removing with his fingers for several feathers. Depending on the specific needs of the Pooh pluck separately or along with the pen. The process takes a long time of 15-20 minutes, and from each site, the removal occurs sequentially. With the cultivation of the bird for further community, special nutritional conditions are taken into account, the feed is rich in amino acids. With good nutrition, the bird's plumage is restored completely after 49 days.

The goose fluff obtained by the method of a lifetime community has a high value and quality. A more common way to collect raw materials, after slaughter of the bird. This method takes a few minutes, the bird is covered with boiling water, after which the fine, medium and large feather are collected, with an adult bird, you can get 130-150 grams of the pen and 75-80 grams of the fluff. After the completion of the community community, the raw materials are dried for several days, constantly, before reaching the humidity of 12%, then packed in bags of burlap.

The further processing process of the resulting raw materials depends on use in finished products. Goose Bird Waterfowl, so a downpone has a water-repellent raid, as if fat and smell. To obtain the finished filler, the collected puffer raw materials passes a long fully special process of washing, refining and drying. The washing and drying are fully automated, the raw materials are loaded for primary washing, then the washing process with detergents restoring the natural qualities of the fluff, antibacterial processing, then several rinsing and completes the cleaning process of the cleaning of raw materials. Next, the raw materials enters the drying chambers, where there is an additional disinfecting processing due to heating to 100 ° C, and further drying, it is important not to overcover, so that in the future the fluff was not broken.

The process of preparing the raw materials for use in finished products is a long and time-consuming, after washing and drying, a complex method of sorting on a special sorting machine is carried out, where the raw material is divided into four fractions - an elite down, dying with a fine pen content, a puffer and large feather. Preparedness is collected in separate cameras, for further packaging in disintegration and is already a new name is a goose fluff or a fluff filler.

Goose Pooh The most common and perfect filler for pillows and blankets, periece, sleeping bags, jackets, it is used in the manufacture of clothing in an expedition with a cold climate. Probably it is worth it to repeat and say that the goose down gathered our grandmothers for the pitched, empty to the gunka, so this is the most traditional filler of the blankets and pillows.

And the blankets were and remain the leaders of sales, despite the large number of alternative substitutes of natural raw materials. The priority of the fluff in unsurpassed insulation properties, low weight, the ability to absorb moisture more of its own weight, excellent air-conditioning properties and durability. Due to which the pillow takes the form as favorable for sleep, biting the cloud of comfort and heat. The fluff properties can be explained by the unique embarneer structure or the pen, consisting of separate fluff-puffs attached to the core, which pushed apart from each other, fill out the volume affordable by it, ensuring airiness and thermal insulation. By themselves, Pushki-Porks have small seals in the form of triangles for bonding among themselves. With proper care, the product from the goose fluff has a long service life of up to 15 years.

Goose the only form of an agricultural bird, from which not only useful meat, but feather and fluff. The processing also includes a large feather with wings and a tail, which is grouped into flour for further use, as useful and natural fertilizer of plants. It is worth noting that geese is specially grown to obtain a large goose liver, on a sophisticated foap dish, meat dishes are known for their dietary and useful properties.

The breeding of geese in the economy is rational, the meat and plumage is used with the slaughter. When growing geese, it is necessary to take into account that the bird is waterfowl and needs water, it is better to have a pond or river, being a hardy bird, it is easily bothering with the environment, it is not afraid of heavy frosts, which is not beneficial, the plumage becomes larger, and therefore more valuable.

The color of the color of the plumage is distinguished by two types of geese white and gray. White geese have always been more valuable and large, the average bird weight is 5-7 kg, gray geese have a smaller weight and a plumage below quality, because only a large bird is so important for us the fluff has a large empty reaching sometimes up to 5 cm in diameter. Interesting is the fact that geese, a couple of yourself, remain devoted to their partner.

If the birds were assigned military ranks, then Gusey was assigned the title of Admiral. Gus Bird is important, everything from Admiral - a campaign, height, always high keeps her head on a long neck, showing her importance to everyone, and how he speaks with other rustic birds, as militantly set up, immediately begins to hiss, without waiting for the attack, immediately goes In the offensive, even if the opponent is much larger. See how he walks, thinking every step.

Any production begins with high-quality raw materials. For us, this is a goose and duck feather and fluff. Pooh grows in plumage only waterfowl: geese and ducks. It protects birds not only from the cold, but also from overheating. The most valuable goose fluff in its qualities, it is inferior only to the fluff of North Gaga. The form of the fluff looks like snowflakes, has the same branching. Unlike the pen, the Pooh does not have an astand, only a small core, from which keratin beards with many processes are coming. These processes are clutching among themselves and give the mushka shape of the ball. Mushki durable, flexible, elastic, so the fluff is practically not sacrificed, and products from it retain their properties during operation for a long time. A large number of fluffs, in contact with each other, create closed air layers and provide high thermal insulation. Pooh is the warmest filler for bedding. Pooh lung like air, and gentle. Per 1 kg of fluff ranges from 400 thousand to 2 million flocks. On independent estimates of European experts of the Institute of Goguenstein (Vennigayim, Germany), the Pooh two or more times exceeds the best artificial fillers By the ratio of heat / mass. The body of the sleeping man evaporates overnight to 600g moisture. Pooh has a unique ability to absorb moisture and, reliably maintaining heat, allows you to freely evaporate excessive moisture into the surrounding air. Leather remains dry, not transferred, which contributes healthy sleep. In addition, thanks to the perfect heat resistance of the fluff, the down things have a wonderful property: it is not hot under them under them, and in the frost - not cold. So nature awarded us great natural MaterialFrom which the best bedding is obtained.

Bird Feather often refer to the miracle of the engineering art of nature. It is characterized by ease, strength, plasticity, elasticity, ability to restore the disturbed structure. The structure of the pen is difficult - the beards are departed from his rod, each of which carries a beard, equipped with crochet growth, which ensure the grip of the beard among themselves. On one poultry under the microscope, you can count hundreds of thousands of beards and millions of their branches with hooks. In each contour pen, such components such as the trunk and appeal, usually asymmetric, formed by the beard system, are usually asymmetric. Closer to the waters of the appeal have a downhole, the beards of which are thin, length and not adhesive with each other. Often here, on the border between the purified and dense part of the rod, the additional rod leaves. It has small appearances or can be replaced with a fluff. Geese and ducks have natural protection from harsh winter cold. They can enter ice water without heat loss, as their feathers and fluff isolate body.

Pen pushes water and prevents air penetration, which is necessary when swimming and flying birds. The lower layer of the puff is entirely consisting of a fluff, perfectly holds air, which helps to preserve heat at high height at extremely low temperatures.

Pooh waterfowl is the best thermal insulation material. It is light, soft, hygroscopic, since such a fluff has a natural lubricant that prevents moisture absorption.

Feathers and downs are brightly constructed and represent a wonderful system of air smallest channels consisting of separate flocks, which on the one hand are repelled, and on the other, at a pressure, they enter each other, intertwined.

The main characteristics on which the fluff differences are:

• elasticity or elasticity
• softness
• the ability to hold heat
• good air exchange and durability

In fact, for the fluff, all these characteristics are closely interrelated, or even interdependent: a fluff having high quality according to one of the characteristics, as a rule, has all other necessary qualities.

But the main quality that makes the pooh an indispensable insulator is its lightness. At the same time, the fibrous structure, created by the Pup, passes the wet air, which seeks to penetrate the heat to the cold.

The air exchange is unique complements the thermal insulation properties of the fluff. In fact, the fluff and the mixture of the fluff / pen act like liquids, meaning their quality to "contend" the body. This property of the fluff is especially valuable in the production of bedding.

The stronger and more than the fluff of adult birds, which ensures its long-term use of almost without loss of elasticity and thermal insulation properties.

Goose down, compared with duck, larger and has better thermal insulation qualities (the best to assembling the floss are geese with white plumage). More on the quality of the fluff affect the natural conditions of the bird content.

The color of the feathers and fluff does not matter. On small goose and duck feathers, the pooh coating area is up to half the pen size. In larger feathers, the pooh coating area is from one third to one fourth of the total length of the pen.

However, the Puzzle Puzzle Square is not the only factor determining the quality of the fluff; Equally important is the correct technology of processing raw materials.

Allergy and the problem of tick-dermatophagov

Tonmatophage ticks can be brewed in fluffing, which feed on small particles of human skin. Each tick over a day produces up to 20 particles of life waste, which continue to cause allergy symptoms even after the tick itself dies. The liveliness of the dust tick is a 6-strong allergen, falling into a light man with intrahaille air. Attract the tick soft furniture, carpets and carpets, velor curtains, etc. There are no ticks in the new fluff-feathers (subject to manufacturing technology), but it can get into them from the external environment during operation.

In the manufacture of punch-peroves, very dense fabrics with special impregnation should be used, which create a barrier so that the tick is not penetrated into the product and did not harm the user. Significantly more dust accumulates in products with synthetic fillerSince the fabrics are not tight for them, and the filler has static electricity and attracts dust to itself. It will not help to get rid of ticks, even the most thorough cleaning, including, and with the help of a vacuum cleaner. It is necessary to periodically dry the pen down products, take them into cleaning. It is undesirable to wash them, since the products are faster and the possibility of their drying after washing is limited. The highest quality is dry cleaning, which is carried out on special equipment with dust removal functions, disinfection by ultraviolet and coarse cleaning system.

Why nevertheless fluff?

Since the most long-time, one of the main human needs was warm. Man warmed his body with fire or clothing. For this, he used all the materials available in nature: skin and wool animals, fluff and feathers of birds.

Over time, most natural natural insulation were replaced by modern synthetic equivalents. But not the fluff, he is an exception. The main unsurpassed advantages of the fluff - ease; Extremely high thermal insulation characteristics; The ability to shrink, and then restore the volume, long service life. The fluff is able to decrease in the amount of several times, but it is enough to simply straighten and shake down down clothes, and it will quickly return to the initial state. This is due to the very structure of the fluff consisting of separate flocks, which on the one hand are repelled from each other, and on the other hand, can be tight to each other. And with proper processing and storage, the down products serve more than 20 years.

All attempts to copy down, using various petrochemical products, were not crowned with success, imitation could not be compared with the original heat, weight, size and volume of the package and the service life. So far, the fluff remains the best natural insulation, easy, durable and at the same time completely utilizing.

There are days when you succeed, good luck smiles. Then the question arises: why not extend this feeling for the night? Punches and pillows will give you the opportunity to see sweet dreams and enjoy life.

There are days when it seems to you that the hardness of labor everybody is endless. And then the down bedding will help you experience an indescribable feeling of bliss and will be able to gain strength to a new day. No wonder folk wisdom Person: "How to bed, so sleep."

Nowadays, the most popular and universal view of winter men's clothing is the down jacket. He got his fame due to the fact that he knows how well to keep warm and is quite comfortable. Male down jacket happens different models. You need to know how to choose this type of jackets correctly, because it depends on it whether it will be warm and convenient, how much time it will last.

Types of Puhovikov

The warmers from duck, gagachy, swan and goose fluff are considered the warmest and durable. On the label of this jacket is written "Down". It is a little difficult to find such a jacket, also the price of them happens, like leather products (like a coat, for example).
Quite often in the Pooh add feather. In this case, the inscription "Feather" will stand on the tag. The service life of such a down jacket is about 25 years. The exceptions are down jackets with udy fortuneUsually it loses its properties after 5-6 years.

Durable, high-quality, but less warm down jackets are those whose woolen lining. This down jacket on the label will be written the word "Wool". And the synthetic lining is denoted by the word "POLYESTER". If you see the word "Cotton" on the label, then this is not a real down jacket, but an ordinary charter.

In recent years, jackets with a synthetic lining have become enormous popularity. They are cheap and frost-resistant. But they have a huge minus - after the first wash, the synthesis is knocked in lumps. Such a jacket is no longer suitable for wearing.

The latest novelty - a down jacket based on syntipekha. He has the properties of the fluff, it is not expensive and does not cause allergic reactions.

How to choose a down jacket?

1. In a high-quality product, a fluff content should be at least 70%, and the pen content should not exceed 30%. The down jackets that have a ratio of 60/40 or 50/50 should not be in large frosts. If the down content is more than 80%, the down jacket has the most optimal insulating properties.
2. The fluff must be quite elastic. After a sufficiently strong compression, the jacket fluff should immediately return to its former shape.
3. You need to focus on the CLO abbreviation. It indicates that at low temperature -15, the indicator should be 1, at -40 indicator 3.
4. The label of the present high-quality jacket will be inscriptions DIN EN 12934. This means that the Pooh standard corresponds to European.
5. A special container with a filler sample must be attached. Plus, there must be spare fittings.
6. In any down jacket, the fluff must be distributed over small squares. If such squares exceed the size of 25 cm, then the filler will constantly roll down the product and the jacket will lose its thermal conductivity. Pooh must calmly move in a square. And the lack of unpleasant tingling and lumps is a guarantee of a quality product.

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